Rhynchospora: Difference between revisions

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{{italic title}}
{{italic title}}
{{taxobox
{{taxobox
|name = ''Rhynchospora''
|name =Beak-sedge
|image = Rhynchospora fascicularis.jpg
|image = Rhynchospora fascicularis.jpg
|image_caption = ''[[Rhynchospora fascicularis]]''
|image_caption = ''[[Rhynchospora fascicularis]]''
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|genus = '''''Rhynchospora'''''
|genus = '''''Rhynchospora'''''
|genus_authority = [[Martin Vahl (botanist)|Vahl]]
|genus_authority = [[Martin Vahl (botanist)|Vahl]]
|synonyms_ref=<ref name=jenna/>
|subdivision_ranks = Species
|synonyms=*''[[Rynchospora]]'' <small>Vahl</small>
|subdivision = ''About 400; see text''
*''[[Phaeocephalum]]'' <small>Ehrh</small>
*''[[Dichromena]]'' <sup>Michx.</sup>
*''[[Triodon]]'' <small>Pers.</small>
*''[[Spermodon]]'' <small>P.Beauv. ex Lestib.</small>
*''[[Zosterospermon]]'' <small>P.Beauv. ex Lestib.</small>
*''[[Pterotheca]]'' <small>C.Presl</small>
*''[[Calyptrostylis]]'' <small>Nees</small>
*''[[Cephaloschoenus]]'' <small>Nees</small>
*''[[Ceratoschoenus]]'' <small>Nees</small>
*''[[Diplochaete]]'' <small>Nees</small>
*''[[Echinoschoenus]]'' <small>Nees & Meyen</small>
*''[[Haloschoenus]]'' <small>Nees</small>
*''[[Haplostylis]]'' <small>Nees</small>
*''[[Mitrospora]]'' <small>Nees</small>
*''[[Morisia]]'' <small>Nees</small>
*''[[Psilocarya]]'' <small>Torr.</small>
*''[[Eriochaeta]]'' <small>Torr. ex Steud.</small>
*''[[Leptoschoenus]]'' <small>Nees</small>
*''[[Microchaeta]]'' <small>Rchb.</small>
*''[[Sphaeroschoenus]]'' <small>Nees</small>
*''[[Asteroschoenus]]'' <small>Nees</small>
*''[[Ephippiorhynchium]]'' <small>Nees</small>
*''[[Hygrocharis]]'' <small>Nees</small>
*''[[Pachymitra]]'' <small>Nees</small>
*''[[Ptilochaeta]]'' <small>Nees</small>
*''[[Astroschoenus]]'' <small>Lindl.</small>
*''[[Kleistrocalyx]]'' <small>Steud.</small>
*''[[Calyptrolepis]]'' <small>Steud.</small>
*''[[Cleistocalyx]]'' <small>Steud.</small>
*''[[Ptilosciadium]]'' <small>Steud.</small>
*''[[Trichochaeta]]'' <small>Steud.</small>
*''[[Pterochaete]]'' <small>Arn. ex Boeckeler</small>
*''[[Lonchostylis]]'' <small>Torr.</small>
*''[[Syntrinema]]'' <small>H.Pfeiff.</small>
*''[[Micropapyrus]]'' <small>Suess.</small>
|}}
|}}


'''''Rhynchospora''''' ('''Beak-rush''' or '''Beak-sedge''') is a genus of about 250-300 species of [[Cyperaceae|sedges]] with a [[cosmopolitan distribution]]. The genus includes both annual and perennial species, mostly with erect 3-sided stems and 3-ranked leaves. The achenes bear a beak-like tubercule (hence the name “beak-rush”, although the plants are [[Cyperaceae|sedges]], not [[Juncaceae|rushes]]) and are sometimes subtended by bristles. Many of the species are similar in vegetative appearance, and mature fruits are needed to make a positive identification.
'''''Rhynchospora''''' ('''Beak-rush''' or '''Beak-sedge''') is a genus of about 400 species of [[Cyperaceae|sedges]] with a [[cosmopolitan distribution]].<ref name=jenna>[http://apps.kew.org/wcsp/namedetail.do?name_id=261491 Kew World Checklist of Selected Plant Families]</ref><ref>Acevedo-Rodríguez, P. & Strong, M.T. (2005). Monocotyledons and Gymnosperms of Puerto Rico and the Virgin Islands. Contributions from the United States National Herbarium 52: 1-415.</ref><ref>Strong, M.T. (2006). Taxonomy and distribution of ''Rhynchospora'' (Cyperaceae) in the Guianas, South America. Contributions from the United States National Herbarium 53: 1-225.</ref><ref>Govaerts, R. & Simpson, D.A. (2007). World Checklist of Cyperaceae. Sedges: 1-765. The Board of Trustees of the Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew.</ref><ref>[http://www.efloras.org/florataxon.aspx?flora_id=2&taxon_id=128495 Flora of China, Vol. 23 Page 253, <big>刺子莞属</big> ci zi guan shu, ''Rhynchospora'' Vahl, Enum. Pl. 2: 229. 1805. ]</ref><ref>[http://www.efloras.org/florataxon.aspx?flora_id=1&taxon_id=128495 Flora of North America, Vol. 23 Page 200, ''Rhynchospora'' Vahl, Enum. Pl. 2: 229. 1805 (as ''Rynchospora'')]</ref><ref>Gale, S. 1944. ''Rhynchospora'' sect. ''Eurhynchospora'' in Canada, the United States and the West Indies. Rhodora 46: 80–134, 159–197, 255–278.</ref> <ref>Kral, R. 1996. Supplemental notes on ''Rhynchospora crinipes'' and related species in sect. ''Fuscae'' (Cyperaceae). Sida 17: 385–411.</ref> <ref>Kükenthal, G. 1949–1951. Vorarbeiten zu einer Monographie der Rhynchosporoideae 18. ''Rhynchospora'' Vahl. Bot. Jahrb. Syst. 74: 375–509; 75: 90–115, 273–314, 451–497.</ref><ref>Thomas, W. W. 1994. 1. ''Rhynchospora'' Vahl. 6: 404–422. In G. Davidse, M. Sousa Sánchez & A.O. Chater (eds.) Flora Mesoamericana. Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, México, D. F. </ref> The genus includes both annual and perennial species, mostly with erect 3-sided stems and 3-ranked leaves. The achenes bear a beak-like tubercule (hence the name “beak-rush”, although the plants are [[Cyperaceae|sedges]], not [[Juncaceae|rushes]]) and are sometimes subtended by bristles. Many of the species are similar in vegetative appearance, and mature fruits are needed to make a positive identification.


The infloresences (spikelets) are sometimes subtended by bracts which can be leaf-like or showy.
The infloresences (spikelets) are sometimes subtended by bracts which can be leaf-like or showy.

Revision as of 11:05, 14 July 2014

Beak-sedge
Rhynchospora fascicularis
Scientific classification
Kingdom:
Plantae
(unranked):
Angiosperms
(unranked):
Monocots
(unranked):
Commelinids
Order:
Poales
Family:
Cyperaceae
Genus:
Rhynchospora

Synonyms[1]

Rhynchospora (Beak-rush or Beak-sedge) is a genus of about 400 species of sedges with a cosmopolitan distribution.[1][2][3][4][5][6][7] [8] [9][10] The genus includes both annual and perennial species, mostly with erect 3-sided stems and 3-ranked leaves. The achenes bear a beak-like tubercule (hence the name “beak-rush”, although the plants are sedges, not rushes) and are sometimes subtended by bristles. Many of the species are similar in vegetative appearance, and mature fruits are needed to make a positive identification.

The infloresences (spikelets) are sometimes subtended by bracts which can be leaf-like or showy.

Ecology

Rhynchospora occurs on all continents except Antarctica, but is most diverse the neotropics.[11] It is most frequent in sunny habitats with wet, acidic soils.[12] In marshes and savannas, Rhynchospora may be the dominant form of vegetation.

Taxonomy

Contemporary taxonomic treatments include Rhynchospora and the related genus Pleurostachys in the tribe Rhynchosporae, a well-supported clade within Cyperaceae.[13] The most comprehensive monograph of the genus [14] divides Rhynchospora into two subgenera and 29 sections. A recent molecular analysis [15] identifies two primary clades within the genus, with well-supported subgroups that agree with several of the sections identified by Kükenthal. However, this molecular analysis also suggests that Pleurostachys is embedded within one of the primary clades of Rhynchospora and that several of the recognized sections are not monophyletic.

Selected species

References

  1. ^ a b Kew World Checklist of Selected Plant Families
  2. ^ Acevedo-Rodríguez, P. & Strong, M.T. (2005). Monocotyledons and Gymnosperms of Puerto Rico and the Virgin Islands. Contributions from the United States National Herbarium 52: 1-415.
  3. ^ Strong, M.T. (2006). Taxonomy and distribution of Rhynchospora (Cyperaceae) in the Guianas, South America. Contributions from the United States National Herbarium 53: 1-225.
  4. ^ Govaerts, R. & Simpson, D.A. (2007). World Checklist of Cyperaceae. Sedges: 1-765. The Board of Trustees of the Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew.
  5. ^ Flora of China, Vol. 23 Page 253, 刺子莞属 ci zi guan shu, Rhynchospora Vahl, Enum. Pl. 2: 229. 1805.
  6. ^ Flora of North America, Vol. 23 Page 200, Rhynchospora Vahl, Enum. Pl. 2: 229. 1805 (as Rynchospora)
  7. ^ Gale, S. 1944. Rhynchospora sect. Eurhynchospora in Canada, the United States and the West Indies. Rhodora 46: 80–134, 159–197, 255–278.
  8. ^ Kral, R. 1996. Supplemental notes on Rhynchospora crinipes and related species in sect. Fuscae (Cyperaceae). Sida 17: 385–411.
  9. ^ Kükenthal, G. 1949–1951. Vorarbeiten zu einer Monographie der Rhynchosporoideae 18. Rhynchospora Vahl. Bot. Jahrb. Syst. 74: 375–509; 75: 90–115, 273–314, 451–497.
  10. ^ Thomas, W. W. 1994. 1. Rhynchospora Vahl. 6: 404–422. In G. Davidse, M. Sousa Sánchez & A.O. Chater (eds.) Flora Mesoamericana. Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, México, D. F.
  11. ^ Thomas, W.W. 1992. A synopsis of Rhynchospora (Cyperaceae) in Mesoamerica. Brittonia 44:14–44.
  12. ^ Kral, R. 2002. Rhynchospora. In: Flora of North America Editorial Committee, eds. 1993+. Flora of North America North of Mexico. 15+ vols. New York and Oxford. Vol. 23 pp. 200-239.
  13. ^ Muasya, A. M., J. Bruhl, D. A. Simpson, A. Culham and M. W. Chase. 2000. Suprageneric phylogeny of Cyperaceae: A combined analysis. pp. 593–601. In: K. Wilson and D. Morrison (eds.) Monocots: Systematics and Evolution. CSIRO: Melbourne.
  14. ^ Kükenthal, G. 1949-1951. Vorarbeiten zu einer Monographie der Rhynchosporoideae. Rhynchospora. Bot. Jahrb. Syst. 74, 75
  15. ^ Thomas W.W., A.C. Araujo, and M.V. Alves. 2009. A Preliminary Molecular Phylogeny of the Rhynchosporae (Cyperaceae). Botanical Review 75:22-29.
  16. ^ Rhynchospora glomerata (L.) Vahl USDA Plants Profile. 23 Nov 2011

External links

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