Sakhalin taimen: Difference between revisions
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[[File:The range of the Parahucho perryi..png|thumb|right|Orange denotes the area where the species is extant, whereas in the red areas it went extinct.<ref name="IUCN" />]] |
[[File:The range of the Parahucho perryi..png|thumb|right|Orange denotes the area where the species is extant, whereas in the red areas it went extinct.<ref name="IUCN" />]] |
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The '''Sakhalin taimen''' (''Parahucho perryi'', [[syn.]] ''Hucho perryi''), also known as the '''Japanese huchen''' or '''stringfish''', is a large |
The '''Sakhalin taimen''' (''Parahucho perryi'', [[syn.]] ''Hucho perryi''), also known as the '''Japanese huchen''' or '''stringfish''' ({{lang-ja|糸魚/イトヨ|itoyo}}), is a large species of [[salmonid]] [[fish]] in [[East Asia]], found in the lakes and large rivers of [[Primorsky Krai]] and [[Khabarovsk]] regions of [[Far Eastern Russia]], [[Sakhalin|Sakhalin Island]], the [[Kuril Islands]] and [[Hokkaido]], [[Japan]]. Although often placed in the genus ''[[Hucho]]'', molecular phylogenetic and other evidence has shown that it belongs in its own [[monotypic]] genus ''Parahucho''.<ref name=FB>{{FishBase|genus=Parahucho|species=perryi|year=2016|month=August}}</ref><ref>Oleinik, A.G.; and Skurikhina, L.A. (2008). Phylogenetic relationships of Sakhalin taimen Parahucho perryi inferred from PCR-RFLP analysis of mitochondrial DNA. Russian Journal of Genetics, 44:767. [[doi:10.1134/S102279540807003X]]</ref><ref>Matveev, V.; Nishihara, H.; & Okada, N. (2007). Novel SINE families from salmons validate Parahucho (Salmonidae) as a distinct genus and give evidence that SINEs can incorporate LINE-related 3′-tails of other SINEs. Molecular Biology and Evolution 24(8): 1656-1666. [[doi: 10.1093/molbev/msm083]]</ref><ref>{{Cite journal|last=Campbell|first=Matthew A.|last2=Buser|first2=Thaddaeus J.|last3=Alfaro|first3=Michael E.|last4=López|first4=J. Andrés|date=2020-07-03|title=Addressing incomplete lineage sorting and paralogy in the inference of uncertain salmonid phylogenetic relationships|url=https://peerj.com/articles/9389|journal=PeerJ|language=en|volume=8|pages=e9389|doi=10.7717/peerj.9389|issn=2167-8359|pmc=7337038|pmid=32685284}}</ref> |
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The population has been in general decline for a century at least, with contributory factors including degradation of the environment by logging, oil exploration and change of land use to agriculture. The fish is caught by [[commercial fishing]] as [[bycatch]], by [[recreational fishing|recreational]] [[angling|angler]]s and illegally by [[poaching]], and present populations are estimated to be less than 5% of their historic levels. The [[International Union for Conservation of Nature]] has rated the fish as being [[critically endangered]].<ref name=IUCN/> |
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==Description== |
==Description== |
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Revision as of 12:17, 3 February 2022
| Sakhalin taimen Japanese huchen Stringfish | |
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| Genus: | Parahucho Vladykov, 1963
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| Species: | P. perryi (Brevoort, 1856)
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| Binomial name | |
| Parahucho perryi | |
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Hucho perryi | |
The Sakhalin taimen (Parahucho perryi, syn. Hucho perryi), also known as the Japanese huchen or stringfish (Japanese: 糸魚/イトヨ, romanized: itoyo), is a large species of salmonid fish in East Asia, found in the lakes and large rivers of Primorsky Krai and Khabarovsk regions of Far Eastern Russia, Sakhalin Island, the Kuril Islands and Hokkaido, Japan. Although often placed in the genus Hucho, molecular phylogenetic and other evidence has shown that it belongs in its own monotypic genus Parahucho.[2][3][4][5]
The population has been in general decline for a century at least, with contributory factors including degradation of the environment by logging, oil exploration and change of land use to agriculture. The fish is caught by commercial fishing as bycatch, by recreational anglers and illegally by poaching, and present populations are estimated to be less than 5% of their historic levels. The International Union for Conservation of Nature has rated the fish as being critically endangered.[1]
Description
Parahucho perryi is one of largest, most ancient salmon species and primarily inhabits the lower to middle reaches of lakes and rivers. Fish over 30 cm (1 ft) long are almost exclusively piscivores, while the young feed mostly on aquatic insects. Females typically lay between 2,000 and 10,000 eggs in the spring on the sandy or gravelly river bottom.[6] The average specimens caught have weighed around 5 kg (11 lb).[1] The largest fish caught was recorded at 9.45 kg (20.8 lb) (IGFA world record). According to an unverified record from Japan, a fish with length of 2.1 m (6.9 ft) was captured in 1937 from the Tokachi River, Hokkaidō.[citation needed]
Distribution
Parahucho perryi are found in the Northwest Pacific: Sakhalin Island (Russia), the Island of Hokkaidō (Japan), and parts of the far eastern Russian mainland. Some populations spend all their lives in freshwater while others are anadromous. The fish take about eight years to mature and can spawn several times during their lifetime which is estimated to be about fourteen years.[1]
Threats
The global population of the species has dwindled in recent years for a variety of reasons. The loss of more than 50% of their original habitat due to agriculture, urbanization, and more recently, oil and gas development, is a major factor. Other considerable pressures include bycatch in the commercial salmon fisheries of Russia and Japan, as well as illegal fishing practices in Russia. The fish are also prized as trophies by Japanese recreational anglers.[7]
In Japan, this species is bred for game-fishing at managed fishing sites, and raised fish are available for purchase. However, the species remains critically endangered.
Status
Since 2006, the IUCN has listed Parahucho perryi as critically endangered based on the assessment completed by the Salmonid Specialist Group. This designation represents the highest potential risk of global extinction to the species. The assessment revealed that the range-wide population has dropped in size to less than 5% of historic levels.[7]
References
- ^ a b c d e Rand, P.S. (2006). "Hucho perryi". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2006: e.T61333A12462795. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2006.RLTS.T61333A12462795.en. Listed as Critically Endangered (CR A4abcd v3.1)
- ^ Froese, Rainer; Pauly, Daniel (eds.) (2016). "Parahucho perryi" in FishBase. August 2016 version.
- ^ Oleinik, A.G.; and Skurikhina, L.A. (2008). Phylogenetic relationships of Sakhalin taimen Parahucho perryi inferred from PCR-RFLP analysis of mitochondrial DNA. Russian Journal of Genetics, 44:767. doi:10.1134/S102279540807003X
- ^ Matveev, V.; Nishihara, H.; & Okada, N. (2007). Novel SINE families from salmons validate Parahucho (Salmonidae) as a distinct genus and give evidence that SINEs can incorporate LINE-related 3′-tails of other SINEs. Molecular Biology and Evolution 24(8): 1656-1666. doi: 10.1093/molbev/msm083
- ^ Campbell, Matthew A.; Buser, Thaddaeus J.; Alfaro, Michael E.; López, J. Andrés (2020-07-03). "Addressing incomplete lineage sorting and paralogy in the inference of uncertain salmonid phylogenetic relationships". PeerJ. 8: e9389. doi:10.7717/peerj.9389. ISSN 2167-8359. PMC 7337038. PMID 32685284.
{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: unflagged free DOI (link) - ^ Robins, C.R., R.M. Bailey, C.E. Bond, J.R. Brooker, E.A. Lachner, R.N. Lea and W.B. Scott, 1991. World fishes important to North Americans. Exclusive of species from the continental waters of the United States and Canada. Am. Fish. Soc. Spec. Publ. (21):243 p.(from fishbase, Hucho perryi)
- ^ a b Rand, Pete. "Ancient, Giant Salmon in Asia Edging Towards Extinction" Archived 2011-11-09 at the Wayback Machine Wild Salmon Center, May 23, 2006.
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