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'''Saco Bay''' is a small arcuate [[embayment]] of the [[Gulf of Maine]] on the [[Atlantic Ocean|Atlantic]] coast of [[Maine]] in the [[United States]]. The name derives "from a map of the coastline made in 1525 by the Spanish explorer [[Esteban Gómez]]. He named the bay ''Bahio de Saco'' (Bay of the Sack)."<ref>{{cite book | last = Kayworth, Alfred E. & Potvin, Raymond G. | title = The Scalp Hunters: Abenaki Ambush at Lovewell Pond--1725 | year = 2002 | url = http://books.google.com/?id=uQGMtb6A8a4C&pg=PA117&lpg=PA117&dq=%22Saco+Bay%22 | accessdate = 2006-07-02 | publisher = Branden Publishing Company | location = Wellesley, MA | isbn = 9780828320757 }}</ref> |
'''Saco Bay''' is a small arcuate [[embayment]] of the [[Gulf of Maine]] on the [[Atlantic Ocean|Atlantic]] coast of [[Maine]] in the [[United States]]. The name derives "from a map of the coastline made in 1525 by the Spanish explorer [[Esteban Gómez]]. He named the bay ''Bahio de Saco'' (Bay of the Sack)."<ref>{{cite book | last = Kayworth, Alfred E. & Potvin, Raymond G. | title = The Scalp Hunters: Abenaki Ambush at Lovewell Pond--1725 | year = 2002 | url = http://books.google.com/?id=uQGMtb6A8a4C&pg=PA117&lpg=PA117&dq=%22Saco+Bay%22 | accessdate = 2006-07-02 | publisher = Branden Publishing Company | location = Wellesley, MA | isbn = 9780828320757 }}</ref> |
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Saco Bay is approximately 10 mi (16 km) wide, running from the Fletcher Neck (the [[Biddeford Pool]] peninsula) and the mouth of the [[Saco River]] in [[York County, Maine|York County]] north to the [[Scarborough River]] and [[Prout's Neck, Maine|Prouts Neck]] in [[Scarborough, Maine|Scarborough]], [[Cumberland County, Maine]],<ref>{{cite web | last=Slovinsky, Peter A. & Dickson, Stephen M. | title = Variation of Beach Morphology along the Saco Bay Littoral Cell: |
Saco Bay is approximately 10 mi (16 km) wide, running from the Fletcher Neck (the [[Biddeford Pool]] peninsula) and the mouth of the [[Saco River]] in [[York County, Maine|York County]] north to the [[Scarborough River]] and [[Prout's Neck, Maine|Prouts Neck]] in [[Scarborough, Maine|Scarborough]], [[Cumberland County, Maine]],<ref>{{cite web | last=Slovinsky, Peter A. & Dickson, Stephen M. | title = Variation of Beach Morphology along the Saco Bay Littoral Cell: an Analysis of Recent Trends and Management Alternatives | work = Maine Geological Survey|publisher=Department of Conservation, State of Maine | date = 2005 | url = http://www.maine.gov/doc/nrimc/mgs/explore/marine/saco-bay/contents.htm | accessdate =2006-07-01 }}</ref> approximately 13 mi (19 km) southwest of [[Portland, Maine|Portland]]. The shoreline of the bay makes the largest sand beach and [[salt marsh]] system in Maine and contains the longest unbroken stretch of beach in the state. |
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==Ecosystem== |
==Ecosystem== |
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Construction of a railroad causeway in the 19<sup>th</sup> century led to the closure of the Little River Inlet. This tidal re-entrant had formed the county line between York and Cumberland counties and the town line between Scarborough and Old Orchard Beach. Prior to its closure, the Pine Point region of Scarborough was a [[barrier island]], the only one in Maine.<ref>{{cite web | last = Roger |first=Allen|coauthord= Janine Reardon, Tracy White, & Mr. and Mrs. Dennis Toomey | title = East Grand Beach |work=State of Maine Beach Profiling Project| publisher=University of Maine Department of Earth Sciences|month = January |year= 2001 | url = http://www.geology.um.maine.edu/beach/east_grand.htm | accessdate =2006-07-01 }}</ref> Behind Pine Point is the state run wildlife management area for [[Scarborough Marsh]]. The marsh is 15% of the state's total tidal marsh area and the largest contiguous marsh in Maine. The state owns and manages a {{convert|3100|acre|km2|sing=on}} reserve, of which {{convert|2700|acre|km2}} is salt marsh, about {{convert|200|acre|km2}} is upland habitats, with the remainder being other types of wetlands. The marsh is an excellent site for birding as 72% of the water dependent birds that can be found in Maine can be found at the marsh. The marsh is located within {{convert|1.5|mi|km}} of two nationally significant seabird nesting islands. The marsh has been designated essential habitat for endangered [[Piping Plover]]s and [[Least Tern]]s.<ref>{{cite web | title = Scarborough Marsh -- A Resource to Treasure! | publisher = Friends of Scarborough Marsh | url = http://www.scarboroughcrossroads.org/marsh/marsh.shtml | accessdate =2006-07-01 }}</ref> The Maine Audubon Society maintains a center at the marsh from which visitors can do hikes or rent a canoe and paddle through the marsh.<ref>{{cite web | title = Scarborough Marsh Audubon Center | publisher = Maine Audubon | url = http://www.maineaudubon.org/explore/centers/marsh2.shtml | accessdate =2006-07-01 }}</ref> |
Construction of a railroad causeway in the 19<sup>th</sup> century led to the closure of the Little River Inlet. This tidal re-entrant had formed the county line between York and Cumberland counties and the town line between Scarborough and Old Orchard Beach. Prior to its closure, the Pine Point region of Scarborough was a [[barrier island]], the only one in Maine.<ref>{{cite web | last = Roger |first=Allen|coauthord= Janine Reardon, Tracy White, & Mr. and Mrs. Dennis Toomey | title = East Grand Beach |work=State of Maine Beach Profiling Project| publisher=University of Maine Department of Earth Sciences|month = January |year= 2001 | url = http://www.geology.um.maine.edu/beach/east_grand.htm | accessdate =2006-07-01 }}</ref> Behind Pine Point is the state run wildlife management area for [[Scarborough Marsh]]. The marsh is 15% of the state's total tidal marsh area and the largest contiguous marsh in Maine. The state owns and manages a {{convert|3100|acre|km2|sing=on}} reserve, of which {{convert|2700|acre|km2}} is salt marsh, about {{convert|200|acre|km2}} is upland habitats, with the remainder being other types of wetlands. The marsh is an excellent site for birding as 72% of the water dependent birds that can be found in Maine can be found at the marsh. The marsh is located within {{convert|1.5|mi|km}} of two nationally significant seabird nesting islands. The marsh has been designated essential habitat for endangered [[Piping Plover]]s and [[Least Tern]]s.<ref>{{cite web | title = Scarborough Marsh -- A Resource to Treasure! | publisher = Friends of Scarborough Marsh | url = http://www.scarboroughcrossroads.org/marsh/marsh.shtml | accessdate =2006-07-01 }}</ref> The Maine Audubon Society maintains a center at the marsh from which visitors can do hikes or rent a canoe and paddle through the marsh.<ref>{{cite web | title = Scarborough Marsh Audubon Center | publisher = Maine Audubon | url = http://www.maineaudubon.org/explore/centers/marsh2.shtml | accessdate =2006-07-01 }}</ref> |
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The U.S. [[National Marine Fisheries Service]] has designated Saco Bay as "essential fish habitat" for at least fifteen types of fish, including [[Atlantic Salmon]], [[hake]], [[halibut]], [[herring]], and [[scallop]]s. Stratton Island in the bay is a wildlife sanctuary owned and run by the [[National Audubon Society]] where multiple species of [[tern]]s nest. [[Arctic tern|Arctic]], [[Common tern|Common]], and [[Roseate tern|Roseate]] terns have been regulars, and in 2005 they were joined for the first time by nesting Least Terns.<ref>{{cite web | last=Garrity, Paul | title = Least Terns Nest |
The U.S. [[National Marine Fisheries Service]] has designated Saco Bay as "essential fish habitat" for at least fifteen types of fish, including [[Atlantic Salmon]], [[hake]], [[halibut]], [[herring]], and [[scallop]]s. Stratton Island in the bay is a wildlife sanctuary owned and run by the [[National Audubon Society]] where multiple species of [[tern]]s nest. [[Arctic tern|Arctic]], [[Common tern|Common]], and [[Roseate tern|Roseate]] terns have been regulars, and in 2005 they were joined for the first time by nesting Least Terns.<ref>{{cite web | last=Garrity, Paul | title = Least Terns Nest on Stratton Island | work = Mainebirding.net | date = 2005-07-31 | url = http://www.mainebirding.net/news/stories/16.htm | accessdate =2006-07-01 |archiveurl = http://web.archive.org/web/20060105214008/http://www.mainebirding.net/news/stories/16.htm <!-- Bot retrieved archive --> |archivedate = 2006-01-05}}</ref> |
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==Sand movement and erosion== |
==Sand movement and erosion== |
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The [[United States Army Corps of Engineers]] (USACOE) initially thought that the beach sand was coming from an underwater glacial deposit. Thus when in 1866 they were called in to protect the navigable channel of the Saco river they built rock [[jetty]]s on the both sides of the mouth of the Saco river to protect the channel from sand. The north jetty was extended in 1897, 1930 and 1938, and raised at various dates through 1969. The primary source of sediment for the beaches is the Saco river. [[Longshore drift]] is dominantly to the north along the shore. About 1960 another jetty was built on the south (Pine Point) side of the mouth of the Scarborough River to protect it from sand. It was not until 1992 that the USACOE acknowledged that there is no source of sand nourishment in the area. Thus, erosion is worst at Camp Ellis in [[Saco, Maine|Saco]] at the south end of the system where the Saco jetty prevents sand from coming ashore naturally while Pine Point is growing both from the sand coming out of the Saco river and from sand eroding from Cape Ellis and other parts of the bay to its south.<ref>{{cite journal | last = Kelley, Joseph T. & Anderson, Walter A. | title = The Maine Shore and the Army Corps: A Tale of Two Harbors, Wells and Saco, Maine | journal = Maine Policy Review | volume = 9 | issue = 2 | pages = 20–35 | date = Fall 2000 | url = http://www.umaine.edu/MCSC/MPR/Vol9No2/KelAnd.htm | accessdate = 2006-07-02 |
The [[United States Army Corps of Engineers]] (USACOE) initially thought that the beach sand was coming from an underwater glacial deposit. Thus when in 1866 they were called in to protect the navigable channel of the Saco river they built rock [[jetty]]s on the both sides of the mouth of the Saco river to protect the channel from sand. The north jetty was extended in 1897, 1930 and 1938, and raised at various dates through 1969. The primary source of sediment for the beaches is the Saco river. [[Longshore drift]] is dominantly to the north along the shore. About 1960 another jetty was built on the south (Pine Point) side of the mouth of the Scarborough River to protect it from sand. It was not until 1992 that the USACOE acknowledged that there is no source of sand nourishment in the area. Thus, erosion is worst at Camp Ellis in [[Saco, Maine|Saco]] at the south end of the system where the Saco jetty prevents sand from coming ashore naturally while Pine Point is growing both from the sand coming out of the Saco river and from sand eroding from Cape Ellis and other parts of the bay to its south.<ref>{{cite journal | last = Kelley, Joseph T. & Anderson, Walter A. | title = The Maine Shore and the Army Corps: A Tale of Two Harbors, Wells and Saco, Maine | journal = Maine Policy Review | volume = 9 | issue = 2 | pages = 20–35 | date = Fall 2000 | url = http://www.umaine.edu/MCSC/MPR/Vol9No2/KelAnd.htm | issn = 1064-2587 | accessdate = 2006-07-02 | format = {{dead link|date=June 2008}} – <sup>[http://scholar.google.co.uk/scholar?hl=en&lr=&q=author%3AKelley%2C+Joseph+T.+%26+Anderson%2C+Walter+A.+intitle%3AThe+Maine+Shore+and+the+Army+Corps%3A+A+Tale+of+Two+Harbors%2C+Wells+and+Saco%2C+Maine&as_publication=Maine+Policy+Review&as_ylo=&as_yhi=&btnG=Search Scholar search]</sup>}}</ref> |
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Much of the inner shore of the bay is within the town of [[Old Orchard Beach, Maine|Old Orchard Beach]], Maine's largest resort beach community.<ref>{{cite web | author = U.S. EPA Office of Policy, Planning, and Evaluation | title = Vulnerability of Maine Sites to Accelerated Sea-Level Rise |year = 1995|month=September| format=pdf | url = http://yosemite.epa.gov/oar/globalwarming.nsf/UniqueKeyLookup/SHSU5BUSAD/$File/maine_2.pdf | accessdate =2006-07-01 |archiveurl = http://web.archive.org/web/20060519165603/http://yosemite.epa.gov/oar/globalwarming.nsf/UniqueKeyLookup/SHSU5BUSAD/$File/maine_2.pdf |archivedate = May 19, 2006}}</ref> The geology of the larger Gulf of Maine means that warm waters coming up the Atlantic Coast are kept far offshore, while the inshore waters are flowing from the north to the south, fed by the [[Labrador Current]] that originates from the glaciers of [[Greenland]], making most Maine coastal waters very cold, especially to the east. The combination of Saco Bay's western location, the inland waters of the Saco river, and the bay's local flow from the south to the north make it the warmest water for swimming in Maine, although summer water temperatures regularly dip into the 50s ([[Fahrenheit]]).<ref>{{cite news | last = Baldwin | first = Letitia | title = C'mon in! The water's f-f-fine | publisher = The Boston Globe |date = 2006-06-25 | url = http://www.boston.com/travel/articles/2006/06/23/cmon_in_the_waters_f_f_fine/ | accessdate =2006-07-01 }}</ref> |
Much of the inner shore of the bay is within the town of [[Old Orchard Beach, Maine|Old Orchard Beach]], Maine's largest resort beach community.<ref>{{cite web | author = U.S. EPA Office of Policy, Planning, and Evaluation | title = Vulnerability of Maine Sites to Accelerated Sea-Level Rise |year = 1995|month=September| format=pdf | url = http://yosemite.epa.gov/oar/globalwarming.nsf/UniqueKeyLookup/SHSU5BUSAD/$File/maine_2.pdf | accessdate =2006-07-01 |archiveurl = http://web.archive.org/web/20060519165603/http://yosemite.epa.gov/oar/globalwarming.nsf/UniqueKeyLookup/SHSU5BUSAD/$File/maine_2.pdf |archivedate = May 19, 2006}}</ref> The geology of the larger Gulf of Maine means that warm waters coming up the Atlantic Coast are kept far offshore, while the inshore waters are flowing from the north to the south, fed by the [[Labrador Current]] that originates from the glaciers of [[Greenland]], making most Maine coastal waters very cold, especially to the east. The combination of Saco Bay's western location, the inland waters of the Saco river, and the bay's local flow from the south to the north make it the warmest water for swimming in Maine, although summer water temperatures regularly dip into the 50s ([[Fahrenheit]]).<ref>{{cite news | last = Baldwin | first = Letitia | title = C'mon in! The water's f-f-fine | publisher = The Boston Globe |date = 2006-06-25 | url = http://www.boston.com/travel/articles/2006/06/23/cmon_in_the_waters_f_f_fine/ | accessdate =2006-07-01 }}</ref> |
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The bay was mapped again in 1605 by the French explorer [[Samuel de Champlain]], who named it the ''Baie de Chouacouët''.<ref>{{cite web | title = Champlain, Samuel de | work = Dictionary of Canadian Biography Online | date = 2000 | url =http://www.biographi.ca/009004-119.01-e.php?&id_nbr=115 | accessdate = 2006-07-02}}</ref> His chart of the bay and the mouth of the river has been described as one of his best charts.<ref>{{cite web | title = 400<sup>th</sup> Anniversaries of Champlain’s Voyages | date = June 14, 2002 | url =http://www.vt-fcgs.org/champ400.html | accessdate = 2006-07-02}}, which cites {{cite book | last = Morison | first = Samuel Eliot | title = Samuel de Champlain: Father of New France | publisher = Little Brown and Company | year = 1972}}</ref> |
The bay was mapped again in 1605 by the French explorer [[Samuel de Champlain]], who named it the ''Baie de Chouacouët''.<ref>{{cite web | title = Champlain, Samuel de | work = Dictionary of Canadian Biography Online | date = 2000 | url =http://www.biographi.ca/009004-119.01-e.php?&id_nbr=115 | accessdate = 2006-07-02}}</ref> His chart of the bay and the mouth of the river has been described as one of his best charts.<ref>{{cite web | title = 400<sup>th</sup> Anniversaries of Champlain’s Voyages | date = June 14, 2002 | url =http://www.vt-fcgs.org/champ400.html | accessdate = 2006-07-02}}, which cites {{cite book | last = Morison | first = Samuel Eliot | title = Samuel de Champlain: Father of New France | publisher = Little Brown and Company | year = 1972}}</ref> |
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In 1616, [[Sir Ferdinando Gorges]] sent [[Richard Vines (physician)|Richard Vines]] to settle in [[New England]]. He spent the winter of 1616-1617 on Saco Bay. A pestilence was raging among the Indians, and as Vines was a physician he attended to sick [[Native Americans in the United States|Indians]] in the area. In 1630 the [[Plymouth Company]] gave Richard Vines and John Oldham each a tract of land on the Saco River, four miles (6 km) wide on the sea and extending eight miles (13 km) inland.<ref>{{cite encyclopedia|first=Benson John|last=Lossing|authorlink=Benson John Lossing | encyclopedia=Harper's EncyclopǢdia of United States History: From 458 A.D. to 1905|volume=Volume VIII | year=1908 | title=Saco Bay, Settlement |
In 1616, [[Sir Ferdinando Gorges]] sent [[Richard Vines (physician)|Richard Vines]] to settle in [[New England]]. He spent the winter of 1616-1617 on Saco Bay. A pestilence was raging among the Indians, and as Vines was a physician he attended to sick [[Native Americans in the United States|Indians]] in the area. In 1630 the [[Plymouth Company]] gave Richard Vines and John Oldham each a tract of land on the Saco River, four miles (6 km) wide on the sea and extending eight miles (13 km) inland.<ref>{{cite encyclopedia|first=Benson John|last=Lossing|authorlink=Benson John Lossing | encyclopedia=Harper's EncyclopǢdia of United States History: From 458 A.D. to 1905|volume=Volume VIII | year=1908 | title=Saco Bay, Settlement of | url = http://books.google.com/?id=Zwqr5ToN-3cC&pg=PA5&lpg=PA5&dq=%22Saco+Bay%22 | accessdate = 2006-07-02 | publisher = Harper & Brothers Publishers | location = New York }}</ref><!--the book seems to be available atproject gutenberg,maube link that instead?--> |
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==Winslow Homer painting== |
==Winslow Homer painting== |
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Revision as of 00:31, 31 March 2011
Saco Bay is a small arcuate embayment of the Gulf of Maine on the Atlantic coast of Maine in the United States. The name derives "from a map of the coastline made in 1525 by the Spanish explorer Esteban Gómez. He named the bay Bahio de Saco (Bay of the Sack)."[1]
Saco Bay is approximately 10 mi (16 km) wide, running from the Fletcher Neck (the Biddeford Pool peninsula) and the mouth of the Saco River in York County north to the Scarborough River and Prouts Neck in Scarborough, Cumberland County, Maine,[2] approximately 13 mi (19 km) southwest of Portland. The shoreline of the bay makes the largest sand beach and salt marsh system in Maine and contains the longest unbroken stretch of beach in the state.
Ecosystem
Construction of a railroad causeway in the 19th century led to the closure of the Little River Inlet. This tidal re-entrant had formed the county line between York and Cumberland counties and the town line between Scarborough and Old Orchard Beach. Prior to its closure, the Pine Point region of Scarborough was a barrier island, the only one in Maine.[3] Behind Pine Point is the state run wildlife management area for Scarborough Marsh. The marsh is 15% of the state's total tidal marsh area and the largest contiguous marsh in Maine. The state owns and manages a 3,100-acre (13 km2) reserve, of which 2,700 acres (11 km2) is salt marsh, about 200 acres (0.81 km2) is upland habitats, with the remainder being other types of wetlands. The marsh is an excellent site for birding as 72% of the water dependent birds that can be found in Maine can be found at the marsh. The marsh is located within 1.5 miles (2.4 km) of two nationally significant seabird nesting islands. The marsh has been designated essential habitat for endangered Piping Plovers and Least Terns.[4] The Maine Audubon Society maintains a center at the marsh from which visitors can do hikes or rent a canoe and paddle through the marsh.[5]
The U.S. National Marine Fisheries Service has designated Saco Bay as "essential fish habitat" for at least fifteen types of fish, including Atlantic Salmon, hake, halibut, herring, and scallops. Stratton Island in the bay is a wildlife sanctuary owned and run by the National Audubon Society where multiple species of terns nest. Arctic, Common, and Roseate terns have been regulars, and in 2005 they were joined for the first time by nesting Least Terns.[6]
Sand movement and erosion
The United States Army Corps of Engineers (USACOE) initially thought that the beach sand was coming from an underwater glacial deposit. Thus when in 1866 they were called in to protect the navigable channel of the Saco river they built rock jettys on the both sides of the mouth of the Saco river to protect the channel from sand. The north jetty was extended in 1897, 1930 and 1938, and raised at various dates through 1969. The primary source of sediment for the beaches is the Saco river. Longshore drift is dominantly to the north along the shore. About 1960 another jetty was built on the south (Pine Point) side of the mouth of the Scarborough River to protect it from sand. It was not until 1992 that the USACOE acknowledged that there is no source of sand nourishment in the area. Thus, erosion is worst at Camp Ellis in Saco at the south end of the system where the Saco jetty prevents sand from coming ashore naturally while Pine Point is growing both from the sand coming out of the Saco river and from sand eroding from Cape Ellis and other parts of the bay to its south.[7]
Much of the inner shore of the bay is within the town of Old Orchard Beach, Maine's largest resort beach community.[8] The geology of the larger Gulf of Maine means that warm waters coming up the Atlantic Coast are kept far offshore, while the inshore waters are flowing from the north to the south, fed by the Labrador Current that originates from the glaciers of Greenland, making most Maine coastal waters very cold, especially to the east. The combination of Saco Bay's western location, the inland waters of the Saco river, and the bay's local flow from the south to the north make it the warmest water for swimming in Maine, although summer water temperatures regularly dip into the 50s (Fahrenheit).[9]
History
The bay was mapped again in 1605 by the French explorer Samuel de Champlain, who named it the Baie de Chouacouët.[10] His chart of the bay and the mouth of the river has been described as one of his best charts.[11]
In 1616, Sir Ferdinando Gorges sent Richard Vines to settle in New England. He spent the winter of 1616-1617 on Saco Bay. A pestilence was raging among the Indians, and as Vines was a physician he attended to sick Indians in the area. In 1630 the Plymouth Company gave Richard Vines and John Oldham each a tract of land on the Saco River, four miles (6 km) wide on the sea and extending eight miles (13 km) inland.[12]
Winslow Homer painting
Saco Bay or Sunset, Saco Bay is the title of a painting by Winslow Homer, showing a view of the bay from Checkley Point on the southwestern side of Prouts Neck. According to Winslow he worked on it for about 10 years, finishing only 3 days before shipping it for exhibition. It was first exhibited in 1897 at the Society of American Artists in New York City. The painting is now at the Sterling and Francine Clark Art Institute.[13]
References
- ^ Kayworth, Alfred E. & Potvin, Raymond G. (2002). The Scalp Hunters: Abenaki Ambush at Lovewell Pond--1725. Wellesley, MA: Branden Publishing Company. ISBN 9780828320757. Retrieved 2006-07-02.
{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link) - ^ Slovinsky, Peter A. & Dickson, Stephen M. (2005). "Variation of Beach Morphology along the Saco Bay Littoral Cell: an Analysis of Recent Trends and Management Alternatives". Maine Geological Survey. Department of Conservation, State of Maine. Retrieved 2006-07-01.
{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link) - ^ Roger, Allen (2001). "East Grand Beach". State of Maine Beach Profiling Project. University of Maine Department of Earth Sciences. Retrieved 2006-07-01.
{{cite web}}: Unknown parameter|coauthord=ignored (help); Unknown parameter|month=ignored (help) - ^ "Scarborough Marsh -- A Resource to Treasure!". Friends of Scarborough Marsh. Retrieved 2006-07-01.
- ^ "Scarborough Marsh Audubon Center". Maine Audubon. Retrieved 2006-07-01.
- ^ Garrity, Paul (2005-07-31). "Least Terns Nest on Stratton Island". Mainebirding.net. Archived from the original on 2006-01-05. Retrieved 2006-07-01.
- ^ Kelley, Joseph T. & Anderson, Walter A. (Fall 2000). "The Maine Shore and the Army Corps: A Tale of Two Harbors, Wells and Saco, Maine" ([dead link] – Scholar search). Maine Policy Review. 9 (2): 20–35. ISSN 1064-2587. Retrieved 2006-07-02.
{{cite journal}}: External link in|format= - ^ U.S. EPA Office of Policy, Planning, and Evaluation (1995). "Vulnerability of Maine Sites to Accelerated Sea-Level Rise" (PDF). Archived from the original (pdf) on May 19, 2006. Retrieved 2006-07-01.
{{cite web}}:|author=has generic name (help); Unknown parameter|month=ignored (help)CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link) - ^ Baldwin, Letitia (2006-06-25). "C'mon in! The water's f-f-fine". The Boston Globe. Retrieved 2006-07-01.
- ^ "Champlain, Samuel de". Dictionary of Canadian Biography Online. 2000. Retrieved 2006-07-02.
- ^ "400th Anniversaries of Champlain's Voyages". June 14, 2002. Retrieved 2006-07-02., which cites Morison, Samuel Eliot (1972). Samuel de Champlain: Father of New France. Little Brown and Company.
- ^ Lossing, Benson John (1908). "Saco Bay, Settlement of". Harper's EncyclopǢdia of United States History: From 458 A.D. to 1905. Vol. Volume VIII. New York: Harper & Brothers Publishers. Retrieved 2006-07-02.
{{cite encyclopedia}}:|volume=has extra text (help) - ^ Maurer, Susannah. "Saco Bay". Winslow Homer: Making Art, Making History. Archived from the original on 2006-01-05. Retrieved 2006-07-01.