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{{short description|An order of flatworms in the class Rhabditophora}}
{{short description|Order of flatworms in the class Rhabditophora}}
{{Automatic taxobox
{{Taxobox
| name = Rhabdocoela
| image = Strongylostoma elongatum spinosum.jpg
| image = Strongylostoma elongatum spinosum.jpg
| image_width = 240px
| image_caption = ''[[Strongylostoma elongatum]] spinosum''.
| image_caption = ''[[Strongylostoma elongatum]] spinosum''.
| regnum = [[Animalia]]
| taxon = Rhabdocoela
| authority = [[Christian Gottfried Ehrenberg|Ehrenberg]], 1831
| phylum = [[Platyhelminthes]]
⚫
| subdivision_ranks = Suborders
| classis = [[Rhabditophora]]
| ordo = '''Rhabdocoela'''
| ordo_authority = Meixner, 1925
⚫
| subdivision_ranks = [[Suborder]]s
| subdivision =
| subdivision =
* [[Kalyptorhynchia]]
* [[Kalyptorhynchia]]
* [[Dalytyphloplanida]]
* [[Dalytyphloplanida]]
* [[Mariplanellida]]
}}
}}


'''Rhabdocoela''' is an order of [[flatworms]] in the class [[Rhabditophora]] with about 1700 species described worldwide. Most of rhabdocoels are free-living organisms, but some live [[symbiosis|symbiotically]] with other animals.<ref name="Tessens2014">{{cite journal | last1 = Tessens | first1 = Bart | last2 = Janssen | first2 = Toon | last3 = Artois | first3 = Tom | title = Molecular phylogeny of Kalyptorhynchia (Rhabdocoela, Platyhelminthes) inferred from ribosomal sequence data | journal = Zoologica Scripta | volume = 43 | issue = 5 | year = 2014 | pages = 519–530 | issn = 0300-3256 | doi = 10.1111/zsc.12066}}</ref>
'''Rhabdocoela''' is an order of [[flatworms]] in the class [[Rhabditophora]] with about 1700 species described worldwide. The order was first described in 1831 by [[Christian Gottfried Ehrenberg]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=WoRMS - World Register of Marine Species - Rhabdocoela |url=https://www.marinespecies.org/aphia.php?p=taxdetails&id=16236 |access-date=2022-12-30 |website=www.marinespecies.org}}</ref> Most of rhabdocoels are free-living organisms, but some live [[symbiosis|symbiotically]] with other animals.<ref name="Tessens2014">{{cite journal | last1 = Tessens | first1 = Bart | last2 = Janssen | first2 = Toon | last3 = Artois | first3 = Tom | title = Molecular phylogeny of Kalyptorhynchia (Rhabdocoela, Platyhelminthes) inferred from ribosomal sequence data | journal = Zoologica Scripta | volume = 43 | issue = 5 | year = 2014 | pages = 519–530 | issn = 0300-3256 | doi = 10.1111/zsc.12066| s2cid = 86369823 }}</ref>


== Description ==
== Description ==
Although Rhabdocoela is a highly supported group in molecular studies, there is no clear morphological [[synapomorphy]] that unites them. All rhabdocoels have a bulbous [[pharynx]], but this is shared with other flatworm groups, such as [[Neodermata]], [[Lecithoepitheliata]] and some species of [[Prolecithophora]].<ref name="Willems2006">{{cite journal | last1 = Willems | first1 = Wim R. | last2 = Wallberg | first2 = Andreas | last3 = Jondelius | first3 = Ulf | last4 = Littlewood | first4 = David T. J. | last5 = Backeljau | first5 = Thierry | last6 = Schockaert | first6 = Ernest R. | last7 = Artois | first7 = Tom J. | title = Filling a gap in the phylogeny of flatworms: relationships within the Rhabdocoela (Platyhelminthes), inferred from 18S ribosomal DNA sequences | journal = Zoologica Scripta | volume = 35 | issue = 1 | year = 2006 | pages = 1–17 | issn = 0300-3256 | doi = 10.1111/j.1463-6409.2005.00216.x| hdl = 1942/1609 }}</ref>
Although Rhabdocoela is a highly supported group in molecular studies, there is no clear morphological [[synapomorphy]] that unites them. All rhabdocoels have a bulbous [[pharynx]], but this is shared with other flatworm groups, such as [[Neodermata]], [[Lecithoepitheliata]] and some species of [[Prolecithophora]].<ref name="Willems2006">{{cite journal | last1 = Willems | first1 = Wim R. | last2 = Wallberg | first2 = Andreas | last3 = Jondelius | first3 = Ulf | last4 = Littlewood | first4 = David T. J. | last5 = Backeljau | first5 = Thierry | last6 = Schockaert | first6 = Ernest R. | last7 = Artois | first7 = Tom J. | title = Filling a gap in the phylogeny of flatworms: relationships within the Rhabdocoela (Platyhelminthes), inferred from 18S ribosomal DNA sequences | journal = Zoologica Scripta | volume = 35 | issue = 1 | year = 2006 | pages = 1–17 | issn = 0300-3256 | doi = 10.1111/j.1463-6409.2005.00216.x| hdl = 1942/1609 | s2cid = 85917387 | hdl-access = free }}</ref>


Some possibly identified synapomorphies are found in the [[ultrastructure]] of the [[protonephridium|protonephridial system]], but similar constructions exist in other groups. Another possible apomorphy is found in the ultrastructure of the [[sperm]], which has a dense heel on the [[basal bodies]] during [[spermiogenesis]], but some groups have lost this feature.<ref name="Willems2006" />
Some possibly identified synapomorphies are found in the [[ultrastructure]] of the [[protonephridium|protonephridial system]], but similar constructions exist in other groups. Another possible apomorphy is found in the ultrastructure of the [[sperm]], which has a dense heel on the [[basal bodies]] during [[spermiogenesis]], but some groups have lost this feature.<ref name="Willems2006" />


== Classification ==
== Classification ==
Rhabdocoels were traditionally classified in two groups, Dalyellioida and Typhloplanoida, although this system was suspected to be artificial. Later, molecular studies have shown that these groups were not monophyletic.<ref name="Littlewood1999">{{cite journal | last1 = Littlewood | first1 = D. T. J. | last2 = Rohde | first2 = K. | last3 = Clough | first3 = K. A. | title = The interrelationships of all major groups of Platyhelminthes: phylogenetic evidence from morphology and molecules | journal = Biological Journal of the Linnean Society | volume = 66 | issue = 1 | year = 1999 | pages = 75–114 | issn = 0024-4066 | doi = 10.1111/j.1095-8312.1999.tb01918.x}}</ref> One subgroup of Dalyellioida, [[Fecampiida]], does not group within Rhabdocoela, but is closely related to [[Tricladida]] and [[Prolecithophora]]. The group [[Kalyptorhynchia]], previously a subgroup of Thyphloplanoida, appears to be the sister-group of all other rhabdocoels, which form a clade named [[Dalytyphloplanida]].<ref name="Willems2006" />
Rhabdocoels were traditionally classified in two groups, Dalyellioida and Typhloplanoida, although this system was suspected to be artificial. Later, molecular studies have shown that these groups were not monophyletic.<ref name="Littlewood1999">{{cite journal | last1 = Littlewood | first1 = D. T. J. | last2 = Rohde | first2 = K. | last3 = Clough | first3 = K. A. | title = The interrelationships of all major groups of Platyhelminthes: phylogenetic evidence from morphology and molecules | journal = Biological Journal of the Linnean Society | volume = 66 | issue = 1 | year = 1999 | pages = 75–114 | issn = 0024-4066 | doi = 10.1111/j.1095-8312.1999.tb01918.x| doi-access = free }}</ref> One subgroup of Dalyellioida, [[Fecampiida]], does not group within Rhabdocoela, but is closely related to [[Tricladida]] and [[Prolecithophora]]. The group [[Kalyptorhynchia]], previously a subgroup of Thyphloplanoida, appears to be the sister-group of most other rhabdocoels, which form a clade named [[Dalytyphloplanida]].<ref name="Willems2006" /> Recently, a third group, [[Mariplanellida]], was erected based on molecular phylogeny.<ref name="VanSteenkiste2022">{{cite journal | last1 = Van Steenkiste | first1 = Niels W. L. | last2 = Leander | first2 = Brian S. | title = The molecular phylogenetic position of ''Mariplanella piscadera'' sp. nov. reveals a new major group of rhabdocoel flatworms: Mariplanellida status novus (Platyhelminthes: Rhabdocoela) | journal = Organisms Diversity & Evolution | date = 31 January 2022 | volume = 22 | issue = 3 | pages = 577–584 | issn = 1439-6092 | eissn = 1618-1077 | doi = 10.1007/s13127-022-00542-2 | pmid = | s2cid = 246467772 | url = }}</ref>


== Ecology ==
== Ecology ==
Most rhabdocoels are freshwater organisms. Some groups, such as [[Typhloplanidae|typhloplanids]], are predators, the main prey being [[cladocera]]ns.<ref name="Dumont2014">{{cite journal | last1 = Dumont | first1 = Henri | last2 = Rietzler | first2 = Arnola | last3 = Han | first3 = Bo-Ping | title = A review of typhloplanid flatworm ecology, with emphasis on pelagic species | journal = Inland Waters| volume = 4 | issue = 3 | year = 2014 | pages = 257–270 | issn = 2044-2041 | doi = 10.5268/IW-4.3.558}}</ref> Others feed on algae and may incorporate them in their tissues.<ref name="Douglas2007">{{cite journal | last1 = Douglas | first1 = Angela E. | title = Experimental studies on symbioticChlorellain the Neorhabdocoel Turbellaria ''Dalyellia viridis'' and ''Typhloplana viridata'' | journal = British Phycological Journal | volume = 22 | issue = 2 | year = 2007 | pages = 157–161 | issn = 0007-1617 | doi = 10.1080/00071618700650181}}</ref>
Most rhabdocoels are freshwater organisms. Some groups, such as [[Typhloplanidae|typhloplanids]], are predators, the main prey being [[cladocera]]ns.<ref name="Dumont2014">{{cite journal | last1 = Dumont | first1 = Henri | last2 = Rietzler | first2 = Arnola | last3 = Han | first3 = Bo-Ping | title = A review of typhloplanid flatworm ecology, with emphasis on pelagic species | journal = Inland Waters| volume = 4 | issue = 3 | year = 2014 | pages = 257–270 | issn = 2044-2041 | doi = 10.5268/IW-4.3.558| s2cid = 85379992 }}</ref> Others feed on algae and may incorporate them in their tissues.<ref name="Douglas2007">{{cite journal | last1 = Douglas | first1 = Angela E. | title = Experimental studies on symbioticChlorellain the Neorhabdocoel Turbellaria ''Dalyellia viridis'' and ''Typhloplana viridata'' | journal = British Phycological Journal | volume = 22 | issue = 2 | year = 2007 | pages = 157–161 | issn = 0007-1617 | doi = 10.1080/00071618700650181}}</ref>


The [[temnocephalida]]ns all live as [[ectosymbiosis|ectosymbionts]] or [[parasite]]s of other freshwater animals, such as [[arthropod]]s, [[mollusk]]s, and [[turtle]]s.<ref name="Damborenea2001">{{cite journal | last1 = Cristina Damborenea | first1 = M. | last2 = Cannon | first2 = Lester R. G. | title = On neotropical ''Temnocephala'' (Platyhelminthes) | journal = Journal of Natural History | volume = 35 | issue = 8 | year = 2001 | pages = 1103–1118 | issn = 0022-2933 | doi = 10.1080/00222930152434454}}</ref>
The [[temnocephalida]]ns all live as [[ectosymbiosis|ectosymbionts]] or [[parasite]]s of other freshwater animals, such as [[arthropod]]s, [[mollusk]]s, and [[turtle]]s.<ref name="Damborenea2001">{{cite journal | last1 = Cristina Damborenea | first1 = M. | last2 = Cannon | first2 = Lester R. G. | title = On neotropical ''Temnocephala'' (Platyhelminthes) | journal = Journal of Natural History | volume = 35 | issue = 8 | year = 2001 | pages = 1103–1118 | issn = 0022-2933 | doi = 10.1080/00222930152434454| s2cid = 85828730 }}</ref>


== References ==
== References ==
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{{Taxonbar|from=Q10360301}}
{{Taxonbar|from=Q10360301}}


[[Category:Rhabdocoela| ]]
[[Category:Rhabditophora]]
[[Category:Rhabditophora]]
[[Category:Taxa named by Christian Gottfried Ehrenberg]]

Latest revision as of 22:08, 30 December 2022

Rhabdocoela
Strongylostoma elongatum spinosum.
Scientific classification Edit this classification
Domain: Eukaryota
Kingdom: Animalia
Phylum: Platyhelminthes
Subphylum: Rhabditophora
Order: Rhabdocoela
Ehrenberg, 1831
Suborders

Rhabdocoela is an order of flatworms in the class Rhabditophora with about 1700 species described worldwide. The order was first described in 1831 by Christian Gottfried Ehrenberg.[1] Most of rhabdocoels are free-living organisms, but some live symbiotically with other animals.[2]

Description[edit]

Although Rhabdocoela is a highly supported group in molecular studies, there is no clear morphological synapomorphy that unites them. All rhabdocoels have a bulbous pharynx, but this is shared with other flatworm groups, such as Neodermata, Lecithoepitheliata and some species of Prolecithophora.[3]

Some possibly identified synapomorphies are found in the ultrastructure of the protonephridial system, but similar constructions exist in other groups. Another possible apomorphy is found in the ultrastructure of the sperm, which has a dense heel on the basal bodies during spermiogenesis, but some groups have lost this feature.[3]

Classification[edit]

Rhabdocoels were traditionally classified in two groups, Dalyellioida and Typhloplanoida, although this system was suspected to be artificial. Later, molecular studies have shown that these groups were not monophyletic.[4] One subgroup of Dalyellioida, Fecampiida, does not group within Rhabdocoela, but is closely related to Tricladida and Prolecithophora. The group Kalyptorhynchia, previously a subgroup of Thyphloplanoida, appears to be the sister-group of most other rhabdocoels, which form a clade named Dalytyphloplanida.[3] Recently, a third group, Mariplanellida, was erected based on molecular phylogeny.[5]

Ecology[edit]

Most rhabdocoels are freshwater organisms. Some groups, such as typhloplanids, are predators, the main prey being cladocerans.[6] Others feed on algae and may incorporate them in their tissues.[7]

The temnocephalidans all live as ectosymbionts or parasites of other freshwater animals, such as arthropods, mollusks, and turtles.[8]

References[edit]

  1. ^ "WoRMS - World Register of Marine Species - Rhabdocoela". www.marinespecies.org. Retrieved 2022-12-30.
  2. ^ Tessens, Bart; Janssen, Toon; Artois, Tom (2014). "Molecular phylogeny of Kalyptorhynchia (Rhabdocoela, Platyhelminthes) inferred from ribosomal sequence data". Zoologica Scripta. 43 (5): 519–530. doi:10.1111/zsc.12066. ISSN 0300-3256. S2CID 86369823.
  3. ^ a b c Willems, Wim R.; Wallberg, Andreas; Jondelius, Ulf; Littlewood, David T. J.; Backeljau, Thierry; Schockaert, Ernest R.; Artois, Tom J. (2006). "Filling a gap in the phylogeny of flatworms: relationships within the Rhabdocoela (Platyhelminthes), inferred from 18S ribosomal DNA sequences". Zoologica Scripta. 35 (1): 1–17. doi:10.1111/j.1463-6409.2005.00216.x. hdl:1942/1609. ISSN 0300-3256. S2CID 85917387.
  4. ^ Littlewood, D. T. J.; Rohde, K.; Clough, K. A. (1999). "The interrelationships of all major groups of Platyhelminthes: phylogenetic evidence from morphology and molecules". Biological Journal of the Linnean Society. 66 (1): 75–114. doi:10.1111/j.1095-8312.1999.tb01918.x. ISSN 0024-4066.
  5. ^ Van Steenkiste, Niels W. L.; Leander, Brian S. (31 January 2022). "The molecular phylogenetic position of Mariplanella piscadera sp. nov. reveals a new major group of rhabdocoel flatworms: Mariplanellida status novus (Platyhelminthes: Rhabdocoela)". Organisms Diversity & Evolution. 22 (3): 577–584. doi:10.1007/s13127-022-00542-2. eISSN 1618-1077. ISSN 1439-6092. S2CID 246467772.
  6. ^ Dumont, Henri; Rietzler, Arnola; Han, Bo-Ping (2014). "A review of typhloplanid flatworm ecology, with emphasis on pelagic species". Inland Waters. 4 (3): 257–270. doi:10.5268/IW-4.3.558. ISSN 2044-2041. S2CID 85379992.
  7. ^ Douglas, Angela E. (2007). "Experimental studies on symbioticChlorellain the Neorhabdocoel Turbellaria Dalyellia viridis and Typhloplana viridata". British Phycological Journal. 22 (2): 157–161. doi:10.1080/00071618700650181. ISSN 0007-1617.
  8. ^ Cristina Damborenea, M.; Cannon, Lester R. G. (2001). "On neotropical Temnocephala (Platyhelminthes)". Journal of Natural History. 35 (8): 1103–1118. doi:10.1080/00222930152434454. ISSN 0022-2933. S2CID 85828730.
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