Sahaptian languages: Difference between revisions

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{{Short description|Plateau Penutian language branch of US}}
{{Infobox language family
{{Infobox language family
|name=Sahaptian
|name=Sahaptian
|altname=Sħaptian
|altname=Sħaptian
|region=[[Pacific Northwest]]
|region=[[Pacific Northwest]]
|familycolor=American
|familycolor=American
|fam1=[[Plateau Penutian languages|Plateau Penutian]]
|fam1=[[Penutian languages|Penutian]]?
|fam2=[[Plateau Penutian languages|Plateau Penutian]]?
|glotto=saha1239
|glotto=saha1239
|glottorefname=Sahaptian
|glottorefname=Sahaptian
|child1=''[[Nez Perce language|Nez Perce]]''
|child1=''[[Nez Perce language|Nez Perce]]''
|child2=''[[Sahaptin language|Sahaptin]]''
|child2=''[[Sahaptin language|Sahaptin]]''
}}
}}


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:2. '''[[Sahaptin language|Sahaptin]]''' (''Sħáptənəxw'')
:2. '''[[Sahaptin language|Sahaptin]]''' (''Sħáptənəxw'')


Nez Perce has two principle dialects, Upper and Lower. Sahaptin has somewhat greater internal diversity, with its main dialects being [[Umatilla language|Umatilla]] and [[Yakima]].
Nez Perce has two principal dialects, Upper and Lower. Sahaptin has somewhat greater internal diversity, with its main dialects being [[Umatilla language|Umatilla]] and [[Yakima|Yakama]].


Nodel Rude's (2012) classification of Sahaptian is as follows.<ref name="Rude-2012"/>
Noel Rude's (2012) classification of Sahaptian is as follows.<ref name="Rude-2012"/>

{{tree list}}
*'''Proto-Sahaptian'''
*'''Proto-Sahaptian'''
**[[Nez Perce language|Nez Perce]]
**[[Nez Perce language|Nez Perce]]
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****''Northwest'' dialect
****''Northwest'' dialect
****''Northeast'' dialect
****''Northeast'' dialect
{{tree list/end}}


==Proto-language==<!---[[Proto-Sahaptian]] redirects here--->
==Proto-language==<!---[[Proto-Sahaptian]] redirects here--->
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Work on Proto-Sahaptian reconstruction has been undertaken by Noel Rude (2006,<ref name="Rude-2006">Rude, Noel. 2006. [https://lingpapers.sites.olt.ubc.ca/files/2018/02/Rude_2006.pdf Proto-Sahaptian vocalism]. In ''Papers for the 41st International Conference on Salish and neighbouring languages'', 264-277. Vancouver: University of British Columbia Press.</ref> 2012<ref name="Rude-2012">Rude, Noel. 2012. [https://lingpapers.sites.olt.ubc.ca/files/2018/01/2012_Rude.pdf Reconstructing Proto-Sahaptian Sounds]. In ''Papers for the 47th International Conference on Salish and neighbouring languages'', 292-324. Working Papers in Linguistics (UBCWPL). Vancouver: University of British Columbia Press.</ref>).
Work on Proto-Sahaptian reconstruction has been undertaken by Noel Rude (2006,<ref name="Rude-2006">Rude, Noel. 2006. [https://lingpapers.sites.olt.ubc.ca/files/2018/02/Rude_2006.pdf Proto-Sahaptian vocalism]. In ''Papers for the 41st International Conference on Salish and neighbouring languages'', 264-277. Vancouver: University of British Columbia Press.</ref> 2012<ref name="Rude-2012">Rude, Noel. 2012. [https://lingpapers.sites.olt.ubc.ca/files/2018/01/2012_Rude.pdf Reconstructing Proto-Sahaptian Sounds]. In ''Papers for the 47th International Conference on Salish and neighbouring languages'', 292-324. Working Papers in Linguistics (UBCWPL). Vancouver: University of British Columbia Press.</ref>).


Proto-Sahaptian consonants:<ref name="Rude-2012"/>{{rp|306}}
Proto-Sahaptian consonants:<ref name="Rude-2012"/>{{rp|306}}<!---Please do not reorder or retranscribe. This table follows the source, which presents the reconstructed phonemes in a family specific structure, and in a notation commonly used for Native American languages--->
:{| class="wikitable"
:{| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center;"
! colspan=2 rowspan=2| !! rowspan=2| [[Bilabial consonant|Bilabial]] !! colspan=3| [[Alveolar consonant|Alveolar]] !! rowspan=2| [[Postalveolar consonant|Post-<br/>alveolar]] !! colspan=2| [[Velar consonant|Velar]] !! colspan=2| [[Uvular consonant|Uvular]] !! rowspan=2| [[Glottal consonant|Glottal]]
⚫
| p || t || ƛ || c || č || k || k̓ || q || qʷ || ʔ
|-
|-
! <small>plain</small> !! <small>lateral</small> !! <small>central</small> !! <small>plain</small> !! <small>labialized</small> !! <small>plain</small> !! <small>labialized</small>
⚫
| p̓ || t̓ || ƛ̓ || c̓ || č || k̓ || k̓ʷ || q̓ || q̓ʷ ||
|-
|-
! colspan=2| [[Stop consonant|Stop]]/[[Affricate consonant|Affricate]]
⚫
| || || ł || s || š || x || xʷ || x̣ || x̣̓ || h
⚫
| p || t || ƛ || c || č || k || kʷ || q || qʷ || ʔ
|-
|-
! colspan=2| [[Ejective consonant|Ejective]]
⚫
| m || n || l || || || || || || ||
⚫
| p̓ || t̓ || ƛ̓ || c̓ || č || k̓ || k̓ʷ || q̓ || q̓ʷ ||
|-
|-
! colspan=2| [[Fricative consonant|Fricative]]
⚫
| m̓ || n̓ || l̓ || || || || || || ||
⚫
| || || ł || s || š || x || xʷ || x̣ || x̣ʷ || h
|-
|-
! rowspan=2| [[Sonorant]] !! plain
| w || || || || y || || || || ||
⚫
| m || n || l || || y || || w || || ||
|-
|-
! [[Glottalization|glottalized]]
| w̓ || || || || y̓ || || || || ||
⚫
| m̓ || n̓ || l̓ || || y̓ || || w̓ || || ||
|}
|}


Proto-Sahaptian vowels:<ref name="Rude-2012"/>{{rp|293}}
Proto-Sahaptian vowels:<ref name="Rude-2012"/>{{rp|293}}
:{| class="wikitable"
:{| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center;"
! !! front !! central !! back
! !! front !! central !! back
|-
|-
! high
! high
| i || i || u
| i || ɨ || u
|-
|-
! mid
! mid
Line 73: Line 83:


==Bibliography==
==Bibliography==
* Aoki, Haruo. (1963). On Sahaptian-Klamath Linguistic Affiliations. ''International Journal of American Linguistics'' 29, no. 2: 107–112.
* Aoki, Haruo (1963). On Sahaptian-Klamath Linguistic Affiliations. ''International Journal of American Linguistics'' 29, no. 2: 107–112.
* Aoki, Haruo. (1966). Nez Percé vowel harmony and proto-Sahaptian vowels. ''Language'', ''42'', 759-767.
* Aoki, Haruo (1966). Nez Percé vowel harmony and proto-Sahaptian vowels. ''Language'', ''42'', 759-767.
* Aoki, Haruo. (1970). ''Nez Percé grammar''. University of California publications in linguistics (Vol. 62). Berkeley: University of California Press. {{ISBN|0-520-09259-7}}.
* Aoki, Haruo (1970). ''Nez Percé grammar''. University of California publications in linguistics (Vol. 62). Berkeley: University of California Press. {{ISBN|0-520-09259-7}}.
* Mithun, Marianne. (1999). ''The languages of Native North America''. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. {{ISBN|0-521-23228-7}} (hbk); {{ISBN|0-521-29875-X}}.
* Mithun, Marianne (1999). ''The languages of Native North America''. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. {{ISBN|0-521-23228-7}} (hbk); {{ISBN|0-521-29875-X}}.
* Rigsby, Bruce. (1965). Continuity and change in Sahaptian vowel systems. ''International Journal of American Linguistics'', ''31'', 306-311.
* Rigsby, Bruce (1965). Continuity and change in Sahaptian vowel systems. ''International Journal of American Linguistics'', ''31'', 306-311.
* Rigsby, Bruce; & Silverstein, Michael. (1969). Nez Percé vowels and proto-Sahaptian vowel harmony. ''Language'', ''45'', 45-59.
* Rigsby, Bruce; & Silverstein, Michael (1969). Nez Percé vowels and proto-Sahaptian vowel harmony. ''Language'', ''45'', 45-59.
* Rude, Noel. (2012). Reconstructing Proto-Sahaptian Sounds. ''University of British Columbia Working Papers in Linguistics'', Vol. 32, pp.&nbsp;292–324. Papers for the Forty-seventh International Conference on Salish and Neighbouring Languages, Cranbrook, British Columbia, Canada, August 3–5, 2012, edited by Joel Dunham, John Lyon & Natalie Weber.
* Rude, Noel. (2012). Reconstructing Proto-Sahaptian Sounds. ''University of British Columbia Working Papers in Linguistics'', Vol. 32, pp.&nbsp;292–324. Papers for the Forty-seventh International Conference on Salish and Neighbouring Languages, Cranbrook, British Columbia, Canada, August 3–5, 2012, edited by Joel Dunham, John Lyon & Natalie Weber.


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[[Category:Plateau Penutian languages]]
[[Category:Plateau Penutian languages]]
[[Category:Indigenous languages of the North American Plateau]]
[[Category:Indigenous languages of the North American Plateau]]
[[Category:Languages of the United States]]
[[Category:Indigenous languages of the United States]]

Latest revision as of 03:20, 19 April 2024

Sahaptian
Sħaptian
Geographic
distribution		Pacific Northwest
Linguistic classificationPenutian?
Subdivisions
Glottologsaha1239

Sahaptian (also Sahaptianic, Sahaptin, Shahaptian) is a two-language branch of the Plateau Penutian family spoken by Native American peoples in the Columbia Plateau region of Washington, Oregon, and Idaho in the northwestern United States.

The terms Sahaptian (the family) and Sahaptin (the language) have often been confused and used interchangeably in the literature.

Family division[edit]

Sahaptian includes two languages:

1. Nez Perce (Niimiʼipuutímt)
2. Sahaptin (Sħáptənəxw)

Nez Perce has two principal dialects, Upper and Lower. Sahaptin has somewhat greater internal diversity, with its main dialects being Umatilla and Yakama.

Noel Rude's (2012) classification of Sahaptian is as follows.[1]

Proto-language[edit]

Proto-Sahaptian
Reconstruction ofSahaptian languages

Work on Proto-Sahaptian reconstruction has been undertaken by Noel Rude (2006,[2] 2012[1]).

Proto-Sahaptian consonants:[1]: 306 

Bilabial Alveolar Post-
alveolar		 Velar Uvular Glottal
plain lateral central plain labialized plain labialized
Stop/Affricate p t ƛ c č k kʷ q qʷ ʔ
Ejective p̓ t̓ ƛ̓ c̓ č k̓ k̓ʷ q̓ q̓ʷ
Fricative ł s š x xʷ x̣ x̣ʷ h
Sonorant plain m n l y w
glottalized m̓ n̓ l̓ y̓ w̓

Proto-Sahaptian vowels:[1]: 293 

front central back
high i ɨ u
mid o
low æ ɑ

Bibliography[edit]

  • Aoki, Haruo (1963). On Sahaptian-Klamath Linguistic Affiliations. International Journal of American Linguistics 29, no. 2: 107–112.
  • Aoki, Haruo (1966). Nez Percé vowel harmony and proto-Sahaptian vowels. Language, 42, 759-767.
  • Aoki, Haruo (1970). Nez Percé grammar. University of California publications in linguistics (Vol. 62). Berkeley: University of California Press. ISBN 0-520-09259-7.
  • Mithun, Marianne (1999). The languages of Native North America. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. ISBN 0-521-23228-7 (hbk); ISBN 0-521-29875-X.
  • Rigsby, Bruce (1965). Continuity and change in Sahaptian vowel systems. International Journal of American Linguistics, 31, 306-311.
  • Rigsby, Bruce; & Silverstein, Michael (1969). Nez Percé vowels and proto-Sahaptian vowel harmony. Language, 45, 45-59.
  • Rude, Noel. (2012). Reconstructing Proto-Sahaptian Sounds. University of British Columbia Working Papers in Linguistics, Vol. 32, pp. 292–324. Papers for the Forty-seventh International Conference on Salish and Neighbouring Languages, Cranbrook, British Columbia, Canada, August 3–5, 2012, edited by Joel Dunham, John Lyon & Natalie Weber.

References[edit]

  1. ^ a b c d Rude, Noel. 2012. Reconstructing Proto-Sahaptian Sounds. In Papers for the 47th International Conference on Salish and neighbouring languages, 292-324. Working Papers in Linguistics (UBCWPL). Vancouver: University of British Columbia Press.
  2. ^ Rude, Noel. 2006. Proto-Sahaptian vocalism. In Papers for the 41st International Conference on Salish and neighbouring languages, 264-277. Vancouver: University of British Columbia Press.
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