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{{Short description|Commonly used measure of loneliness}}
{{Short description|Commonly used measure of loneliness}}
The '''UCLA Loneliness Scale''' is a commonly used measure of [[loneliness]]. It was originally released in 1978 as a 20 item scale. It has since been revised several times, and shorter versions have been introduced for situations where 20 questions is too much, such as telephone surveys.
The '''UCLA Loneliness Scale''' is a commonly-used measure of [[loneliness]]. It was originally released in 1978 as a 20-item scale. It has since been revised several times, and shorter versions have been introduced for situations where 20 questions is too much, such as telephone surveys.


==Example survey items==
==Example survey items==
The exact wording of the items, and the way a respondent is asked to rate them, can vary depending on which version is in use. The example below shows three items from the 1980 revision (R-UCLA), where respondents were asked to rate each item from one of four choices: 'Never' , 'Rarely', 'Sometimes' or 'Often'.
The exact wording of the items, and the way a respondent is asked to rate them, can vary depending on which version is in use. The example below shows three items from the 1980 revision (R-UCLA), where respondents were asked to rate each item from one of four choices: 'never', 'rarely', 'sometimes' or 'often'.
{| class="wikitable"
{| class="wikitable"
!''Item''!!Never!!Rarely!!Sometimes!!Often
!''Item''!!Never!!Rarely!!Sometimes!!Often
Line 12: Line 12:
|-
|-


!No one really knows me well.
!No one really knows me well.
|1||2||3||4
|1||2||3||4
|-
|-
Line 21: Line 21:
|}
|}


Once the answers are completed, the numbers associated with each rating are totalled up, to give the individual's loneliness score. It's considered bad design to make all the items negative statements, so some are phrased as a positive (marked with '*' in the example above.) For a positive item, the score is reversed. For example, if a respondent answers 'Often' to "I am an outgoing person", then rather than the 4 that would normally be assigned for answering 'Often', it scores as a 1.<ref>{{cite journal
Once the answers are completed, the numbers associated with each rating are totalled up to give the individual's loneliness score. It's considered bad design to make all the items negative statements, so some are phrased as a positive (marked with '*' in the example above.) For a positive item, the score is reversed. For example, if a respondent answers 'Often' to "I am an outgoing person", then rather than the 4 that would normally be assigned for answering 'Often', it scores as a 1.<ref>{{cite journal
|author= Mary Elizabeth Hughes
|author= Mary Elizabeth Hughes
|author2= Linda J. Waite
|author2= Linda J. Waite
Line 35: Line 35:
|pages= 655–672
|pages= 655–672
|doi= 10.1177/0164027504268574
|doi= 10.1177/0164027504268574
|pmid= 18504506
|pmc= 2394670
}}
}}
</ref><ref name ="Cramer1999"/>
</ref><ref name ="Cramer1999"/>


==History==
==History==
Very little scientific study had been conducted on loneliness until the second half of the 20th century. Dozens of early studies were carried out in the 1960s, but wider acceptance of their results were hampered in part by limitations of the early scales used to measure how lonely people felt. Some of these early scales were not even internally consistent. The UCLA scale was developed to address these limitations by researchers at [[University of California, Los Angeles]] (UCLA). These researchers included M.L. Ferguson , Daniel Russell and [[Hildegard Peplau#Personal life|Letitia Anne Peplau]]. The original version was published in 1978 as a 20 item scale. Initial evaluation of the scale found high levels of internal consistency and good scores on other measures of validity. The UCLA Loneliness Scale was the first loneliness scale to achieve widespread acceptance among scientists. It has since been revised several times, including in 1980 and 1996. Shorter versions have been released for use in cases where asking 20 questions would be too much, such as for short telephone interviews suitable to be undertaken for large numbers of people. For example, ''ULS-8'' , an 8 item version.<ref name=ccutrona1>{{cite web
Very little scientific study had been conducted on loneliness until the second half of the 20th century. Dozens of early studies were carried out in the 1960s, but wider acceptance of their results were hampered in part by limitations of the early scales used to measure how lonely people felt. Some of these early scales were not even internally consistent. The UCLA scale was developed to address these limitations by researchers at [[University of California, Los Angeles]] (UCLA). These researchers included M.L. Ferguson, Daniel Russell and [[Hildegard Peplau#Personal life|Letitia Anne Peplau]]. The original version was published in 1978 as a 20-item scale. Initial evaluation of the scale found high levels of internal consistency and good scores on other measures of validity. The UCLA Loneliness Scale was the first loneliness scale to achieve widespread acceptance among scientists. It has since been revised several times, including in 1980 and 1996. Shorter versions have been released for use in cases where asking 20 questions would be too much, such as for short telephone interviews suitable to be undertaken for large numbers of people. For example, ''ULS-8'', an 8 item version.<ref name=ccutrona1>{{cite web
|url = http://ccutrona.public.iastate.edu/uclalone.htm
|url = http://ccutrona.public.iastate.edu/uclalone.htm
|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20131022013700/http://ccutrona.public.iastate.edu/uclalone.htm
|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20131022013700/http://ccutrona.public.iastate.edu/uclalone.htm
Line 93: Line 95:


==Prevalence==
==Prevalence==
The scale is widely used in studies and surveys on loneliness. A 1992 study estimated the UCLA Loneliness Scale had been used in an estimated 80% of all empirical studies on loneliness.<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Goossens|first=Luc|last2=Klimstra|first2=Theo|last3=Luyckx|first3=Koen|last4=Vanhalst|first4=Janne|last5=Teppers|first5=Eveline|date=2014-01-20|title=Reliability and Validity of the Roberts UCLA Loneliness Scale (RULS-8) With Dutch-Speaking Adolescents in Belgium|url=http://www.psychologicabelgica.com/articles/10.5334/pb.ae/|journal=Psychologica Belgica|language=en|volume=54|issue=1|doi=10.5334/pb.ae|issn=2054-670X|doi-access=free}}</ref> A 2001 metastudy looking at 149 studies of loneliness, found that the UCLA scale was only used in 27% of the studies, though this was still far more than any other formal scale. ( The next most frequently used scale was the ''De Jong Gierveld Loneliness Scale'' (7%), with almost half of the studies having used just a single item question to assess loneliness.) <ref>{{cite journal
The scale is widely used in studies and surveys on loneliness. A 1992 study estimated the UCLA Loneliness Scale had been used in an estimated 80% of all empirical studies on loneliness.<ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Goossens|first1=Luc|last2=Klimstra|first2=Theo|last3=Luyckx|first3=Koen|last4=Vanhalst|first4=Janne|last5=Teppers|first5=Eveline|date=2014-01-20|title=Reliability and Validity of the Roberts UCLA Loneliness Scale (RULS-8) With Dutch-Speaking Adolescents in Belgium|journal=Psychologica Belgica|language=en|volume=54|issue=1|pages=5–18 |doi=10.5334/pb.ae|issn=2054-670X|doi-access=free}}</ref> A 2001 metastudy looking at 149 studies of loneliness, found that the UCLA scale was used in 27% of the studies; this was far more than for any other formal scale.<ref>{{cite journal
|author= Pinquart, Martin
|author= Pinquart, Martin
|author2= Sörensen, Silvia
|author2= Sörensen, Silvia
Line 107: Line 109:
</ref>
</ref>


As of 2018, the UCLA scale remained the most commonly used unidimensional loneliness scale across the world. In some areas though, such as continental Europe, multi-dimensional scales like De Jong Gierveld's are now more widely used.<ref name = "complexity2018">{{cite journal
As of 2018, the UCLA scale remained the most commonly-used unidimensional loneliness scale across the world. In some areas though, such as continental Europe, multi-dimensional scales like De Jong Gierveld's are now more widely used.<ref name = "complexity2018">{{cite journal
|author= Javier Yanguas
|author= Javier Yanguas
|author2= Sacramento Pinazo-Henandis
|author2= Sacramento Pinazo-Henandis
Line 113: Line 115:
|name-list-style= amp
|name-list-style= amp
|title= The complexity of loneliness
|title= The complexity of loneliness
|journal= Acta Biomedica
|journal= Acta Bio Medica: Atenei Parmensis
|volume= 89
|volume= 89
|year= 2018
|year= 2018
Line 120: Line 122:
|quote="The dJGLS scale, widely used in Europe and less in the Anglo-Saxon countries, is an eleven-item scale that combines both social and emotional loneliness"
|quote="The dJGLS scale, widely used in Europe and less in the Anglo-Saxon countries, is an eleven-item scale that combines both social and emotional loneliness"
|pmid=29957768 |doi= 10.23750/abm.v89i2.7404
|pmid=29957768 |doi= 10.23750/abm.v89i2.7404
|pmc= 6179015
}}
}}
</ref><ref>{{cite journal
</ref><ref>{{cite journal
Line 129: Line 132:
|name-list-style= amp
|name-list-style= amp
|title=Psychometric properties of the short-form UCLA Loneliness Scale (ULS-8) among Chinese adolescents
|title=Psychometric properties of the short-form UCLA Loneliness Scale (ULS-8) among Chinese adolescents
|journal= [[Medicine (Lippincott Williams & Wilkins journal)]]
|journal= [[Medicine (Lippincott Williams & Wilkins journal)|Medicine]]
|volume= 97
|volume= 97
|year= 2018
|year= 2018
|issue= 38
|issue= 38
|page=
|pages= e12373
|doi= 10.1097/MD.0000000000012373
|doi= 10.1097/MD.0000000000012373
|pmid= 30235699
|pmc= 6160081
}}
}}
</ref>
</ref>


==Assessment==
==Assessment==
Especially compared to earlier (pre 1978) scales, the UCLA scale scored highly in various tests of its validity, such as internal consistency.<ref name ="Garfield1986"/><ref name ="Cramer1999"/> Developer Daniel Russell had however expressed concern that publication of the scale could skew responses.<ref name=phys1>{{cite web|title=Press release: AARP The Magazine survey on loneliness uses scale developed by ISU professors|url=http://www.news.iastate.edu/news/2010/dec/loneliness|publisher=Iowa State University|language=en-us|date=December 1, 2010}}</ref>
Especially compared to earlier (pre-1978) scales, the UCLA scale scored highly in various tests of its validity, such as internal consistency.<ref name ="Garfield1986"/><ref name ="Cramer1999"/> Developer Daniel Russell had however expressed concern that publication of the scale could skew responses.<ref name=phys1>{{cite web|title=Press release: AARP The Magazine survey on loneliness uses scale developed by ISU professors|url=http://www.news.iastate.edu/news/2010/dec/loneliness|publisher=Iowa State University|language=en-us|date=December 1, 2010}}</ref>


The scale has been criticised for being unidimensional. A common view among researchers and practitioners in the loneliness relief field, is that in order to properly understand and address loneliness, it is necessary to break it down to component parts, at least to the top level division into [[Loneliness#Typology|social & emotional loneliness]]. For this reason, some researchers prefer multidimensional scales which gives results for different types of loneliness. Such as the ''De Jong Gierveld scale'' (which reports separately on social and emotional loneliness) or ''SELSA'' (which reports on social, romantic & family loneliness - the latter two dimensions being sub types of emotional loneliness.) <ref name = "complexity2018"/><ref name ="Cramer1999"/>
The scale has been criticised for being unidimensional. A common view among researchers and practitioners in the loneliness relief field, is that in order to properly understand and address loneliness, it is necessary to break it down to component parts, at least to the top level division into [[Loneliness#Typology|social & emotional loneliness]]. For this reason, some researchers prefer multidimensional scales which gives results for different types of loneliness, such as the De Jong Gierveld scale, which reports separately on social and emotional loneliness, or SELSA, which reports on social, romantic, and family loneliness.<ref name = "complexity2018"/><ref name ="Cramer1999"/>


==References==
==References==

Latest revision as of 02:57, 24 February 2024

The UCLA Loneliness Scale is a commonly-used measure of loneliness. It was originally released in 1978 as a 20-item scale. It has since been revised several times, and shorter versions have been introduced for situations where 20 questions is too much, such as telephone surveys.

Example survey items[edit]

The exact wording of the items, and the way a respondent is asked to rate them, can vary depending on which version is in use. The example below shows three items from the 1980 revision (R-UCLA), where respondents were asked to rate each item from one of four choices: 'never', 'rarely', 'sometimes' or 'often'.

Item Never Rarely Sometimes Often
I lack companionship. 1 2 3 4
No one really knows me well. 1 2 3 4
I am an outgoing person.* 4 3 2 1

Once the answers are completed, the numbers associated with each rating are totalled up to give the individual's loneliness score. It's considered bad design to make all the items negative statements, so some are phrased as a positive (marked with '*' in the example above.) For a positive item, the score is reversed. For example, if a respondent answers 'Often' to "I am an outgoing person", then rather than the 4 that would normally be assigned for answering 'Often', it scores as a 1.[1][2]

History[edit]

Very little scientific study had been conducted on loneliness until the second half of the 20th century. Dozens of early studies were carried out in the 1960s, but wider acceptance of their results were hampered in part by limitations of the early scales used to measure how lonely people felt. Some of these early scales were not even internally consistent. The UCLA scale was developed to address these limitations by researchers at University of California, Los Angeles (UCLA). These researchers included M.L. Ferguson, Daniel Russell and Letitia Anne Peplau. The original version was published in 1978 as a 20-item scale. Initial evaluation of the scale found high levels of internal consistency and good scores on other measures of validity. The UCLA Loneliness Scale was the first loneliness scale to achieve widespread acceptance among scientists. It has since been revised several times, including in 1980 and 1996. Shorter versions have been released for use in cases where asking 20 questions would be too much, such as for short telephone interviews suitable to be undertaken for large numbers of people. For example, ULS-8, an 8 item version.[3][4][2][5][6]

Prevalence[edit]

The scale is widely used in studies and surveys on loneliness. A 1992 study estimated the UCLA Loneliness Scale had been used in an estimated 80% of all empirical studies on loneliness.[7] A 2001 metastudy looking at 149 studies of loneliness, found that the UCLA scale was used in 27% of the studies; this was far more than for any other formal scale.[8]

As of 2018, the UCLA scale remained the most commonly-used unidimensional loneliness scale across the world. In some areas though, such as continental Europe, multi-dimensional scales like De Jong Gierveld's are now more widely used.[9][10]

Assessment[edit]

Especially compared to earlier (pre-1978) scales, the UCLA scale scored highly in various tests of its validity, such as internal consistency.[4][2] Developer Daniel Russell had however expressed concern that publication of the scale could skew responses.[11]

The scale has been criticised for being unidimensional. A common view among researchers and practitioners in the loneliness relief field, is that in order to properly understand and address loneliness, it is necessary to break it down to component parts, at least to the top level division into social & emotional loneliness. For this reason, some researchers prefer multidimensional scales which gives results for different types of loneliness, such as the De Jong Gierveld scale, which reports separately on social and emotional loneliness, or SELSA, which reports on social, romantic, and family loneliness.[9][2]

References[edit]

  1. ^ Mary Elizabeth Hughes; Linda J. Waite; Louise C. Hawkley & John T. Cacioppo (2004). "A Short Scale for Measuring Loneliness in Large Surveys". Research on Aging. 24 (6): 655–672. doi:10.1177/0164027504268574. PMC 2394670. PMID 18504506.
  2. ^ a b c d Kenneth M Cramer; Joanne E Barry (1999). "Conceptualizations and measures of loneliness: a comparison of subscales". Personality and Individual Differences. 27 (3): 491–502. doi:10.1016/S0191-8869(98)00257-8.
  3. ^ Cutrona, Carolyn. "UCLA Loneliness Scale". Archived from the original on October 22, 2013. Retrieved 21 October 2013.
  4. ^ a b Eugene Garfield (3 February 1986). "The Loneliness Researcher Is Not so Lonely Anymore" (PDF). Essays of an information scientist. University of Pennsylvania. Retrieved 1 March 2020.
  5. ^ Shulevitz, Judith (13 May 2013). "The Lethality of Loneliness". The New Republic. Chris Hughes. Retrieved 21 October 2013.
  6. ^ Edmondson, Brad (Nov–Dec 2010). "All the Lonely People". AARP the Magazine. American Association of Retired Persons. Retrieved 21 October 2013.
  7. ^ Goossens, Luc; Klimstra, Theo; Luyckx, Koen; Vanhalst, Janne; Teppers, Eveline (2014-01-20). "Reliability and Validity of the Roberts UCLA Loneliness Scale (RULS-8) With Dutch-Speaking Adolescents in Belgium". Psychologica Belgica. 54 (1): 5–18. doi:10.5334/pb.ae. ISSN 2054-670X.
  8. ^ Pinquart, Martin & Sörensen, Silvia (2001). "Influences on Loneliness in Older Adults: A Meta-Analysis". Basic and Applied Social Psychology. 23 (4): 245–266. doi:10.1207/153248301753225702.
  9. ^ a b Javier Yanguas; Sacramento Pinazo-Henandis & Francisco José Tarazona-Santabalbina (2018). "The complexity of loneliness". Acta Bio Medica: Atenei Parmensis. 89 (2): 302–314. doi:10.23750/abm.v89i2.7404. PMC 6179015. PMID 29957768. The dJGLS scale, widely used in Europe and less in the Anglo-Saxon countries, is an eleven-item scale that combines both social and emotional loneliness
  10. ^ Shurong Xu; Dan Qiu; Jessica Hahne; Mei Zhao & Mi Hu (2018). "Psychometric properties of the short-form UCLA Loneliness Scale (ULS-8) among Chinese adolescents". Medicine. 97 (38): e12373. doi:10.1097/MD.0000000000012373. PMC 6160081. PMID 30235699.
  11. ^ "Press release: AARP The Magazine survey on loneliness uses scale developed by ISU professors". Iowa State University. December 1, 2010.

Darling, Lynn "AARP The Magazine: Is there a cure for Loneliness?" December 2019/January 2020

External links[edit]

Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=UCLA_Loneliness_Scale&oldid=1209908902"