Íngrid Betancourt and Louse: Difference between pages

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{{redirect|Lice|the district of Diyarbakır Province in Turkey|Lice, Turkey}}

{{Taxobox
{{Infobox Politician
| name = Ingrid Betancourt
| name = Phthiraptera
| image =Ingrid Betancourt in Pisa.jpg
| image = Fahrenholzia pinnata.JPG
| imagesize = 300px
| image_width = 200px
| image_caption = Light micrograph of ''[[Fahrenholzia pinnata]]''
| caption = Íngrid Betancourt in Italy 2008.
| width =
| regnum = [[Animal]]ia
| phylum = [[Arthropod]]a
| height =
| classis = [[Insect]]a
| birth_date = {{birth date and age|1961|12|25}}
| birth_place = [[Bogotá]], [[Colombia]]
| subclassis = [[Pterygota]]
| residence = [[Bogotá]]
| infraclassis = [[Neoptera]]
| ordo = '''Phthiraptera'''
| office = [[Senate of Colombia|Senator of Colombia]]
| term_start = [[July 20]] [[1998]]
| ordo_authority = [[Ernst Haeckel|Haeckel]], 1896
| subdivision_ranks = Suborders
| term_end = [[February 23]] [[2002]]
| subdivision =
| party = [[Oxygen Green Party]]
[[Anoplura]]<br />
| religion = [[Roman Catholic]]
[[Haematomyzus|Rhyncophthirina]]<br />
| occupation = [[Political science|Political scientist]], [[politician]]
[[Ischnocera]]<br />
| majority =
[[Amblycera]]
| relations =
| spouse = Fabrice Delloye (m. 1983, div. 1990)<br/> Juan Carlos Lecompte (m. 1997) <ref name=BBCprofile/>
| civil partner =
| children = Melanie Delloye, Lorenzo Delloye
| website =
| footnotes =
}}
}}


'''Lice''' (singular: '''louse'''), ([[order (biology)|order]] '''Phthiraptera'''),
'''Ingrid Betancourt Pulecio''' (born [[December 25]] [[1961]])<ref name=BBCprofile>{{cite web |title=Profile: Ingrid Betancourt |url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/americas/7266587.stm |publisher=BBC News |date=2008-02-28 |accessdate=2008-04-08}}</ref> is a [[Colombia]]n-[[France|French]] politician, former [[Senate of Colombia|senator]] and anti-[[Political corruption|corruption]] activist. Betancourt was kidnapped by the [[Revolutionary Armed Forces of Colombia]] (FARC) on [[February 23]] [[2002]], and rescued from captivity six and a half years later in [[Operation Jaque]], along with 14 other [[hostage]]s (three [[United States|Americans]] and 11 Colombian policemen and soldiers), by Colombian security forces on [[July 2]] [[2008]], who claim to have tricked the FARC into believing they were a [[Left-wing politics|leftist]] [[non-governmental organization]].<ref>{{cite news | first= | last= | coauthors= | title=Colombia: Betancourt, US hostages freed | date=[[2008-07-02]] | publisher=[[The Associated Press]] | url =http://www.breitbart.com/article.php?id=D91LTCOOI&show_article=1 | work = | pages = | accessdate = 2008-07-02 | language = }}</ref><ref>{{cite news | first= | last= | coauthors= | title= Colombia hostage Betancourt freed | date=2008-07-03 | publisher=[[British Broadcasting Corporation]] | url =http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/americas/7486552.stm | work =BBC News | pages = | accessdate = 2008-07-03 | language = }}</ref> In all, she was held captive for 2,321 days after being taken while campaigning for the [[Colombian presidential election, 2002|Colombian presidency]] as a [[Oxygen Green Party|Green]]. She had decided to campaign in an area of high guerrilla presence in spite of warnings from the government, police and military not to do so. While her kidnapping received media coverage worldwide this was particularly so in [[France]] due to her dual French citizenship. She has received multiple international awards, like the [[Légion d'honneur]] and was nominated for the [[Nobel Peace Prize]]. In 2008 she received the Concord [[Prince of Asturias Award]].<ref>[http://www.elpais.com/articulo/internacional/Ingrid/Betancourt/premio/Principe/Asturias/lucha/libertad/elpepiint/20080911elpepiint_8/Tes Ingrid Betancourt, premio Príncipe de Asturias por su lucha por la libertad]</ref>
are an order of over 3,000 [[species]] of wingless [[insect]]s; three of which are classified as human disease agents. They are obligate [[parasite|ectoparasites]] of every [[birds|avian]] and most [[mammals|mammalian]] orders. They are not found on [[Monotreme]]s (the [[platypus]] and the [[echidnas]] or spiny anteaters) and a few [[eutheria]]n orders, namely the [[bat]]s (Chiroptera), [[Cetacea|whales, dolphins and porpoises]] (Cetacea) and [[pangolin]]s (Pholidota).


==Biography==
==Description==
As lice spend their entire lives on the host, they have developed adaptations which enable them to maintain close contact with the host. These adaptations are reflected in their size (0.5–8&nbsp;[[Millimetre|mm]]), stout legs, and claws which are adapted to cling tightly to hair, fur and feathers, and that they are wingless and [[Anatomical terms of location#Directional terms|dorsoventrally]] flattened.
Betancourt was born in [[Bogotá]], [[Colombia]], [[South America]]. Her mother, [[Yolanda Pulecio]], is a former [[Miss Colombia]] who later served in [[Congress of Colombia|Congress]]<ref name=BBCprofile/> representing poor southern neighborhoods of Bogotá. Her father, [[Gabriel Betancourt]], was minister for the General [[Gustavo Rojas Pinilla]] dictatorship (1953-1957), the assistant director of the [[United Nations]] Educational, Scientific, and Cultural Organization, then ambassador of Colombia to [[UNESCO]] in [[Paris]],<ref name=NYT/> and head of the education commission of the [[Alliance for Progress]] in [[Washington, D.C.]] under [[John F. Kennedy]]. The Betancourt family is one of Colombia's oldest aristocratic families, descended from French Norman immigrants who arrived from [[Grainville-la-Teinturière]] three centuries before.


Lice feed on [[skin]] (epidermal), [[Sebaceous gland|sebaceous secretions]] and [[blood]]. A louse's color varies from pale beige to dark grey; however, if feeding on blood, it may become considerably darker. They mostly like clean hair.
After attending private school in [[France]], a [[boarding school]] in [[England]] as well as the Liceo Francés in Bogotá,<ref name=NYT>{{cite news |first=Juan |last=Forero |title=Bogotá Journal; Corruption's Her Story; Colombia Doesn't Like It |url=http://query.nytimes.com/gst/fullpage.html?res=9803E4D6153BF934A25752C1A9679C8B63 |publisher=The New York Times |date=2001-11-17 |accessdate=2008-04-08}}</ref> she attended the [[Paris Institute of Political Studies|Institut d'Études Politiques de Paris]] (commonly known as Sciences Po).<ref name=France24profile>{{cite web |title=Ingrid Betancourt: A Profile |url=http://www.france24.com/en/20070212-ingrid-betancourt-special-coverage?q=node/42684 |publisher=France 24 |date=2007-12-24 |accessdate=2008-04-08}}</ref>


A louse's egg is commonly called a nit. Lice attach their eggs to their host's hair with specialized saliva which results in a bond that is very difficult to separate without specialized products. Living lice eggs tend to be pale white. Dead lice eggs are more yellow. Lice are very annoying and are difficult to remove, but not impossible.
After graduating, she married fellow student Fabrice Delloye in 1983,<ref>Betancourt, 35.</ref> and they had two children, Mélanie (born 1985) and Lorenzo (born 1988). Through this marriage she became a French citizen.<ref name=BBCprofile/> Her husband served in the French diplomatic corps, and the couple lived in multiple countries, including [[New Zealand]] and the [[Seychelles]]. During the 1980s, she briefly lived in [[Quito]], [[Ecuador]], where she worked as a [[fitness]] instructor.
Lice infestations can be controlled with lice combs, and medicated shampoos or washes.


==Classification==
In the mid 1990s, Betancourt and Delloye divorced, and she married Colombian advertising executive, Juan Carlos Lecompte in 1997. After her 2008 release, Lecompte said their marriage may be over. <ref>[http://www.cnn.com/2008/WORLD/americas/07/10/betancourt.husband.ap/index.html Betancourt's husband admits icy reunion - CNN.com<!-- Bot generated title -->]</ref>
The order has traditionally been divided into two suborders; the [[sucking lice]] (Anoplura) and [[chewing lice]] (Mallophaga), however, recent classifications suggest that the Mallophaga are [[paraphyletic]] and four suborders are now recognised:


* [[Anoplura]]: [[sucking]] lice, including head and pubic lice (see also [[Pediculosis]] or [[Head lice]])
Her children Melanie and Lorenzo moved to [[New Zealand]] to live with their father due to death threats stemming from her political activities.<ref name="sal">{{cite news |first=Carol |last=Lloyd |title=Real female heroes: Ingrid Betancourt |url=http://www.salon.com/mwt/broadsheet/2008/04/04/ingrid_betancourt/index.html | publisher=Broadsheet at Salon.com |date=2008-04-04 |accessdate=2008-04-08}}</ref> They were 16 and 13 when she was kidnapped in 2002.<ref>Charlton, Angela, [http://ap.google.com/article/ALeqM5jNCD0T8m7JNdEWD5Lj318n6TnIbgD91M1C3O0 "Betancourt's children rejoice as she is freed"], ''[[Associated Press]]'', [[July 3]], [[2008]]</ref>
* [[Haematomyzus|Rhyncophthirina]]: parasites of elephants and [[warthog]]s
* [[Ischnocera]]: avian lice
* [[Amblycera]]: [[chewing]] lice, a primitive order of lice
It has been suggested{{weasel word}} that the order is contained by the Troctomorpha suborder of [[Psocoptera]].
Lice can not jump or fly.


==Political career==
==Lice and humans==
Humans are unique in that they host three different kinds of lice: [[Head louse|head lice]], [[body louse|body lice]] (which live mainly in clothing), and [[Crab louse|pubic lice]]. The DNA differences between head lice and body lice provide corroborating evidence that humans started wearing clothes at approximately 70,000 BC..<ref>{{cite journal |quotes=no |url=http://www.sciencenews.org/articles/20030823/fob7.asp |publisher=[[Science News]] |title=The naked truth? Lice hint at a recent origin of clothing |author=John Travis |date=[[2003-08-23]] |volume=164 |issue=8 |pages=118 |format={{dead link|date=June 2008}} &ndash; <sup>[http://scholar.google.co.uk/scholar?hl=en&lr=&q=intitle%3AThe+naked+truth%3F+Lice+hint+at+a+recent+origin+of+clothing&as_publication=&as_ylo=&as_yhi=&btnG=Search Scholar search]</sup>}}</ref>
In 1989, [[Luis Carlos Galán]], a candidate for the Colombian presidency running on an anti-drug-trafficking platform, was assassinated. Betancourt's mother was a supporter of Galán, and was standing immediately behind him when he was shot;<ref name=salon>{{cite news |first=Damien |last=Cave |url=http://dir.salon.com/story/people/conv/2002/01/15/betancourt/ |title=Ingrid Betancourt |publisher=Salon.com |date=2002-01-15 |accessdate=2008-04-08}}</ref> this event motivated Betancourt to return to Colombia herself in 1989.<ref name=France24profile/> From 1990 onwards, she worked at the [[Ministry of Finance and Public Credit|Ministry of Finance]], from which she later resigned to enter politics.<ref>{{cite web |title=Ingrid Betancourt |url=http://www.xoeditions.com/spip.php?auteur19&lang=en |publisher=XO Editions |accessdate=2008-04-09}}</ref> Her first campaign distributed [[condom]]s, with the motto that she would be like a condom against corruption. The south of Bogotá supported her, thanks partially to the name recognition from her mother, who helped her campaign.


Recent [[DNA]] evidence suggests that pubic lice spread to the ancestors of humans approximately 3.3 million years ago from the ancestors of gorillas by sharing the same bed or other communal areas with them, and are more closely related to lice endemic to gorillas than to other lice species infesting humans.<ref>{{cite journal |quotes=no |title=Pair of lice lost or parasites regained: the evolutionary history of
===Election to the Chamber of Representatives, 1994===
anthropoid primate lice |author=David L Reed, Jessica E Light, Julie M Allen and Jeremy J Kirchman |journal=BMC Biology |volume=5 |pages=7 |doi=10.1186/1741-7007-5-7 | year = 2007 |unused_data=|http://www.biomedcentral.com/1741-7007/5/7}}</ref>
She was elected to the [[Chamber of Representatives of Colombia|Chamber of Representatives]] in 1994 and launched a political party, the [[Partido Verde Oxigeno|Green Oxygen Party]]. During her term, she criticized the administration of President [[Ernesto Samper]], who was accused of corruption in the [[8000 Process|8000 process scandal]] after accepting money from the [[Cali Cartel|Cali drug cartel]] for his electoral campaign.


==Gallery==
===Elected Senator of Colombia, 1998===
{{commonscat|Phthiraptera}}
Betancourt ran for [[Senate of Colombia|Senator]] in the 1998 election, and the total number of votes she received was the largest number of any candidate in that year's senate election. During her time in elected office, death threats caused her to send her children from her first marriage to New Zealand, where they could live with her ex-husband.<ref name=salon/>
<gallery>
Image:Lice image01.jpg|The chewing louse ''Damalinia limbata'' is found on [[Angora goat]]s. The male louse (right) is typically smaller than the female (left), whose posterior margin of the abdomen is more rounded than those of male lice.
Image:Louse_diagram,_Micrographia,_Robert_Hooke,_1667.jpg|Diagram of a louse, by [[Robert Hooke]], 1667.
Image:Trichodectes canis2.jpg|Trichodectes canis, the biting dog louse
</gallery>


==References==
That same year, the presidential election was ultimately won by [[Andrés Pastrana]]. Pastrana persuaded her to endorse him, and she campaigned on his behalf. She claims he later reneged on the promises he made to her when she agreed to do so.
{{reflist}}


==See also==
===Presidential candidate, 2002===
*[[Pest]]
{{see also|Colombian presidential election, 2002}}
*[[Use of DNA in forensic entomology]]
{{Cleanup-section|date=December 2007}}
THIS DOESNT MATTER

Ingrid Betancourt launched her presidential campaign on [[May 20]], [[2001]] next to a statue of [[Simon Bolivar]] in Bogota. She then began a campaign bus trip around the country to attend local community meetings.<ref>{{cite news |title=Colombia: Former Senator Ingrid Betancourt launches presidential.At the time Betancur "Betancourt" has kidnapped , she only had 0.8%of the vote. Betancur"Betancourt" didn't have any change in the election. campaign|url=http://www.lexisnexis.com:80/us/lnacademic/results/docview/docview.do?risb=21_T3476167599&format=GNBFI&sort=RELEVANCE&startDocNo=1&resultsUrlKey=29_T3476168502&cisb=22_T3476168501&treeMax=true&treeWidth=0&csi=10962&docNo=9 |publisher=BBC Worldwide Monitoring |date=2001-05-21 |accessdate=2008-04-09}}</ref>

As part of her campaign for the presidency in 2002 Betancourt decided to go to the demilitarized zone ([[DMZ]]) in the town of [[San Vicente del Caguán]] to meet with the [[FARC]]. This was not unusual&mdash;many public figures took the opportunity afforded by the DMZ to meet with the FARC as part of the negotiation process. At the time she decided to go, the Colombian Army suggested she not go, since they wouldn't be able to protect her, due to hostility in the area after the DMZ had been Militarized again. They made her sign a document that said just that, which she immediately signed. The election was eventually won by [[Álvaro Uribe]], who never attended such meetings after having received threats from the rebel group.

The peace talk reached a dead point after more than three years of negotiations. From the beginning, the FARC would not agree to a truce for the duration of the negotiations, nor that the peace talks be overseen by different representatives of the international community. Though the DMZ was purported to be a "laboratory for peace", in practice the FARC continued its kidnapping activities, military attacks, purchasing of weapons, and even building roads and airstrips for trafficking [[narcotics]]. Critics considered the DMZ to have been turned into a safe haven in which the FARC imposed its will as law committing military attacks and acts of terrorism outside the DMZ before withdrawing back to it, in order to avoid direct confrontation with government armed forces. Also during this time, hundreds of civilians were kidnapped throughout different cities and rural areas of the country. They were then transported back to the DMZ where they were kept in cages, many of them having been kidnapped for economic [[extortion]], others for "political reasons". By the end of 2001 the Colombian government and public opinion (according to different polls) were growing impatient and discouraged at the situation.

In February 2002, a [[turboprop]] plane flying from [[Florencia]] to [[Bogotá]]&mdash;a distance of some 1000 km (600 miles)&mdash;was [[hijacking|hijacked]] in midair by FARC members. The plane was forced to land on a highway strip near the city of [[Neiva]] and then a member of the Colombian Congress was kidnapped. As a consequence, President [[Andrés Pastrana]] canceled the talks with the FARC and revoked the DMZ, arguing that the FARC had betrayed the terms of the negotiation and had used the DMZ to grow stronger in military and logistical capabilities. In a televised statement, the president expressed the government's intention of retaking the DMZ, informing that the military operation would begin at midnight, and also urged the FARC to respect the lives and the livelihood of those civilians still present in the DMZ.

==Kidnapping==
Most candidates for political office that intended to do so backed off when authorities warned them of the danger. Ingrid Betancourt, as another one of these candidates, insisted on being taken to the former DMZ by a military aircraft. President Pastrana and other officials turned down this petition, arguing that neither they, nor the [[Colombian Army]], could guarantee her safety during the turmoil that would follow the retaking of the DMZ. Additionally, Betancourt was running for president in the 2002 elections; aiding her in such a request would have meant that the government was rendering its resources to Betancourt's private political interests, as well as that the government was either backing a candidate for the presidential elections or, alternatively, that it then had to assist every single candidate in their demands of using official and military resources for their private interests.

When denied transport aboard this [[military helicopter]] that was heading to the zone, she decided to head into the DMZ via ground transport, together with [[Clara Rojas]], her [[campaign manager]] who was later named [[running-mate]] for the 2002 election, and a handful of political aides. On [[23 February]] [[2002]], she was stopped at the last military checkpoint before going into the former DMZ. Military officers insisted that Betancourt and her party not continue in their effort to reach [[San Vicente del Caguan]], the village used for the [[peace talk]]s. San Vicente's mayor was the only [[Oxygen Green Party|Oxigeno]] elected official in the entire country by then. Intense fighting was taking place inside the DMZ and the security situation was rapidly deteriorating. Betancourt dismissed their warnings and she continued her journey. According to her kidnapper, the later captured [[Nolberto Uni Vega]], Betancourt ended up at a [[FARC]] checkpoint where she was captured. Her kidnap was never planned beforehand, said the rebel.<ref>{{cite news
|url=http://colombiareports.com/2008/04/15/betancourts-kidnapper-says-hes-sorry/
|title=Betancourt's kidnapper says he's sorry
|date=[[April 15]] [[2008]]
|publisher=Colombia Reports
|accessdate=2008-04-15}}</ref> Ingrid still appeared on the ballot for the presidential elections; her husband promised to continue her campaign. In the end, she achieved less than 1% of the votes.

===Uribe's initial policy===
Ever since the days of the Pastrana negotiations, when a limited exchange took place, the FARC have demanded the formalization of a mechanism for prisoner exchange. The mechanism would involve the release of what the FARC terms as its "political [[hostage]]s", currently numbering 28, in exchange for most jailed [[guerrillas]], numbering about 500. For the FARC, most of its other hostages, those held for extortion purposes and which would number at least a thousand, would not be considered subject to such an exchange, as of yet.

The newly elected [[Uribe]] administration initially ruled out any negotiation with the group that would not include a [[cease-fire]], and instead pushed for rescue operations, many of which have traditionally been successful when carried out by the police's [[GAULA]] anti-kidnapping group in urban settings (as opposed to the mountains and jungles where the FARC keeps most prisoners), according to official statistics and mainstream news reports.

However, relatives of Ingrid and of most of FARC's political hostages came to strongly reject any potential rescue operations, in part due to the tragic death of the governor of the [[Antioquia]] department, [[Guillermo Gaviria Correa|Guillermo Gaviria]], his peace advisor and several soldiers, kidnapped by the FARC during a peace march in 2003. The governor and the others were shot at close range by the FARC when the government launched an army rescue mission into the jungle which failed as soon as the guerrillas learned of its presence in the area.

===Negotiations===
{{see also|Humanitarian exchange}}

====2002====
A day after Betancourt's kidnapping several non government organizations ([[NGO]]) under the lead of [[Armand Burguet]] were organized in the [[European Union]] and around the world to establish an association or committee for the liberation of Íngrid Betancourt. The committee initially consisted of some 280 activists in 39 countries.

====2003====
In July 2003 [[Opération 14 juillet]] was launched, which both failed to liberate Betancourt and caused a scandal for the French government.<ref>{{cite news |title=Bungle in the jungle |url=http://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/main.jhtml?xml=/news/2003/08/03/wjung03.xml&page=3 |publisher=The Telegraph |date=2003-08-03 |accessdate=2008-04-09}}</ref> A video of Betancourt was released by FARC in August 2003.<ref name=France24profile/>

====2004====
In August 2004, after several false-starts and in the face of mounting pressure from relatives, former [[Colombian Liberal Party|Liberal]] presidents [[Alfonso López Michelsen]] especially and also [[Ernesto Samper Pizano]] (whom Ingrid had criticized) backed in favor of a [[humanitarian exchange]], the Uribe government seemed to have gradually relaxed its position, announcing that it has given the FARC a formal proposal on [[July 23]], in which it offers to free 50 to 60 jailed rebels in exchange for the political and military hostages held by the left-wing FARC group (not including economic hostages as well, as the government had earlier demanded).

The government would make the first move, releasing insurgents charged or condemned for rebellion and either allowing them to leave the country or to stay and join the state's reinsertion program, and then the FARC would release the hostages in its possession, including Íngrid Betancourt. The proposal would have been carried out with the backing and support of the French and Swiss governments, which publicly supported it once it was revealed.

The move was signaled as potentially positive by several relatives of the victims and Colombian political figures. Some critics of the president have considered that Uribe may seek to gain political prestige from such a move, though they would agree with the project in practice.

The FARC released a communiqué, dated [[August 20]] but apparently published publicly only on [[August 22]], in which they denied having received the proposal earlier through the mediation of [[Switzerland]] (as the government had stated) and, while making note of the fact that a proposal had been made by Uribe's administration and that it hoped that common ground could eventually be reached, criticized it because they believe that any deal should allow them to decide how many of its jailed comrades should be freed and that they should return to the rebel ranks.

On [[September 5]], what has been considered as a sort of FARC counter proposal was revealed in the Colombian press. The FARC-EP is proposing that the government declare a "security" or "guarantee" zone for 72 hours in order for official insurgent and state negotiators to meet face to face and directly discuss a prisoner exchange. Government military forces would not have to leave the area but to concentrate in their available garrisons, in a similar move to that agreed by the [[Ernesto Samper Pizano]] administration (1994–1998) which involved the group freeing some captured security forces. In addition, the government's peace commissioner would have to make an official public pronouncement regarding this proposal.

If the zone were created, the first day would be used for traveling to the chosen location, the second to discuss the matter, and the third for the guerrillas to abandon the area. The government would be able to chose as the location for the "security zone" among one of the municipalities of [[Peñas Coloradas]], [[El Rosal]] or [[La Tuna]], all in [[Caquetá Department|Caquetá]] department, where the FARC had influence. It was speculated by retired military analysts that the FARC could potentially set up [[land mines]] or other traps around local military garrisons while the zone is in place.

The FARC proposal to arrange a meeting with the government was considered as positive by Yolanda Pulecio, Íngrid's mother, who called it a sign of "progress...just as the (government) commissioner can meet with (right-wing) paramilitaries, why can't he meet with the others, who are just as terrorist as they are."

====2006====
In February 2006, France urged the FARC to seize the chance offered by a European-proposed prisoner swap, accepted by Bogotá, and free dozens it had held for up to seven years. Foreign Minister [[Philippe Douste-Blazy]] said it was "up to the Revolutionary Armed Forces of Colombia (FARC) to show they were serious about releasing former Colombian presidential candidate Íngrid Betancourt and other detainees".

In an interview with French newspaper ''[[L'Humanité]]'' in June 2006, [[Raul Reyes]], a leader of the FARC, said that Betancourt "is doing well, within the environment she finds herself in. It's not easy when one is deprived of freedom."<ref>{{cite news |first=Arthur |last=Bright |title=Colombia's FARC willing to release hostages |url=http://www.csmonitor.com/2006/0628/dailyUpdate.html?s=mesdu |publisher=The Christian Science Monitor |date=2006-06-28 |accessdate=2008-04-08}}</ref>

====2007====
In May 2007, a kidnapped [[Colombian National Police]] sub-intendant [[Jhon Frank Pinchao]] managed to escape from FARC captivity, claiming that Betancourt was being held in the same prison camp he had been in. He also reported seeing [[Clara Rojas]], who had given birth to a son (Emmanuel), while in captivity.

On [[May 18]], President [[Álvaro Uribe]] reiterated his orders for the rescue by military means of Íngrid and other political figures. This happened after he interviewed a police officer captured by the FARC who ran away and told his story saying many of the prisoners were sick.

Shortly after taking office in mid-May, [[French President]] [[Nicolas Sarkozy]] asked Uribe to release FARC's "chancellor" Rodrigo Granda in exchange for Betancourt.

On [[June 4]], 30 incarcerated members from the [[FARC]] were liberated as a goodwill gesture by the government to pursue the liberation of Betancourt and others. However this did not result in her freedom.

On [[July 26]], [[2007]] Melanie Delloye, Ingrid Betancourt's daughter, reported two French diplomats had been unsuccessful in confirming that Íngrid Betancourt was still alive according to news agency [[EFE]]. The president of France [[Nicolas Sarkozy]] affirmed this to the press. However former hostage [[Jhon Frank Pinchao]] (see above) repeated that Betancourt was alive, and had attempted to escape several times from the FARC camp where both were held, but had been recaptured and "severely punished".<ref name="bbc">{{cite news | title = President vows to free Betancourt | publisher = BBC News | date = 2007-05-19 | url = http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/world/americas/6671667.stm | accessdate = 2007-11-14}}</ref>

In August 2007, reporter Patricia Poleo, a [[Venezuela]]n national exiled in the United States, stated that Ingrid Betancourt was being held in Venezuela and that her release was near. The government of Colombia expressed doubts about this information through its minister of foreign affairs [[Fernando Araújo Perdomo|Fernando Araújo]].<ref name=ElEspectador20070608>
{{es icon}}
{{cite news
| url=http://www.elespectador.com/elespectador/Secciones/Detalles.aspx?idNoticia=13455&idSeccion=18
| title=Gobierno dice no saber si van a liberar a Íngrid Betancourt
| page=
| pages=
| publisher=[[El Espectador]]
| author=
| date=[[June 8]] [[2007]]
| accessdate=2008-02-14
| quote=
}}</ref>
Poleo also criticized [[Hugo Chávez]] for using this situation to improve relations with France after an impasse with the government of [[Jacques Chirac]] in which they refused to sell arms to Venezuela. A few days after Poleo's statements, President Chávez openly offered his services to negotiate between the FARC and the government in an effort to release those kidnapped, but denied knowing about the whereabouts of Betancourt.<ref>[http://www.eluniversal.com/2007/08/06/pol_ava_chavez-dice-desconoc_06A911311.shtml Chávez dice desconocer detalles sobre posible liberación de Betancourt] {{es icon}}</ref>

On [[November 11]], [[2007]], President [[Hugo Chávez]] of Venezuela told French newspaper ''[[Le Figaro]]'' that he hoped to be able to show French president [[Nicolas Sarkozy]] proof before their meeting on [[November 20]] that Betancourt was alive,<ref>{{cite web |title= Chavez : «J’ai de bonnes nouvelles pour Sarkozy» |url= http://www.lefigaro.fr/international/2007/11/15/01003-20071115ARTFIG00265-chavez-jai-de-bonnes-nouvelles-pour-sarkozy.php |publisher=Le Figaro |language=French |date=2007-11-15 |accessdate = 2007-11-15}}</ref> while on [[November 18]] Chávez announced to the French press that he had been told by a FARC leader that she was still alive.<ref>{{cite news |title="Créame que Betancourt está viva" |url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/hi/spanish/latin_america/newsid_7100000/7100823.stm |publisher=BBC News |language=Spanish |date=2007-11-18 |accessdate=2008-04-08}}</ref>

=====November 2007 FARC video and letter=====
On [[November 30]], [[2007]], the Colombian government released information that they had captured three members of the urban cells of the FARC in [[Bogotá]] who had with them videos and letters of people held hostage by the FARC, including Betancourt. In the video Betancourt appears in the jungle sitting on a bench looking at the ground.<ref name=Bbc20071130>
{{cite news
| url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/americas/7120398.stm
| title=Colombia airs rebel hostage tapes
| page=
| pages=
| publisher=[[BBC News]]
| author=
| date=Friday [[November 30]] [[2007]]
| accessdate=2008-02-14
| quote=
}}</ref><ref>[http://www.eltiempo.com/politica/2007-11-30/ARTICULO-WEB-NOTA_INTERIOR-3839057.html {{es icon}} El Tiempo: Gobierno reveló pruebas de supervivencia de secuestrados en poder de las Farc]</ref> She "appeared extremely gaunt".<ref name = "sal"/>
A letter intended for Íngrid's mother, [[Yolanda Pulecio|Yolanda]], which was found at the same time, was also published in several newspapers.<ref>{{cite news| url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/americas/7123142.stm |title=Colombian hostage letter released |publisher=BBC News |date=2007-12-01 |accessdate=2008-04-09| quote=}}</ref>

====2008====
{{see|Operation Emmanuel}}
In 2008, the [[President of Venezuela|Venezuelan President]] [[Hugo Chávez]], with the initial permission of the [[Colombia]]n government and the participation of the [[International Red Cross]], organized humanitarian operations in order to receive several civilian hostages whose release had been announced by [[FARC]]. The first, so-called [[Operation Emmanuel]], named in honor of Clara Rojas' son, initially failed but later led to the release of [[Clara Rojas]] and [[Consuelo González]]. Emmanuel was rescued previously after a stunning declaration from president Uribe, where it was discovered the infant was left in a foster home after being severely mistreated by the guerrillas.

On [[February 27]], [[2008]], a second operation was carried out, freeing four former members of the Colombian Congress. The released hostages were very concerned about the health of Ingrid Betancourt. One described her as "exhausted physically and in her morale ... Íngrid is mistreated very badly, they have vented their anger on her, they have her chained up in inhumane conditions." Another said that she has [[Hepatitis B]] and is "near the end". The [[President of France]], [[Nicolas Sarkozy]], has said he is prepared to personally go to accept her release if necessary.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/americas/7268891.stm |title=Fears grow for Farc sick hostage |date=2008-02-28 |publisher=BBC News |accessdate=2008-04-09}}</ref>

On [[March 27]], the Colombian government, with President Uribe's support, offered to free hundreds of guerrilla fighters in exchange for Betancourt's release.<ref>{{cite news |first=Hugh |last=Bronstein |title=Colombia offers to free rebels in Betancourt swap |url=http://www.reuters.com/article/homepageCrisis/idUSN28382580._CH_.2400 |publisher=Reuters |date=2008-03-28 |accessdate=2008-04-08}}</ref>

On [[March 31]], Colombian news station Caracol quotes several sources saying Betancourt has stopped taking her medication and stopped eating. She was said to be in desperate need of a blood transfusion.<ref>{{cite news
|url=http://colombiareports.com/2008/03/31/betancourt-refuses-to-take-medication/
|title="Betancourt refuses to take medication"
|date=[[March 31]] [[2008]]
|publisher=Colombia Reports
|accessdate=2008-02-31}}</ref>

On [[April 2]], Betancourt's son, Lorenzo Delloye, addressed the FARC and the President, Álvaro Uribe, to facilitate the freeing of Íngrid in order to prevent her death. He quoted the need for a blood transfusion in order to keep her alive and its urgency, saying that otherwise she may die in the next few hours.<ref>{{cite news
|url=http://ap.google.com/article/ALeqM5gTRUMAs8-axuQb4X3lCvreBznrHAD8VPTAP80
|title=Son: Ingrid Betancourt Needs Transfusion
|date=[[April 2]] [[2008]]
|publisher=AP
|accessdate=2008-04-02}}</ref>

On [[April 3]], an envoy left for Colombia to try to make contact with Betancourt and many of the other captives, who have become ill after years of captivity in the jungle. After two days, the envoy, including a doctor, still hadn't heard from the FARC, but received orders from the French government to wait.<ref>{{cite news
|url=http://colombiareports.com/2008/04/06/french-mission-still-has-not-heard-from-farc/
|title=French mission still hasn't heard from FARC
|date=[[April 06]] [[2008]]
|publisher=Colombia Reports
|accessdate=2008-04-06}}</ref> Five days after arrival of the envoy the FARC released a press note on the [[Bolivarian Press Agency]] website,<ref>{{cite news
|url=http://www.abpnoticias.com/index.php?option=com_content&task=view&id=166&Itemid=1
|title=Son: Comunicado del Secretariado del Estado Mayor Central de las FARC-EP sobre la misión médica francesa
|date=[[April 8]] [[2008]]
|publisher=ABP
|accessdate=2008-04-08}}</ref> refusing the mission access to their hostages, because "the French medical mission was not appropriate and, moreover, was not the result of an agreement."<ref>{{cite news
|url=http://colombiareports.com/2008/04/08/farc-refuses-french-mission-access-to-betancourt/
|title=FARC refuses French mission access to Betancourt
|date=[[April 08]] [[2008]]
|publisher=Colombia Reports
|accessdate=2008-04-08}}</ref> Following the rebels' refusal, the French government called off the humanitarian mission and said Foreign Minister [[Bernard Kouchner]] would visit the region.<ref>{{cite news |title=France calls off Colombia mission |url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/americas/7337456.stm |publisher= BBC News |date=2008-04-08 |accessdate=2008-04-09}}</ref>

On [[July 2]], [[2008]], news reports stated that Ingrid Betancourt and three American hostages were recovered. Altogether, 15 hostages were freed, among them 11 Colombian soldiers.<ref>{{cite news | first= | last= | coauthors= | title=Betancourt 'rescued in Colombia' | date=2008-07-02 | publisher=BBC | url =http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/americas/7486552.stm | work = | pages = | accessdate = 2008-07-02 | language = }}</ref> Defense Minister [[Juan Manuel Santos]] said all the former hostages were in reasonably good health,<ref>{{cite news | first=Hugh | last=Bronstein | coauthors= | title=Colombia rescues hostage Ingrid Betancourt | date=2008-07-02 | publisher=Thomson Reuters | url =http://www.reuters.com/article/topNews/idUKN0240478720080702?feedType=RSS&feedName=topNews&rpc=22&sp=true | work =Reuters | pages = | accessdate = 2008-07-02 | language = }}</ref> although Betancourt indicated that she was [[torture]]d during her captivity.<ref>{{cite news | title=Larry King Interview with Former FARC Hostage Ingrid Betancourt | url =http://transcripts.cnn.com/TRANSCRIPTS/0807/09/lkl.01.html | work =CNN | pages = | accessdate = 2008-07-02 | language = }}</ref>

==Rescue==
{{update}}
{{main|Operation Jaque}}
On [[July 2]], [[2008]], Minister of Defense [[Juan Manuel Santos]] called a press conference to announce the rescue of Betancourt and 14 other captives. The operation that won their release, codenamed "Jaque" (Spanish for "check" as in [[checkmate]]), included members of the Colombian military intelligence who infiltrated local FARC squads and the [[secretariat]] of [[FARC]], according to Santos. The rebels in charge of the hostages were duped into accepting a faked request from headquarters to gather the hostages together, supposedly to be flown to guerrilla commander [[Alfonso Cano]]. Instead, they were flown by government personnel dressed as FARC to [[San José del Guaviare]]. No one was harmed during the rescue. Three American [[Northrop Grumman]] contractors, [[Marc Gonsalves]], [[Keith Stansell]], and [[Thomas Howes]], were among those released.<ref name="Pluck">Romero, Simon, [http://www.nytimes.com/2008/07/03/world/americas/03colombia.html?_r=1&hp&oref=slogin "Colombia Plucks Hostages from Rebels' Grasp"], ''[[New York Times]]'', July 3, 2008. Retrieved on July 7, 2008.</ref>

Military agents spent months planting themselves within FARC, gaining the rebels' trust, and joining the rebels' leadership council. Other agents were assigned to guard the hostages. Using their authority in the group, the agents ordered the captives moved from three different locations to a central area. From this point, the hostages, agents, and about 60 real rebels made a 90-mile march through the jungle to a spot where, agents told their unsuspecting comrades, an "international mission" was coming to check on the hostages. On schedule, an unmarked white helicopter set down and Colombian security forces posing as FARC rebels jumped out. They told the rebels that they would take the hostages to the meeting with the "international mission." All of the captives were handcuffed and placed aboard the helicopter, along with two of their FARC guards, who were quickly disarmed and subdued after the helicopter lifted off. According to Betancourt, a crew member then turned and told the 15 hostages, "We are the national military. You are free."<ref>{{cite news
|url=http://www.cnn.com/2008/WORLD/americas/07/03/hostage.drama/index.html
|title=Old-fashioned fake-out results in freedom for hostages
|date=[[July 3]] [[2008]]
|publisher=CNN
|accessdate=2008-07-03}}</ref>[[Israel]]i tracking technology was used by the rescuers to zero in on their target. <ref name="Pluck"/>

On [[July 16]] [[2008]] it became public that one of the Colombian officials was [[false flag|misusing]] a [[ICRC|Red Cross]] emblem during the rescue operation.<ref name=TheTelegraph20080717>
{{cite news
| url=http://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/worldnews/southamerica/colombia/2304805/Betancourt-rescuers-'used-Red-Cross-and-broke-Geneva-Convention'.html
| title=Betancourt rescuers 'used Red Cross and broke Geneva Convention'
| publisher=[[The Daily Telegraph|The Telegraph]]
| author=
| date=2008-07-17
| accessdate=2008-07-17
| quote=We regret that this occurred," said President Alvaro Uribe in a speech, after reports emerged that the Red Cross emblem was displayed on a jersey or T-shirt worn by a Colombian intelligence officer who took part in the rescue mission.
}}</ref><ref name=HoustonChronicle20080717>
{{cite news
| url=http://www.chron.com/disp/story.mpl/front/5892114.html
| title=Apologetic Uribe admits Red Cross impersonation
| auhtor=[[John Otis]]
| publisher=[[Houston Chronicle]]
| date=2008-07-17
| accessdate=2008-07-17
| quote=
}}</ref><ref name=Afp20080717>
{{cite news
| url=http://afp.google.com/article/ALeqM5jhyOkh9rX1tcj-aGRbmdB0FokoPw
| title=Uribe admits Red Cross emblem used in hostage rescue
| publisher=[[Agence France Presse]]
| date=2008-07-17
| accessdate=2008-07-17
| quote=
}}</ref><ref name=Cnn20080717>
{{cite news
| url=http://www.cnn.com/2008/WORLD/americas/07/15/colombia.red.cross/?iref=mpstoryview
| title= Colombian military used Red Cross emblem in rescue
| publisher=[[CNN]]
| author=
| date=2008-07-17
| accessdate=2008-07-17
| quote=
}}</ref>

==Claim that rescue was miraculous==
President Uribe stated that the rescue operation “was guided in every way by the light of the [[Holy Spirit]], the protection of our Lord and the [[Virgin Mary]].” <ref name=autogenerated1>[http://www.catholicnewsagency.com/new.php?n=13175 Rosary plays important role in hostage rescue in Colombia] Catholic News Agency, July 9, 2008</ref> The hostages indicated that they had spent much time in captivity praying the [[rosary]], and Ms. Betancourt, formerly a lapsed Catholic who prayed daily on a wooden rosary which she made while a hostage<ref>[http://africa.reuters.com/world/news/usnL075297.html Betancourt to visit Lourdes shrine] Reuters Jul 7, 2008</ref>, attributed the rescue as follows: “I am convinced this is a [[miracle]] of the Virgin Mary. To me it is clear she has had a hand in all of this.”<ref name=autogenerated1 />

On July 21, 2008, Ms. Betancourt and her family made a pilgrimage to [[Our Lady of Lourdes|Lourdes]] to give thanks and to pray for her captors and those who remained hostage.<ref> [http://www.thebostonpilot.com/article.asp?ID=6524 Former Colombian hostage makes pilgrimage to Lourdes sanctuaries] Boston Pilot July 18, 2008</ref>

In August of 2008, Betancourt and her family were received by His Holiness, [[Pope Benedict XVI]] in a private 20-minute audience.

==A new political reality==
{{POV-section|"a new political reality"|date=September 2008}}
The liberated Betancourt didn't hesitate to give thanks to the Colombian armed forces and to President [[Álvaro Uribe]] and even gave her approval to his third term as a president, even though her mother criticized him severely all along. She urged neighbouring presidents [[Hugo Chavez]] (Venezuela) and Correa (Ecuador) to help Colombia and rather seek the political transformations in her country by democratic means. And she stated that she will dedicate herself now to teaching the world about the reality of the [[FARC]] and their cruel hostage taking policy. It has been recognized that the liberation of Betancourt caused a dramatic change of the political scene.<ref>[http://www.eltiempo.com/colombia/politica/2008-07-06/en-cautiverio-ingrid-betancourt-se-reinvento-para-no-ser-mas-la-mujer-de-la-rabia-en-el-corazon_4363533-1] En cautiverio, Ingrid Betancourt se reinventó para no ser más la mujer de la 'Rabia en el Corazón' - El Tiempo, 6th of July 2008</ref>

She has not ruled out a return to the Colombian political scene. In fact while she has said that "France is my home" she also was "proud to be Colombian" said hopes to serve her nation in the future. She has not ruled out a future presidential campaign.

==Reunion and Celebration==

Sarkozy sent a French Air Force jet with Betancourt's children, her sister Astrid and her family, and accompanied by Foreign Minister [[Bernard Kouchner]] for a tearful reunion. After paying her respects at her father's tomb she and the family boarded the jet and flew to France where she was greeted by Sarkozy and the First Lady [[Carla Bruni-Sarkozy]]. She gave speeches and urged the world not to forget and continue for the liberation of the rest of the hostages. She also spent several days in hospitalization.

On July 9th, President [[Michelle Bachelet]] of Chile said she would nominate Betancourt for a [[Nobel Prize]]. Sarkozy announced that she would receive the [[Legion of Honor]] at the [[Bastille Day]] celebrations.

On July 20th, Betancourt appeared next to singer [[Juanes]] at a rally in [[Trocadero]] in [[Paris]] to celebrate Colombia's independence day and to once more urge the [[FARC]] to release all their hostages. Speaking directly to [[Alfonso Cano]] she said:

{{Quote|See this Colombia, see the extended hand of President Uribe, and understand that it is time to stop the bloodshed. It is time to drop those weapons and change them for roses, substitute them with tolerance, respect, and as brothers that we are, find a way so that we can all live together in the world, live together in Colombia.”<ref>{{cite news|url=
http://www.diariolasamericas.com/news.php?nid=57467|title= Worldwide Reaction in Favor of the Colombian Hostages |publisher=[[Diario Las Américas]]|date=21 July 2008}}</ref>}}

===Allegations of payment===
On [[July 4]], [[2008]], ''[[Radio Suisse Romande]]'' reported that unnamed "reliable sources" had told it the rescue took place after a payment of [[US Dollars|USD]] 20 million by the United States.<ref>{{cite news|publisher=[[Radio Suisse Romande]]|date=4 July 2008|url=http://info.rsr.ch/fr/news/Une_liberation_achetee.html?siteSect=2010&sid=9296405&cKey=1215168451000|language=French|title=Une libération achetée}}</ref> According to ''[[Le Monde]]'', the [[French Foreign Ministry]] denied the payment of any ransom by France.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.lemonde.fr/ameriques/article/2008/07/04/ingrid-betancourt-est-attendue-a-paris_1066575_3222.html|title=Ingrid Betancourt à Paris : "Aujourd'hui, je pleure de joie"|publisher=[[Le Monde]]|language=French|date=4 July 2008}}</ref>

Frederich Blassel, the author of the ''Radio Suisse Romande'' story, told Colombia's ''[[La W|W Radio]]'' that, according to his source, the release wasn't negotiated directly with FARC but with alias César, one of the two guerrillas captured during the operation, who would have received the payment of [[US Dollars|USD]] 20 million. According to Blassel, the two rebels could be given new identities by Spain, France and Switzerland.<ref>{{cite news|url=
http://www.wradio.com.co/nota.asp?id=626562|title=Alias César recibió 20 millones de dólares por entregar secuestrados: Radio Suiza |publisher=[[La W|W Radio]]|language=Spanish|date=4 July 2008}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=
http://actualidad.terra.es/nacional/articulo/periodista-suiza-radio-afirma-pago-2596725.htm|title=Periodista de radio Suiza afirma que se pagó por liberar a los rehenes|publisher=[[Terra Networks|Terra Actualidad]], [[EFE]]|language=Spanish|date=4 July 2008}}</ref>

The Minister of Defense [[Juan Manuel Santos]], and Vice President Francisco Santos, in response to these claims, denied any payment. "That information is absolutely false. It has no basis. We don't know where it comes from and why its being said".<ref name="n5090">{{cite news|url=
http://www.lacapital.com.ar/contenidos/2008/07/05/noticia_5090.html|title=Colombia desmintió el pago de un millonario rescate por Betancourt. La Capital |publisher=[[La Capital]]|language=Spanish|date=4 July 2008}}</ref> He also added with a touch of irony that "Actually, it would have been a cheap offer, because we were willing to give up to USD 100 million..." "We would be the first to inform publicly, because it is part of our rewards system policy, and besides, it would speak much worse about the FARC".<ref name="n5090"/>

According to Colombia's ''[[El Tiempo]]'' and ''[[La W|W Radio]]'', General [[Fredy Padilla de León]], Commander of the Colombian Armed Forces, denied the existence of any payment by the Colombian government. General Padilla argued that if any payment had been made, it would have been better to make it publicly known, to use it as an incentive and to cause confusion within FARC's ranks.<ref>{{cite news|url=
http://www.eltiempo.com/colombia/justicia/2008-07-04/no-se-pago-por-rescate-de-secuestrados-afirma-el-comandante-de-las-fuerzas-militares_4361595-1|title=No se pagó por rescate de secuestrados, afirma el comandante de las Fuerzas Militares|publisher=[[El Tiempo]]|language=Spanish|date=4 July 2008}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=
http://www.wradio.com.co/nota.asp?id=626591|title=Fuerzas Militares no pagaron por rescate de 15 secuestrados |publisher=[[La W|W Radio]]|language=Spanish|date=4 July 2008}}</ref>

==Apologies from the abductor==
On [[April 15]], [[2008]], Betancourt's abductor, Nolberto Uni Vega, said to journalists attending his trial in [[Combita]] that he is sorry for abducting the former presidential candidate, and that he feels "remorse" over her plight.<ref>{{cite news
|url=http://www.usatoday.com/news/topstories/2008-04-15-2750979981_x.htm
|title=Kidnapper sends letter of apology to candidate's family
|date=[[April 15]] [[2008]]
|publisher=USA Today
|accessdate=2008-04-16}}</ref> Uni gave a letter of apology to a journalist for delivery to Betancourt's mother, who would pass it on to French President [[Nicolas Sarkozy]].

==Autobiography==
After being rebuffed by Colombian publishers, Betancourt published her memoirs in [[French language|French]] in March 2001 under the title ''La rage au cœur'', successfully avoiding a legal challenge brought by former Colombian President [[Ernesto Samper]].<ref name=NYT/> The memoir generated intense media coverage in France, where it was the number one best seller for four weeks and a best seller for another nine.<ref name=NYT/> It has since appeared in [[Spanish language|Spanish]] as ''La rabia en el corazón'',<ref>{{cite web |title=La Rabia En El Corazon |url=http://www.amazon.com/Rabia-En-El-Corazon/dp/9586391868/ref=sr_1_1?ie=UTF8&s=books&qid=1207706889&sr=1-1 |publisher=Amazon.com |accessdate=2008-04-08}}</ref> and in [[English language|English]] as ''Until Death Do Us Part: My Struggle to Reclaim Colombia'' (2002).<ref name=Amazon>{{cite web |title=Until Death Do Us Part: My Struggle to Reclaim Colombia |url=http://www.amazon.com/Until-Death-Do-Us-Part/dp/B000C4SWUY/ref=pd_bbs_6?ie=UTF8&s=books&qid=1207346729&sr=8-6 |publisher=Amazon.com |accessdate=2008-04-08}}</ref>

==Jacques Thomet book==
A book released in January 2006 entitled ''Ingrid Betancourt, histoire de cœur ou raison d'état&nbsp;?'' by Jacques Thomet sparked a debate in France about the real reasons behind the French government's involvement in the Ingrid Betancourt affair. The book claimed that personal relationships between then French Foreign Minister [[Dominique de Villepin]] (later prime minister) and the Betancourt sisters Astrid and Íngrid<ref name=ActuesBetancourt>
{{es icon}}
{{cite news
| url=http://www.rfi.fr/actues/articles/074/article_312.asp
| title=Ingrid Betancourt: ¿historia del corazón o razón de Estado?
| page=
| pages=
| publisher=[[Actualité]]
| author=[[Jacques Thomet]]
| date=[[February 23]] [[2006]]
| accessdate=2008-02-14
| quote=
}}</ref>
were the main driving force for the French government's involvement in the case and the cause of several mistakes that prolonged her captivity in the hands of the FARC guerrillas.

==La Nuit Blanche==
In October 2007, [[Bertrand Delanoë]], the [[mayor]] of [[Paris]], announced the upcoming [[Nuit Blanche]], saying, "This year, both [[Paris]] and [[Rome]] want to dedicate ''La Nuit Blanche'' to Ingrid Bétancourt. [She is] an honorary citizen of the city of Paris, and an especially (committed and involved) woman, who has been held in Colombia by the FARC since [[February 23]], [[2002]]. We will [continue to] fight unceasingly for her release."<ref>{{cite web |title=Le mot des élus |url=http://www.paris.fr/portail/nb2007/Portal.lut?page_id=7948&document_type_id=5&document_id=31960&portlet_id=18605 |language=French |accessdate=2008-04-08}}</ref>

==References==
{{reflist|2}}


==External links==
==External links==
{{Wiktionarypar|louse}}
{{Commons|Ingrid Betancourt}}
*[http://npic.orst.edu/pest2.htm#lice Lice Pest Control Information - National Pesticide Information Center]
*{{fr icon}} [http://www.betancourt.info/indexEng.htm Betancourt.info]
*[http://www.theaustralian.news.com.au/story/0,20867,21346795-2703,00.html Bed-hopping led humans to 3 million-year itch]
*{{fr icon}} [http://www.Betancourt-France.org/ Betancourt-France.org]
*[http://www.phthiraptera.org www.phthiraptera.org] has extensive scientific information.
*[http://www.wmm.com/filmcatalog/pages/c625.shtml "The Kidnapping of Ingrid Betancourt"] HBO documentary film
*[http://creatures.ifas.ufl.edu/urban/human_lice.htm body and head lice] on the [[UF]] / [[Institute of Food and Agricultural Sciences|IFAS]] Featured Creatures Web site
*[http://dir.salon.com/story/people/conv/2002/01/15/betancourt/ Betancourt Interview with Salon.com]
*[http://creatures.ifas.ufl.edu/urban/crab_louse.htm crab louse] on the [[UF]] / [[Institute of Food and Agricultural Sciences|IFAS]] Featured Creatures Web site
*[http://www.cnn.com/video/#/video/bestoftv/2008/07/09/lkl.betancourt.jungle.cnn "Interview with Larry King"]
*[http://children.webmd.com/tc/lice-topic-overview WebMD Lice Info]
*[http://www.imow.org/wpp/stories/viewStory?storyId=1697 Feature on Ingrid Betancourt] by the [[International Museum of Women]].
*[http://vector.ifas.ufl.edu/chapter_04.htm Lice] chapter in [[EPA]] and [[UF]] / [[Institute of Food and Agricultural Sciences | IFAS]] National Public Health Pesticide Applicator Training Manual
{{2002 presidential candidates, Colombia}}




<br>
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|PLACE OF BIRTH=[[Bogotá]], [[Colombia]]
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{{DEFAULTSORT:Betancourt, Ingrid}}
[[Category:1961 births]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Green politicians]]
[[Category:Colombian politicians]]
[[Category:Colombian Roman Catholics]]
[[Category:French politicians]]
[[Category:French Roman Catholics]]
[[Category:Alumni of Sciences Po]]
[[Category:Kidnapped politicians]]
[[Category:Colombians of French descent]]
[[Category:Colombian people taken hostage]]


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[[ko:잉그리드 베탕쿠르]]
[[it:Ingrid Betancourt]]
[[io:Lauso]]
[[he:אינגריד בטנקור]]
[[he:כינים]]
[[ht:Pou]]
[[la:Ingrida Betancourt]]
[[hu:Tetvek]]
[[lv:Ingrīda Betankūra]]
[[nl:Luis]]
[[lt:Íngrid Betancourt]]
[[ja:シラミ]]
[[nl:Íngrid Betancourt]]
[[no:Lus]]
[[ja:イングリッド・ベタンクール]]
[[pl:Phthiraptera]]
[[no:Íngrid Betancourt]]
[[pt:Piolho]]
[[oc:Íngrid Betancourt]]
[[qu:Usa]]
[[pl:Íngrid Betancourt]]
[[ru:Пухоеды и вши]]
[[pt:Íngrid Betancourt]]
[[sq:Morri]]
[[ksh:Ingrid Betancourt]]
[[scn:Pidocchiu]]
[[ru:Бетанкур, Ингрид]]
[[simple:Louse]]
[[scn:Ingrid Betancourt]]
[[fi:Täit]]
[[simple:Ingrid Betancourt]]
[[te:పేను]]
[[fi:Íngrid Betancourt]]
[[tr:Kımıl]]
[[sv:Íngrid Betancourt]]
[[zh:蝨毛目]]
[[tl:Íngrid Betancourt]]
[[uk:Бетанкур Інгрід]]
[[wa:Ingrid Betancourt]]
[[zh:英格丽德·贝当古]]

Revision as of 20:40, 10 October 2008

For other uses, see Louse (disambiguation).
"Lice" redirects here. For the district of Diyarbakır Province in Turkey, see Lice, Turkey.

Phthiraptera
Light micrograph of Fahrenholzia pinnata
Scientific classification
Kingdom:
Animalia
Phylum:
Arthropoda
Class:
Insecta
Subclass:
Pterygota
Infraclass:
Neoptera
Order:
Phthiraptera

Haeckel, 1896
Suborders

Anoplura
Rhyncophthirina
Ischnocera
Amblycera

Lice (singular: louse), (order Phthiraptera), are an order of over 3,000 species of wingless insects; three of which are classified as human disease agents. They are obligate ectoparasites of every avian and most mammalian orders. They are not found on Monotremes (the platypus and the echidnas or spiny anteaters) and a few eutherian orders, namely the bats (Chiroptera), whales, dolphins and porpoises (Cetacea) and pangolins (Pholidota).

Description

As lice spend their entire lives on the host, they have developed adaptations which enable them to maintain close contact with the host. These adaptations are reflected in their size (0.5–8 mm), stout legs, and claws which are adapted to cling tightly to hair, fur and feathers, and that they are wingless and dorsoventrally flattened.

Lice feed on skin (epidermal), sebaceous secretions and blood. A louse's color varies from pale beige to dark grey; however, if feeding on blood, it may become considerably darker. They mostly like clean hair.

A louse's egg is commonly called a nit. Lice attach their eggs to their host's hair with specialized saliva which results in a bond that is very difficult to separate without specialized products. Living lice eggs tend to be pale white. Dead lice eggs are more yellow. Lice are very annoying and are difficult to remove, but not impossible. Lice infestations can be controlled with lice combs, and medicated shampoos or washes.

Classification

The order has traditionally been divided into two suborders; the sucking lice (Anoplura) and chewing lice (Mallophaga), however, recent classifications suggest that the Mallophaga are paraphyletic and four suborders are now recognised:

It has been suggested[weasel words] that the order is contained by the Troctomorpha suborder of Psocoptera. Lice can not jump or fly.

Lice and humans

Humans are unique in that they host three different kinds of lice: head lice, body lice (which live mainly in clothing), and pubic lice. The DNA differences between head lice and body lice provide corroborating evidence that humans started wearing clothes at approximately 70,000 BC..[1]

Recent DNA evidence suggests that pubic lice spread to the ancestors of humans approximately 3.3 million years ago from the ancestors of gorillas by sharing the same bed or other communal areas with them, and are more closely related to lice endemic to gorillas than to other lice species infesting humans.[2]

Gallery

Wikimedia Commons has media related to Phthiraptera.
  • The chewing louse Damalinia limbata is found on Angora goats. The male louse (right) is typically smaller than the female (left), whose posterior margin of the abdomen is more rounded than those of male lice.
    The chewing louse Damalinia limbata is found on Angora goats. The male louse (right) is typically smaller than the female (left), whose posterior margin of the abdomen is more rounded than those of male lice.
  • Diagram of a louse, by Robert Hooke, 1667.
    Diagram of a louse, by Robert Hooke, 1667.
  • Trichodectes canis, the biting dog louse
    Trichodectes canis, the biting dog louse

References

  1. ^ John Travis (2003-08-23). "The naked truth? Lice hint at a recent origin of clothing" ([dead link] – Scholar search). 164 (8). Science News: 118. {{cite journal}}: Check date values in: |date= (help); Cite journal requires |journal= (help); External link in |format= (help); Unknown parameter |quotes= ignored (help)
  2. ^ David L Reed, Jessica E Light, Julie M Allen and Jeremy J Kirchman (2007). "Pair of lice lost or parasites regained: the evolutionary history of anthropoid primate lice". BMC Biology. 5: 7. doi:10.1186/1741-7007-5-7. {{cite journal}}: Cite has empty unknown parameter: |unused_data= (help); Text "http://www.biomedcentral.com/1741-7007/5/7" ignored (help); line feed character in |title= at position 69 (help)CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link) CS1 maint: unflagged free DOI (link)

See also

THIS DOESNT MATTER

External links

Look up louse in Wiktionary, the free dictionary.



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