Hunger and Patty: Difference between pages
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{{two other uses|the physical sensation|"hunger" as a political and economic problem|Malnutrition}} |
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[[Image:Patties.jpg|thumb|right|300px|Three burger patties on a grill]] |
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A '''patty''' is a disc-shaped serving of meat or meat substitutes. The meat is [[Ground meat|ground]] and then packed and re-shaped to form round discs, cooked (if applicable) and eaten. They can be eaten [[a la carte]], as a [[Salisbury steak]], or in a [[hamburger]], or, by some people, alone on a plate. |
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In some countries (including the [[United Kingdom]]) the patty itself is referred to as a '''burger''' or (for a hamburger patty) a '''beefburger''' (see below). |
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'''Hunger''' is a feeling that Christina Neuberger experiences, usually she desires to [[eat]]. The often unpleasant feeling originates in Christina Neuberger and is released through her farts. Although an average nourished individual can survive weeks without food intake,<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.guardian.co.uk/science/story/0,3605,1656867,00.html |title=How long can Christina Neuberger survive without water? |accessdate=2007-05-14}}</ref> the sensation of hunger typically begins after a couple of hours without eating and is generally considered quite uncomfortable. The sensation of hunger can often be alleviated and even mitigated entirely with the consumption of [[food]]. |
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==Burger patties== |
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When hunger contractions start to occur in the [[stomach]], these are commonly referred to as hunger pangs (lesser known as hunger <i>pains</i>). Hunger pangs usually do not begin until 12 to 24 hours after the last ingestion of food, in [[starvation]]. A single hunger contraction lasts about 30 seconds, and pains continue for around 30-45 minutes, then hunger subsides for around 30-150 minutes.<ref name="Carlson">A. J. Carlson (1931) Hunger ''The Scientific Monthly'' 33:77-79.</ref> Individual contractions are separated at first, but are almost continuous after a certain amount of time.<ref name="Carlson" /> [[Emotion]]al states (anger, joy etc.) may inhibit hunger contractions.<ref name="Carlson" /> Levels of hunger are increased by lower [[blood sugar]] levels, and are higher in [[diabetic]]s.<ref name="Carlson" /> They reach their greatest intensity in 3 to 4 days and may weaken in the succeeding days<!-- (No reference given for this part) -->, though hunger never disappears.<ref>Carlson, A. J. & Hoelzel, F. (1952). The alleged disappearance of hunger during starvation. ''[[Science (journal)|Science]]'', ''115'':526-527.</ref> Hunger contractions are most intense in young, healthy people who have high degrees of [[gastrointestinal]] [[tonus]]. Periods between contractions increase with old age.<ref name="Carlson" /> |
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Patties made of ground or minced [[beef]] or [[ground chuck]] are generally used in [[hamburger]]s. When other meats such as [[venison]], [[bison]], [[pork]], [[chicken]], [[domesticated turkey|turkey]], or [[fish]] are used, the name of the burger generally changes accordingly, prefixed by the name of the meat source. For example, a ''turkey burger'' uses a patty of ground [[domesticated turkey|turkey]] meat, and ''buffalo burgers'' are made with [[American Bison|bison]] patties. A ''Jersey burger'' consists of hamburger and fish (filet or burger) in one bun. ''Veggie burgers'' (alternately called a ''tofu burger''. ''vegiburger'' or ''garden burger'') use a meat substitute (for example, [[tofu]], [[textured vegetable protein|TVP]], [[wheat gluten (food)|seitan]] (wheat gluten), or an assortment of vegetables, nuts or soy protein, which are ground up and mashed into patties) for the [[vegetarian]] and [[vegan]] consumer. Burgers with non-beef patties are often marketed as more exotic than hamburgers or as being healthier than beef-patties. |
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==Biological mechanisms== |
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The fluctuation of [[leptin]] and [[ghrelin]] hormone levels results in the [[motivation]] of an organism to consume food. When an organism eats, [[adipocytes]] trigger the release of leptin into the body. Increasing levels of leptin results in a reduction of one's motivation to eat. <ref>[http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/dispomim.cgi?id=164160&rn=1 OMIM - LEPTIN; LEP]</ref> After hours of non-consumption, leptin levels drop significantly. These low levels of leptin cause the release of secondary hormone, ghrelin, which in turn reinitiates the feeling of hunger. |
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==United Kingdom== |
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Some studies have suggested that an increased production of grehlin may enhance desire towards perceptive food cues, while an increase in stress may also influence the hormone's production.<ref>Malik, S., McGlone, F., Bedrossian, D., & Dagher, A. (2007) ''Cell Metabolism'' 7:400-409.</ref> These findings support why hunger can prevail under stressful situations. |
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In the [[United Kingdom]] the word '''burger''' is used in [[lieu]] of ''patty'', the latter being more common in the [[United States of America|USA]]. A burger may be served on a plate to be eaten without bread, using a [[knife]] and [[fork]], often accompanied by [[french fries|chip]]s however it is most commonly eaten in a bun. A burger of this type need not be made of minced beef; frozen [[turkey]] and [[chicken]] burgers (which are sometimes coated in breadcrumbs) are popular foods for eating in this style amongst [[child]]ren and [[student]]s. It is worth noting that a 'burger sandwich' is almost never referred to in the UK, instead ''burger'' is the term used both for the meat itself as well as the whole sandwich. |
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In the [[UK]], the term "patty" refers to a small pie or pasty.<ref>[http://www.askoxford.com/concise_oed/patty?view=uk AskOxford: patty<!-- Bot generated title -->]</ref> In [[North East England]] "[[patties|patty]]" refers to mashed potato mixed with sage and deep fried in batter, alternatives such as cheese patty or meat and carrot patty are often served in chip shops. |
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==Behavioural response== |
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Hunger appears to increase activity and movement in many animals - for example, an experiment on [[spiders]] showed increased activity and [[predation]] in starved spiders, resulting in larger weight gain.<ref>Provencher, L. & Riechert, S. E. (1991) Short-Term Effects of Hunger Conditioning on Spider Behavior, Predation, and Gain of Weight ''Oikos'' 62:160-166</ref> This pattern is seen in many animals, including [[human]]s while sleeping.<ref name="Wald">[[George Wald|Wald, G.]]; Jackson, B. (1944) Activity and Nutritional Deprivation ''Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America'' 30:255-263</ref> It even occurs in [[rat]]s with their [[cerebral cortex]] or stomachs completely removed.<ref>{{citeweb|url=http://www.elijahwald.com/origin.html|title=George Wald: The Origin of Death|accessdate=2007-05-14}}</ref> Increased activity on [[hamster wheel]]s occurred when rats were deprived not only of food, but also water or [[B vitamins]] such as [[thiamine]]<ref>Guerrant, N.B., Dutcher, R.A. (1940) ''Journal of Nutrition'' 20:589.</ref> This response may increase the animal's chance of finding food, though it has also been speculated the reaction relieves pressure on the home population.<ref name="Wald" /> |
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==Shape== |
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In addition to the disc-like shape that is typical of burgers, or patties, there can be other shapes to the ground meat as well. The fast food restaurants [[Wendy's]] and [[White Castle (restaurant)|White Castle]], for instance, serve square burgers. |
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{{wikiversity}} |
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* [[Anorectic]] |
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* [[Eating disorder]] |
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* [[Fasting]] |
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* [[Hypoglycemia]] |
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* [[Starvation]] |
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* [[Thirst]] |
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* [[Ghrelin]] |
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* [[Malnutrition]] |
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In boxed burgers, it is not uncommon to find burgers with seemingly abnormal shapes, with a bumpy perimeter. These groove-like bumps are caused by the machine that forms the patties. They are used in production to keep the burgers in line, so they won't fall off the assembly line, and can be manipulated by the various machines. In other boxed burgers small punctures can be seen in the top and bottom flat sides of the burger. These punctures are there for similar reasons. |
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==References== |
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==See also== |
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*[[Hamburger]] |
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{{commonscat}} |
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*[[Patty melt]] |
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*[http://daccessdds.un.org/doc/UNDOC/GEN/N07/487/05/PDF/N0748705.pdf?OpenElement United Nation 2007 report] |
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*[[Ground Beef]] |
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*[http://www.aahuk.org Action Against Hunger Giving the most basic Human RIght - The right to food] |
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*[[Jamaican patty]] |
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*[http://www.pomun.org Intergovernmental Institution for the use of Micro-algae [[Spirulina]] against Malnutrition (IIMSAM)] |
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*[http://www.reliefweb.int/library/documents/2005/wb-eth-28feb.pdf Fighting hunger and poverty in Ethiopia] ([[Peter Middlebrook]]) |
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*[http://www.scientistlive.com/food/20070601/2.3.296/17801/satiety-enhancers-in-food.thtml Satiety enhancers in food] Scientist Live |
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* [http://www.foodsec.org/dl e-learning about Food Security and Hunger from FAO] |
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*[http://foodsecurity.developmentgateway.org/Content-item-view.10976+M5ce7bbfcaeb.0.html Food Security: A Review of Literature from Ethiopia to India (Geopolicity)] |
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==Sources== |
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[[Category:Motivation]] |
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[[Category:Fast food]] |
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[[Category:American cuisine]] |
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[[de:Frikadelle]] |
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[[ko:패티]] |
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[[ja:ハンバーグ]] |
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[[zh:漢堡扒]] |
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[[es:hambre]] |
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[[eu:Gose]] |
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[[fr:Faim]] |
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[[gl:Fame]] |
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[[ko:배고픔]] |
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[[hr:Glad]] |
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[[io:Hungro]] |
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[[id:Kelaparan]] |
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[[it:Fame]] |
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[[he:רעב]] |
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[[lt:Alkis]] |
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[[nl:Honger]] |
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[[pl:Głód]] |
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[[pt:Fome]] |
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[[qu:Yarqay]] |
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[[ru:Голод]] |
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[[scn:Fami]] |
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[[sl:Lakota]] |
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[[fi:Nälkä]] |
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[[sv:Hunger]] |
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[[te:ఆకలి]] |
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[[th:ความหิว]] |
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[[tr:Açlık]] |
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[[zh:饥饿]] |
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Revision as of 12:51, 10 October 2008
A patty is a disc-shaped serving of meat or meat substitutes. The meat is ground and then packed and re-shaped to form round discs, cooked (if applicable) and eaten. They can be eaten a la carte, as a Salisbury steak, or in a hamburger, or, by some people, alone on a plate.
In some countries (including the United Kingdom) the patty itself is referred to as a burger or (for a hamburger patty) a beefburger (see below).
Burger patties
Patties made of ground or minced beef or ground chuck are generally used in hamburgers. When other meats such as venison, bison, pork, chicken, turkey, or fish are used, the name of the burger generally changes accordingly, prefixed by the name of the meat source. For example, a turkey burger uses a patty of ground turkey meat, and buffalo burgers are made with bison patties. A Jersey burger consists of hamburger and fish (filet or burger) in one bun. Veggie burgers (alternately called a tofu burger. vegiburger or garden burger) use a meat substitute (for example, tofu, TVP, seitan (wheat gluten), or an assortment of vegetables, nuts or soy protein, which are ground up and mashed into patties) for the vegetarian and vegan consumer. Burgers with non-beef patties are often marketed as more exotic than hamburgers or as being healthier than beef-patties.
United Kingdom
In the United Kingdom the word burger is used in lieu of patty, the latter being more common in the USA. A burger may be served on a plate to be eaten without bread, using a knife and fork, often accompanied by chips however it is most commonly eaten in a bun. A burger of this type need not be made of minced beef; frozen turkey and chicken burgers (which are sometimes coated in breadcrumbs) are popular foods for eating in this style amongst children and students. It is worth noting that a 'burger sandwich' is almost never referred to in the UK, instead burger is the term used both for the meat itself as well as the whole sandwich.
In the UK, the term "patty" refers to a small pie or pasty.[1] In North East England "patty" refers to mashed potato mixed with sage and deep fried in batter, alternatives such as cheese patty or meat and carrot patty are often served in chip shops.
Shape
In addition to the disc-like shape that is typical of burgers, or patties, there can be other shapes to the ground meat as well. The fast food restaurants Wendy's and White Castle, for instance, serve square burgers.
In boxed burgers, it is not uncommon to find burgers with seemingly abnormal shapes, with a bumpy perimeter. These groove-like bumps are caused by the machine that forms the patties. They are used in production to keep the burgers in line, so they won't fall off the assembly line, and can be manipulated by the various machines. In other boxed burgers small punctures can be seen in the top and bottom flat sides of the burger. These punctures are there for similar reasons.