Saab Automobile

from Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Saab Automobile Parts AB

logo
legal form AB (Aktiebolag)
founding 1947
resolution 2012
Reason for dissolution insolvency
Seat Trollhättan , Sweden
Branch Automobile manufacturer

Saab 92001 (1947)
Saab 93B (1957-1959)
Saab 96 (1960-1980)
Saab Sonnet III (1970–1974)
Saab 900 (1978-1993)
Saab 9000 CC (1985-1998)
Saab 9-5 (1997-2010)
Saab 9-3 II (2002-2011)
Saab 9-5 II (2010/2011)
Saab 9-4X (2011)

Saab Automobile was a Swedish automobile manufacturer . The company, which was founded in 1947 as the production division of the aircraft manufacturer Saab (Svenska Aeroplanaktiebolaget), was a subsidiary of the US group General Motors (GM) from 2000 to 2010 , and in February 2010 GM sold the majority of the company to Spyker Cars . After the bankruptcy, the bankruptcy assets of Saab Automobile AB were bought in the summer of 2012 by the consortium NEVS , which will market possible vehicles produced in the future under its own name. The Orio AB (formerly Saab Automobile Parts ) continues to produce spare parts for Saab vehicles.

history

As an independent automobile manufacturer

The first passenger car was the Saab 92001 presented on June 10, 1947 , which was mass-produced as the Saab 92 from 1949 . In 1969 Saab took over the truck manufacturer Scania and then operated as Saab-Scania AB .

The Saab 92 was further developed over a long period of time and became the Saab 93 and 96. The larger 99 was introduced as the second product range in 1968, which was a new development and was subsequently developed into the 900 (with many identical parts). From 1969 Saab vehicles were also produced in Finland at Saab-Valmet , including Saab Finlandia only there .

Saab sold the Lancia Delta as Saab 600 in Scandinavia and was also involved in its development. Even though the vehicle as such was not a commercial success, the second joint project was an upper middle class model. Saab launched the big 9000 , and Lancia the theme . However, both models also had independent solutions in many areas from a technical point of view. FIAT and Alfa Romeo later joined the development. The 9000 was the largest Saab built until 2010 (after that the 9-5). Several failed projects to develop a successor to the 900 at marketable prices from this 9000 then led Saab-Scania to seek a suitable partner for the further development of the motor vehicle division, which in 1989 seemed to have been found in General Motors.

Takeover by GM

After losses in the vehicle sector in 1989 and failed cooperation plans with Ford , Saab-Scania entered into a partnership with the US company General Motors in December 1989 . In March 1990, with the vehicle sector of the Saab-Scania AB then the joint venture Saab Automobile AB founded; the company shares were each 50% with GM and Saab. Since the renewed spin-off of Scania AB , the parent company has operated as Saab AB . The first product of the new corporate structure was the second generation 900, released in 1993, which was based on the so-called “GM2900” platform that had been developed by Opel. B. was used in the Opel Vectra . In January 2000, Saab AB sold its remaining shares. The Saab Automobile AB was thus fully owned by General Motors.

With the exception of a brief period of success in the 1990s, Saab Automobile generated losses since 1989, which were caused by corresponding sales bookings by the parent company GM. Due to the group-related division of labor, Saab also took on development and production services for the entire group. With the Cadillac BLS , a model was developed jointly with another brand and sold under their name.

In 2007, the company reported an operating loss of the equivalent of 201 million euros, compared to 267 million euros in the previous year. The GM parent company, badly hit by the international economic crisis, announced in mid-February 2009 that it wanted to reduce financial support for Saab and separate Saab from the group by January 1, 2010.

On February 20, 2009, the company applied for bankruptcy protection (“Företagsrestruktion”), a preliminary stage of bankruptcy under Swedish law , but also announced the continuation of production. On February 25, 2009, however, production had to be stopped for one day due to an order from Swedish Customs. The company could no longer pay the tariffs for material deliveries. The Swedish government refused the necessary state aid several times and a new owner was not found. As part of a restructuring, Saab laid off 701 employees in April 2009.

Takeover by Spyker

On June 11, 2009 it was announced that a buyer for Saab had been found in the Swedish sports car manufacturer Koenigsegg . The purchase was agreed on June 16, 2009 and should be completed by the end of the year, but it was delayed for the time being because of loans not granted by the European Investment Bank (EIB) (around 450 million euros), which on October 21 amounted to 400 million euros were finally assured. On September 9, 2009, an agreement was announced between Koenigsegg and the Beijing City- owned BAIC group in the Koenigsegg Group to secure a lack of funds.

After negotiations about a complete sale to the Swedish Koenigsegg Group in October 2009, the latter canceled the takeover on November 24, 2009. The Chinese auto company BAIC took over the technology and manufacturing facilities for the 9-3 and 9-5 YS3E models .

On December 18, 2009, GM announced that negotiations to sell Saab had failed and that the company would be wound up from the end of the year . On December 21, the Dutch sports car manufacturer Spyker presented a new offer. There were several bids for a new deadline on January 7, 2010. On January 26, it was announced that GM had reached an agreement with Spyker. The purchase price should be $ 74 million in cash and $ 324 million in preferred stock in Saab Spyker Automobile, which was founded as a legal successor to Spyker, making GM a major shareholder.

The sale still depended on a loan (400-550 million euros, depending on the source) from the EIB , which Saab needed for new developments and for which the Swedish state was to guarantee. Spyker's shareholders approved the takeover of Swedish car maker Saab on February 12, 2010. On February 23, the sale was completed and Saab became owned by Spyker.

Under Spyker

Due to outstanding debts, Saab's suppliers began to stop delivering components in late March 2011. Saab then had to stop car assembly at the Trollhättan plant in the first week of April. In early May, the Chinese company wanted Rongcheng Hawtai Automobile enter as a strategic partner for Saab, but had to take a few days later of these plans distance because he was not able to secure the necessary permits.

On May 16, 2011, the Chinese auto trading group Pang Da appeared as an investor. He announced that he would acquire 24 percent of the parent company Spyker Cars for 65 million euros , found joint ventures in China for sales and production, and manufacture Saab vehicles and a new Chinese brand on site. After Pang Da made an advance payment of 30 million euros for 1200 vehicles to be delivered, Saab resumed production on May 27th. In the second week of June there was another production stop, again given as the reason for delivery bottlenecks.

On June 22, 2011, talks with suppliers about deferring outstanding debts failed. A day later, a company spokeswoman announced that Saab would not be able to pay the wages and salaries for the month of June. Over the next few days, Saab took out a loan from an investment company, sold a 50 percent stake in its own factories and received an advance payment for 582 vehicles from an undisclosed Chinese customer. In this way, Saab was able to generate cash totaling 66 million euros and use it to pay employees on June 29.

While Saab paid the workers' July wages punctually at the end of the month, the wages of around 1,600 employees were not paid until August 5. The parent company Swedish Automobile obtained the necessary funds by selling its own shares to the investment company GEM Global Yield Fund . At the end of August, Saab had to admit that it was not able to pay employees on time in August either. The reason given by the company was that funds promised by investors had not yet arrived. The union then announced that legal action would be taken in the event of another late payment.

After announcing a half-year loss of 224 million euros Saab applied for 7 September 2011 bankruptcy protection . The company wanted to use the protection for a restructuring, and it also came before a threatened bankruptcy application by the unions. On September 8, 2011, the Vänersborg District Court rejected the application on the grounds that there was no credible concept for a permanent renovation. The parent company Swedish Automobile announced on the same day that it would appeal against the decision. On September 12, two white-collar unions filed for bankruptcy against Saab to secure outstanding salaries for their members. Saab submitted the announced appeal for bankruptcy protection and announced that a transfer from the Chinese company Youngman is expected shortly.

On October 23, 2011, Saab announced that the contracts with the Chinese partners had been terminated because the bridging funds that were to be used to pay salaries had not been transferred. On October 28, 2011 it was announced that the two Chinese companies Youngman and Pang Da want to take over all Saab shares from the parent company Swedish Automobile for 100 million euros. On December 19, 2011, Saab filed for bankruptcy after General Motors, as the previous owner, rejected all rescue plans for the Swedish automaker. His consent would have been necessary for the rescue, as Saab still used some patents from the time together that had not passed to the new owner.

Takeover by NEVS and outsourcing of Saab Parts

The newly founded company National Electric Vehicle Sweden (NEVS) took over the facilities and real estate of the previous Saab Automobile in June 2012 , as well as the rights to their vehicles and the new Phoenix platform . NEVS wanted to develop electric cars in Trollhättan and bring them onto the market from 2014. The basis of the first vehicle, which was to be produced as an electric vehicle from 2014 in addition to the version with a combustion engine , is the 9-3 Griffin from 2011.

First of all, the aviation and defense company Saab AB gave the rights to use the name Saab , but not the old logo, which the owner Scania wanted to use exclusively in the future. In 2014 NEVS had to apply for bankruptcy protection; the Saab AB subsequently withdrew the brand rights.

NEVS sold the spare parts business to the state-owned Orio AB (formerly Saab Automobile Parts AB ) at the end of 2014 . Orio AB produces spare parts in the old Saab factory in Trollhättan and looks after the supply of previous models with the necessary new parts.

NEVS is currently planning to deliver the first newly produced electric cars from 2017. As planned in 2013, these are to be based on the Saab 9-3 , but will be marketed under the company's own name, NEVS, once the rights to use the Saab brand have expired . The target markets are initially China and Sweden.

The plant in Trollhättan

Corporate structure

In 2008 Saab sold 93,295 vehicles, 25 percent fewer than in 2007 and 1.1 percent of General Motors' total sales. In 2009 production was 20,950 (with sales of 39,800 at the expense of stocks at Saab dealers), in 2010 32,048.

Since 2004, control has been carried out by GM's European headquarters in Switzerland. The Saab division GM Powertrain Sweden was responsible for the entire engine development in the field of turbo and bioethanol technology in the GM group. The engine and transmission plants, which originally belonged to GM Powertrain Sweden, were sold in 2008. In 2009, Saab Automobile still had the plant and development departments in Trollhättan, as well as a design center and marketing department in Mölnlycke (near Gothenburg ). In autumn 2009, all design and development activities were concentrated in Trollhättan. At the beginning of 2010, Saab still had around 3,400 employees.

Brand and corporate design

Saab's trademark rights are owned by the Saab armaments company. Once a logo with a stylized airplane was used, later only the lettering was used. From the late 1980s, a logo with the heraldic animal of the province of Skåne was introduced, and when Scania was split off, it also took over the trademark rights to the logo. Once all three companies were organized in one group. Saab Automobile consistently used the Gill Sans font in its corporate design .

The new company NEVS used the Saab brand name for its vehicles, but not the logo with the griffin, which had been used since the 1980s. On January 14, 2013, a new logo and a "visual presence" for Saab was presented. The new logo is a circle with a ring on the edge and the well-known "SAAB" lettering in the middle, while the design u. a. includes the SAAB lettering in a version in which the letters are filled with motifs of the Scandinavian seasons (forest, polar lights, stars). The new font is Akzidenz-Grotesk . However, the defense company Saab AB withdrew NEVS the rights to use the name Saab in August 2014.

Products

Due to the experience in aircraft construction, great importance was attached to the aerodynamics of road vehicles . Detached from the conventions of traditional automobile manufacturers, Saab quickly acquired a reputation as an innovative company that was constantly cultivated. The brand also gained fame through success in rallying.

The designer of the Saab automobiles from the original Saab to the Saab 99 was the Swede Sixten Sason (born Karl-Erik Sixten Andersson, 1912–1967), who was also involved in the development of the Hasselblad 1600 F medium format camera .

Long-standing model series known in Europe were the Saab 900 (also known as a convertible) and the large Saab 9000. Saab was one of the first manufacturers to master the construction of stable turbo engines with direct ignition. The high-performance sports models are traditionally known as Aero (formerly also Viggen) .

Since General Motors' entry, many parts from the corporate shelf have been used (e.g. Epsilon platform and GM powertrain engine blocks). However, there was still a Saab-specific optimization of the engines (own engine electronics Trionic 8, turbocharger) and chassis (steering rear axle). While the small portfolio was supplemented with the externally manufactured X models, the joint development Cadillac BLS (together with Cadillac) should ensure better utilization of production.

It was also considered to build the new Saab 9-3 (from around 2012) in an Opel plant and / or the new 9-5 (from 2010) together with the platform-identical Opel Insignia at the GM plant in Rüsselsheim , the headquarters of Opel . For this purpose, a new, smaller Saab 9-1 (also called 9-2) should be built on the GM Delta platform at the main plant in Trollhättan from 2010. It was also considered to build the upcoming 9-3 on this Delta platform, on which the new Opel Astra J will be based from the end of 2009. The Swiss tuning company Hirsch Performance has been Saab's official factory tuner since 2002. The tuned vehicles were sold under the Saab Performance by Hirsch label .

From 2010 onwards, all model series were built in the Trollhättan plant, including (from January 11, 2010) the Saab 9-3 Cabriolet, which was previously built in contract manufacturing at Magna Steyr in Graz , Austria . NEVS was working on a new edition of the Saab 9-3 both with a conventional combustion engine and as an electric car, which was also to be manufactured in Trollhättan. The new model should be based on the flexible Phoenix platform developed by Saab.

Examples of Saab developments

  • First side impact protection in the automotive industry in Ursaab ( Saab 92 ). Since around every sixth car accident in Sweden was caused by an elk jumping in or onto a car from the side, a stable passenger cell was necessary there even before today's high traffic volume . The first Saab were therefore hung upside down and dropped to the ground from several meters in order to test and improve the stability of the passenger compartment. This already made the first Saab to secure, although due to the DKW - two-stroke engine not most reliable car of its time.
  • 1964 diagonally split dual-circuit brake system in the Saab 95 and 96 , later general safety standard
  • 1978 first cabin air filter (pollen filter)
  • 1980 Introduction of Automatic Performance Control (APC)
  • 1985 Direct ignition with an ignition coil for each cylinder installed directly above the spark plug made both the distributor and the spark plug cables superfluous
  • 1991 first version of the Trionic motor control, the first with a 32-bit processor
  • 1993 Introduction of the night panel: the instruments switch to night mode at the push of a button - this night panel only shows the driver essential information so that he is not distracted in the dark.
  • 1993 The award-winning Safeseat concept improves the safety of the rear seats in the 900 II by means of a solid cross member attached to their upper edge
  • Active headrests were developed and installed by Saab in 1996. The S aab A ctive H ead R estraints (SAHR) said system reduces the risk of whiplash injuries in case of accidents.
  • In 1997 the Saab 9-5 was the first car to be fitted with ventilated front seats
  • 2007 in cooperation with Haldex , the Haldex clutch developed the fourth generation, the Saab with XWD is called (cross wheel drive). The Haldex basic principle is said to come from Saab employee Sigge Johannsson, the patent was then sold to Haldex.

particularities

Saab-typical shape of the window edge, the so-called " hockey stick "
  • Almost all Saab models have the ignition lock in the center console.
This special feature is intended to improve safety, as studies have shown that in the event of an accident, many drivers smashed their knees when they hit the extremely hard ignition lock. Therefore, the ignition lock was moved to the area behind the gear lever, so that there was no longer a hard object on the steering column. In addition, this had a special effect that contributed to the theft protection. The ignition key could only be removed when reverse gear was engaged (in automatic mode in position P), the gearbox was then locked with a steel bolt. In the Saab 9-3 II, due to the common parts strategy in the GM group, this special feature was abandoned; instead, the ignition lock there switches a conventional steering wheel lock electrically.
  • The Saab models 900-II, 9-3 and 9-5 are often equipped with the Nightpanel function :
When driving at night, with the exception of the lower speedometer area, the cockpit lighting can be switched off at the push of a button. Only possible warnings are displayed. This innovation should also serve safety and enable quieter driving at night and greater concentration on the traffic.
  • Double sun visor over the windshield
In Scandinavian countries, the sun is often low and can therefore be particularly dazzling. In the 9-5, two-layer sun protection screens were therefore installed. The first layer - with an illuminated cosmetic mirror - can be folded down and sideways to the side window, the second layer can then be folded down.
  • Outside handles of the doors with special handle shell
Models that have been developed since the 1990s have an inwardly curved, anthracite-colored powder-coated shell under the outer door handles, which prevents the door lacquer around the door handle from getting through rings or the like. is scratched. Especially with light vehicle paintwork, the dark handle shells lead to a strong visual emphasis on the door handles. There are similar constructions at Volvo and the 7-series BMW .
  • On-board computer and SID (Saab info display)
The amber-colored SID is located in the upper center console. In addition to a classic on-board computer with time, temperature, statistical consumption and speed values, it shows a series of warning messages: driver or front passenger not wearing a seat belt, front or rear lights defective, key battery weak, wiper water level low, customer service due. A characteristic signal tone sounds with each initial warning.
Demonstration by the Saab Performance Team at an airfield in the 1990s

further activities

  • A caravan was produced under the name SAABO in the 1960s because there were no caravans for higher speeds until then. The design was borrowed from automobile design. The external company Toppola later offered a small living room for Saab models.
  • Under the name Saab CFME , the company produced friction testers for airports. This division was very small and was spun off from GM into what was now the independent company CFME , and Sarsys also produced Saab-based friction testers .
  • The Saab Performance Team organized public demonstrations (partly acrobatic) with vehicles and also organized driver safety training. Today it operates as the DynaTech Performance Team of the automotive supplier DynaTech.

Series models

Timeline of the Saab models from 1949 to 2014
Type From 1949 independent automobile production From 1990 GM held 51%, from 2000 100% Spyker insolvent, then NEVS
1940s 1950s 1960s 1970s 1980s 1990s 2000s 2010s
8th 9 0 1 2 3 4th 5 6th 7th 8th 9 0 1 2 3 4th 5 6th 7th 8th 9 0 1 2 3 4th 5 6th 7th 8th 9 0 1 2 3 4th 5 6th 7th 8th 9 0 1 2 3 4th 5 6th 7th 8th 9 0 1 2 3 4th 5 6th 7th 8th 9 0 1 2 3 4th 5 6th
Compact class 92 93 96 / 95 600 [1]
99 90 9-2X [3]
Middle class 900 900 II [4] 9-3 [4] 9-3 II [5] 9-3 II
upper middle class 9000 [2] 9-5 [4] 9-5 II  [7]
GT GT 750 Sport / GT 850
Sports car Sonnet i Sonnet II Sonnet III
SUV 9-7X  [6] 9-4X  [8]
  • Cooperation with Fiat: [1] identical to the Lancia Delta (for Scandinavia); [2] identical parts with Fiat, Lancia and Alfa models
  • Cooperation between GM and Subaru: [3] identical to the Subaru Impreza (for the US market)
  • based on GM platforms : [4] GM2900; [5] GM epsilon; [6] GMT360 (only for the American market); [7] GM-Epsilon II; [8] GM Theta (only for the American market)
    		•

    Concept cars and studies

    • Saab 92001 ("Ursaab", 1947)
    • Saab Monster (1959)
    • Saab 60 (1962)
    • Saab Quantum (1962)
    • Saab Catherina (1964)
    • Saab MFI13 (1965)
    • Saab Toad (1966)
    • Saab 98 (1974)
    • Saab EV-1 (1985)
    • Saab 9-X (2001)
    • Saab 9-3X (2002)
    • Saab 9-3 SportHatch (2003)
    • Saab 9-5 Aero BioPower (2006)
    • Saab Aero-X (2006)
    • Saab 9-3 Cabrio with 221 kW / 300 PS (2006)
    • Saab 9-4X Biopower Concept with 221 kW / 300 PS (2008)
    • Saab 9-X Bio-Hybrid (2008)
    • Saab PhoeniX (2011)

    See also the Bertone Novanta concept vehicle based on the Saab 9-5 .

    Web links

    Commons : Saab vehicles  - collection of pictures, videos and audio files
     Wikinews: Saab Automobile  - in the news

    Individual evidence

    1. ↑ [1]
    2. ↑ http://www.spykercars.nl/download/artikel/closure_SAAB_Feb_230210_final.pdf News Release: SPYKER CARS FINALIZES THE PURCHASE OF SAAB (PDF, English)
    3. ↑ Auto industry: Saab files for insolvency handelsblatt.de, December 19, 2011
    4. ↑ NEVS buys Saab Automobile ( Memento from March 10, 2014 in the Internet Archive ) automobil-produktion.de, June 13, 2012
    5. ↑ nevs.com: NEVS launches its new trademark ( Memento of 14 September 2016 Internet Archive ), 21 June 2016
    6. ^ Ford Seeks 51% Of Saab-Scania ( English ) New York Times. October 14, 1989. Retrieved February 20, 2009.
    7. ↑ a b Saab-GM Unit Set Up ( English ) New York Times. March 23, 1990. Retrieved February 20, 2009.
    8. ↑ FAZ.net: Acute payment problems: Saab stops production
    9. ↑ [2]
    10. ↑ Saab car company reports bankruptcy to Spiegel Online on February 20, 2009
    11. ↑ Saab boss speaks of seven potential buyers . Spiegel.de. February 26, 2009. Retrieved February 27, 2009.
    12. ↑ Sweden refuses to join GM subsidiary Saab . Reuters . February 18, 2009. Retrieved February 20, 2009.
    13. ↑ a b Sweden expects final end for Saab . Spiegel.de . February 22, 2009. Retrieved February 27, 2009.
    14. ↑ [3]
    15. ↑ Sports car maker Koenigsegg buys Saab ( Memento from June 14, 2009 in the Internet Archive )
    16. ↑ Tiny sports car manufacturer is supposed to save the Saab car company . Reuters. June 16, 2009. Retrieved November 4, 2009.
    17. ↑ Koenigsegg receives an EIB loan of 400 million euros . manager-magazin.de. October 21, 2009. Accessed on November 4, 2009.  ( Page no longer available , search in web archives )  Info: The link was automatically marked as defective. Please check the link according to the instructions and then remove this notice.@1@ 2Template: Dead Link / www.manager-magazin.de  
    18. ↑ Koenigsegg - press release ( English ) Cision Wire. September 9, 2009. Retrieved September 9, 2009.
    19. ↑ Sale of Saab  ( page no longer available , search in web archives )  Info: The link was automatically marked as defective. Please check the link according to the instructions and then remove this notice.@1@ 2Template: Toter Link / www.dowjones.de  
    20. ↑ The sale of Saab has failed
    21. ↑ [4]
    22. ↑ "US auto company General Motors gives up Saab" , accessed December 18, 2009.
    23. ↑ Dealership Online, "Saab May Hope Again"
    24. ^ Spyker makes a new offer for Saab; General Motors wants to evaluate . Autoweek.com. Retrieved December 28, 2009.
    25. ↑ Gérard Lopez also interested in Saab? ( Memento of the original from January 11, 2010 in the Internet Archive ) Info: The archive link was inserted automatically and has not yet been checked. Please check the original and archive link according to the instructions and then remove this notice. Luxemburger Wort , January 8, 2010, accessed 07:36. @1@ 2Template: Webachiv / IABot / www.wort.lu
    26. ↑ Andrew Clark: Bernie Ecclestone linked to Saab rescue bid. The Guardian , Jan. 8, 2010, accessed 7:04 am.
    27. ↑ - ( Memento from January 11, 2010 in the Internet Archive )
    28. ↑ Handelsblatt - BBC report: Formula 1 Boss Ecclestone offers for Saab from January 25, 2010
    29. ↑ Contract perfect: GM sells Saab to Spyker. In: Spiegel Online . January 26, 2010, accessed June 9, 2018 .
    30. ↑ http://orf.at/?href=http%3A%2F%2Forf.at%2Fticker%2F355944.html
    31. ↑ Saab seems saved. In: nzz.ch. January 26, 2010, accessed October 14, 2018 .
    32. ↑ [5]
    33. ↑ Spyker shareholders approve acquisition of Saab by AFP, February 12, 2010
    34. ↑ Saab finally sold by GM to Spyker ( Memento from February 28, 2010 in the Internet Archive ) Zeit Online , February 23, 2010
    35. ↑ Saab no longer produces for the time being . manager-magazin.de. April 7, 2011. Retrieved April 30, 2011.
    36. ↑ Chinese want to save Saab . Southgerman newspaper. May 2, 2011. Archived from the original on May 6, 2011. Retrieved on May 2, 2011.
    37. ↑ UPDATE 2-Saab's Chinese rescue deal falls through . reuters.com. May 12, 2011. Retrieved May 13, 2011.
    38. ↑ Saab conjures new Chinese savior out of the hat . Financial Times Germany. Archived from the original on May 18, 2011. Retrieved May 16, 2011.
    39. ↑ Saab is building cars again after a seven-week break. In: www.welt.de. Die Welt, May 27, 2011, accessed May 27, 2011 .
    40. ↑ The Dutch Saab majority owner Spyker Cars is in talks with suppliers about payment and delivery terms. . Retrieved June 12, 2011.
    41. ↑ No money for wages . The world. June 23, 2011. Retrieved October 20, 2015.
    42. ↑ Helmut Steuer: Saab wants to resume production. In: Handelsblatt. June 29, 2011, accessed June 30, 2011 .
    43. ↑ Andrew Callus: Hand-to-mouth Saab avoids fresh bankruptcy threat. In: reuters.com. Reuters, August 6, 2001, accessed September 9, 2011 .
    44. ↑ Saab cannot pay August wages on time either. In: nzz.ch. NZZ , August 25, 2011, accessed on September 9, 2011 .
    45. ↑ Saab applies for bankruptcy protection . The mirror . September 7, 2011. Retrieved September 7, 2011.
    46. ↑ Off for Saab is getting closer . Neue Zürcher Zeitung . September 7, 2011. Retrieved September 7, 2011.
    47. ↑ Bankruptcy protection rejected - Saab is facing the end. In: n-tv.de. n.tv , September 8, 2011, accessed September 8, 2011 .
    48. ↑ Saab before the end - the end of a cult brand. In: manager-magazin.de. manager magazin , September 8, 2011, accessed September 8, 2011 .
    49. ↑ Trade unions file for bankruptcy against Saab . The mirror . September 12, 2011. Retrieved September 13, 2011.
    50. ↑ Saab is about to finally end zeit.de, October 24, 2011
    51. ↑ http://www.ftd.de/unternehmen/industrie/autoindustrie/:moegliche-rettung-chinesen-kaufen-saab/60122155.html ( Memento from October 29, 2011 in the Internet Archive )
    52. ↑ [6] zeit.de, June 13, 2012
    53. ↑ n-tv.de: Saab refuses carmaker the name August 29, 2014
    54. ↑ orio.com: Orio acquires all the supplier-based Nevs tools for production of spare parts for Saab cars , December 18, 2014
    55. ↑ nevs.com: FAQ
    56. ↑ [7]
    57. ↑ [8]
    58. ↑ http://saabhistory.com/2009/09/01/saab-design-center-relaunched-in-trollhattan-sweden
    59. ↑ [9]
    60. ↑ [10]
    61. ↑ http://www.n-tv.de/wirtschaft/Saab-verweigert-Autobauer-den-Markennamen-article13516261.html
    62. ↑ - ( Memento of December 28, 2008 in the Internet Archive )
    63. ↑ [11]
    64. ↑ http://ttela.se/ekonomi/saab/1.595017  ( page no longer available , search in web archives )  Info: The link was automatically marked as defective. Please check the link according to the instructions and then remove this notice.@1@ 2Template: Toter Link / ttela.se  
    65. ↑ [12]  ( Page no longer available , search in web archives )  Info: The link was automatically marked as defective. Please check the link according to the instructions and then remove this notice.@1@ 2Template: Dead Link / www.saabhistory.com  
    66. ↑ - ( Memento from July 4, 2013 in the Internet Archive )
    67. ↑ [13]
    68. ↑ [14]
    69. ↑ [15]  ( Page no longer available , search in web archives )  Info: The link was automatically marked as defective. Please check the link according to the instructions and then remove this notice.@1@ 2Template: Toter Link / www.rhein-zeitung.de  
    70. ↑ [16]
    71. ↑ - ( Memento of the original from August 1, 2013 in the Internet Archive ) Info: The archive link was inserted automatically and has not yet been checked. Please check the original and archive link according to the instructions and then remove this notice. @1@ 2Template: Webachiv / IABot / www.haldex-xwd.com
    72. ↑ Saab - first development with all-wheel drive . In: ATZ Automobiltechnische Zeitschrift . 2008th edition. No. 4 . Vieweg-Verlag, Stuttgart, p. 314 .
    73. ↑ Trip report: Little reminds of the old Swedes