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{{Short description|Brazilian string musical instrument}}
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[[Image:Brazdaviola.jpg|thumb|right|150px|Traditional ''viola caipira'' with fine marquetry work]]
{{More citations needed|date=April 2021}}

{{Italic title}}
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The '''viola caipira''' ([[Portuguese language|Portuguese]] for ''country guitar'') is a [[Brazil]]ian ten-string guitar with five [[course (music)|courses]] of strings arranged in pairs.<ref name=correa>{{cite book |last1=Corrêa |first1=Roberto |title=A Arte de Pontear Viola |edition=by the author |year=2000 |location=Brasília |language=portuguese |isbn=85-901603-1-9 |page=259}}</ref> The instrument is often simply called '''''viola''''',<ref name=moura>{{cite book |last1=Moura |first1=Reis |title=Descomplicando a Viola: Método Básico de Viola Caipira |edition=by the author |year=2000 |location=Brasília |language=portuguese |isbn=85-901637-1-7 |page=62}}</ref> and was introduced in [[São Paulo]], where it is widely played as the basis for the [[música caipira]], a type of [[folk music|folk]]-[[country music]] originating in the [[caipira]] country of south-central Brazil.
{{Infobox Instrument
|name = Viola Caipira
|names = Viola
|image = Brazdaviola.jpg
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|image_capt = Traditional ''viola caipira'' with fine marquetry work
|background = string
|classification = [[String instrument]]
|hornbostel_sachs =
|hornbostel_sachs_desc = Composite [[chordophone]]
|developed = Brazil
|range =
|related =
|articles =
}}
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The '''''viola caipira''''', often simply '''''viola''''' or '''''brazilian viola''''',<ref name=moura>{{cite book |last1=Moura |first1=Reis |title=Descomplicando a Viola: Método Básico de Viola Caipira |edition=by the author |year=2000 |location=Brasília |language=pt |isbn=85-901637-1-7 |page=62}}</ref> ([[Portuguese language|Portuguese]] for ''country guitar'') is a Brazilian ten-string guitar with five [[course (music)|courses]] of strings arranged in pairs.<ref name=correa>{{cite book |last1=Corrêa |first1=Roberto |title=A Arte de Pontear Viola |edition=by the author |year=2000 |location=Brasília |language=pt |isbn=85-901603-1-9 |page=259}}</ref> It was introduced in the [[state of São Paulo]], where it is widely played as the basis for the [[música caipira]], a type of [[folk music|folk]]-[[country music]] originating in the [[Caipira]] country of south-central Brazil.


==Origins==
==Origins==
It has its origins in Portuguese violas. Violas are direct descendants of the Latin guitar, which, in turn, has an Arabic-Persian origin derived from instruments such as the [[lute]]. The Portuguese violas arrived in Brazil and along with other instruments began to be used by the Jesuits in the [[catechism]] of the indigenous people,<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20080820005726/http://www.ivanvilela.com.br/sobre/artigo_caipira.pdf 1]</ref> and naturally, for Portuguese-Brazilian settlers and ranchers entertainment and company. Later, guitars began to be built with noble wood from the land, which has always been available in large quantities in Brazil. It is likely a descendant of one of the many folk guitars that have traditionally been
[[Image:O violeiro, 1899.jpg|thumb|right|250px|''Violeiro'' playing, by Almeida Júnior]]
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played in Portugal. The [[viola braguesa]] and [[viola amarantina]], for instance, are two types of ten-string guitars from the north of Portugal,<ref>[http://mandolinplayer.com/product.asp?pn=MAN055&Portuguese+Violao+Braguesa=&bhcd2=1233170904] {{dead link|date=April 2021}}</ref> which are closely related to the viola caipira.

The origins of the viola caipira are obscure, but evidence suggests it evolved from the vihuela/viola de mano that Spanish and Portuguese settlers took to the new world. It has also similarities with the 5 course baroque guitar, that elsewhere evolved into the modern guitar. It is likely a descendant of one of the many folk guitars that have traditionally been
⚫
played in Portugal. The [[viola braguesa]] and [[viola amarantina]], for instance, are two types of ten-string guitars from the north of Portugal,<ref>See [http://mandolinplayer.com/product.asp?pn=MAN055&Portuguese+Violao+Braguesa=&bhcd2=1233170904 Lark in the Morning]</ref> which are closely related to the viola caipira.


Some have described the viola caipira as Brazil's national instrument,<ref>See for example [http://www.harpguitars.net/luthiers/hoyt/avc1.htm#author-avc1 Brad Hoyt]'s [http://www.harpguitars.net/luthiers/hoyt/avc1.htm essay] which also includes some photos of the ''viola caipira''</ref> but others argue that the tambourine-like [[pandeiro]] has a stronger claim.<ref>http://www.brazilproductions.com/html/instrument.html</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.musicoutfitters.com/ethnic/pandeiro.htm |title=Pandeiros for Sale |publisher=Musicoutfitters.com |date= |accessdate=2014-03-30}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.charliehunter.com/discs/rightnowmove.html |title=CharlieHunter.com |publisher=CharlieHunter.com |date= |accessdate=2014-03-30}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|author=MusicLink - http://www.musiclink.co.uk |url=http://www.petelockett.com/pete%20new%20pages/Re%20Cycle%20percussion%20programming.html |title=Programming natural sounding percussion parts |publisher=Petelockett.com |date= |accessdate=2014-03-30}}</ref> The Brazilian Embassy in Washington lists a national flower among the official symbols of Brazil, but no national musical instrument.<ref>[http://www.brasilemb.org/index.php?option=com_content&task=view&id=38&Itemid=88 Brazilian Embassy website]</ref> What is undisputed is that the viola caipira was introduced in [[São Paulo]] before the [[violão]], and is the basis for the [[música caipira]], or São Paulo's folk music, as [[Inezita Barroso]] states.
Some have described the viola caipira as Brazil's national instrument,<ref>See for example [http://www.harpguitars.net/luthiers/hoyt/avc1.htm#author-avc1 Brad Hoyt]'s [http://www.harpguitars.net/luthiers/hoyt/avc1.htm essay] which also includes some photos of the ''viola caipira''</ref> but others argue that the tambourine-like [[pandeiro]] has a stronger claim.<ref>[https://www.godaddy.com/forsale/brazilproductions.com] {{dead link|date=April 2021}}</ref><ref>[http://www.musicoutfitters.com/ethnic/pandeiro.htm] {{dead link|date=April 2021}}</ref><ref>[http://www.charliehunter.com/discs/rightnowmove.html] {{dead link|date=April 2021}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|author=|url=http://www.petelockett.com/pete%20new%20pages/Re%20Cycle%20percussion%20programming.html |title=Programming natural sounding percussion parts |publisher=Petelockett.com |access-date=2014-03-30}}</ref> The Brazilian Embassy in Washington lists a national flower among the official symbols of Brazil, but no national musical instrument.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.brasilemb.org/index.php?option=com_content&task=view&id=38&Itemid=88|title=Brasilemb.org|website=Brasilemb.org|access-date=20 April 2021}}</ref> What is undisputed is that the viola caipira was introduced in [[São Paulo]] before the [[violão]], and is the basis for the [[música caipira]], or São Paulo's folk music, as [[Inezita Barroso]] states.


==Tuning and playing technique==
==Tuning and playing technique==
A large number of tunings are used; [[open tuning]]s are common.<ref>{{cite web|last=Rosso |first=Piede |url=http://jazz-guitar-talk.blogspot.com/2009/02/tuning.html |title=The Jazz Guitar Blog: Tuning |publisher=Jazz-guitar-talk.blogspot.com |date=2009-02-08 |accessdate=2014-03-30}}</ref> Unlike most steel-string guitars, its strings are plucked with the fingers of the right hand similarly to the technique used for [[classical guitar|classical]] and [[flamenco guitar]]s, rather than by the use of a [[plectrum]].
A large number of tunings are used; [[open tuning]]s are common.<ref>{{cite web|last=Rosso |first=Piede |url=http://jazz-guitar-talk.blogspot.com/2009/02/tuning.html |title=The Jazz Guitar Blog: Tuning |publisher=Jazz-guitar-talk.blogspot.com |date=2009-02-08 |access-date=2014-03-30}}</ref> Unlike most steel-string guitars, its strings are plucked with the fingers of the right hand similarly to the technique used for [[classical guitar|classical]] and [[flamenco guitar]]s, rather than by the use of a [[plectrum]].


==Popularity==
==Popularity==
[[Image:Viola caipira.jpg|thumb|right|200px|''Viola caipira'' on display]]
Violas are present in nearly all [[Brazilian music]] forms, anywhere in the country (although it is declining in some places). It most often associated with ''Caipira Music'' (Brazilian country music), with some forms of North-Eastern music and with folkloric music. It was once used to play urban music, like [[choro]], [[samba]] and [[Maxixe (dance)|Maxixe]], but has been replaced by the acoustic guitar.
Violas are present in nearly all [[Brazilian music]] forms, anywhere in the country (although it is declining in some places). It most often associated with ''Caipira Music'' (Brazilian country music), with some forms of North-Eastern music and with folkloric music. It was once used to play urban music, like [[choro]], [[samba]] and [[Maxixe (dance)|Maxixe]], but has been replaced by the acoustic guitar.


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==Notable performers==
==Notable performers==
[[Image:Almeida Júnior - The Guitar Player - Google Art Project.jpg|thumb|250x250px|''The Guitar Player'', by [[Almeida Júnior]]]]
[[Image:Brazilian 10 String Viola.jpg|thumb|140px|right|Modern ''viola caipira'']]

* [[Almir Sater]]
* [[Almir Sater]]
* Andréa Carneiro
* Andréa Carneiro
* Arnaldo Freitas
* Bambico (artistic name of Domingos Miguel dos Santos)
* Bemti
* [[Braz da Viola]]
* [[Braz da Viola]]
* Bruna Viola
* Bruna Viola
* Cleiton Torres
* Chico Lobo
* Chico Lobo
* Divino
* [[Helena Meireles]]
* [[Helena Meirelles]]
* Fernando Sodre
* Fernando Sodre
* [[Heraldo do Monte]]
* [[Heraldo do Monte]]
Line 36: Line 52:
* [[Ivan Vilela]]
* [[Ivan Vilela]]
* Fabienne Magnant (France)
* Fabienne Magnant (France)
* João Mulato (Wilson Leoncio de Melo)
* Juliana Andrade
* Mazinho Quevedo
* Mazinho Quevedo
* Nestor da Viola
* Nestor da Viola
* Ramon Thiesen
* Ramon Thiesen
* Renato Andrade
* Renato Andrade
* [[Renato Teixeira]]
* Roberto Corrêa
* Roberto Corrêa
* Teddy Vieira
* Teddy Vieira
* [[Tião Carreiro & Pardinho|Tião Carreiro]] (artistic name of José Dias Nunes)<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.tiaocarreiro.com.br/interna.php?page=biografia |title=Tiсo Carreiro- Portal |publisher=Tiaocarreiro.com.br |date=1993-10-15 |accessdate=2014-03-30}}</ref>
* [[Tião Carreiro & Pardinho|Tião Carreiro]] (artistic name of José Dias Nunes)<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.tiaocarreiro.com.br/interna.php?page=biografia |title=Tião Carreiro- Portal |publisher=Tiaocarreiro.com.br |date=1993-10-15 |access-date=2014-03-30}}</ref>
* Tião do Carro
* Toninho Ramos
* Toninho Ramos
* Zé Mulato
* Zé Mulato


==See also==
==See also==
*[[Brazilian seven-string guitar]]
*[[Viola braguesa]]
*[[Viola braguesa]]
*[[Viola sertaneja]]
*[[Viola sertaneja]]
*[[Viola toeira]]
*[[Viola toeira]]
*[[Viola de cocho]]
*[[Viola de cocho]]
*[[Braz da Viola]]
*[[Ivan Vilela]]
*[[Rabeca]]
*[[Rabeca]]


== References ==
== References ==
{{Reflist}}
<references />


== External links ==
== External links ==
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*[https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=iX7xsWM3tyY Junior da Violla Playing Song "Luzeiro" From Almir Sater] (YouTube Video)
*[https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=iX7xsWM3tyY Junior da Violla Playing Song "Luzeiro" From Almir Sater] (YouTube Video)
*[https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=kK92rnuaWTM Brazilian Rock Band Charme Chulo Playing "Polaca Azeda" Using Brazilian Viola] (YouTube Music Video)
*[https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=kK92rnuaWTM Brazilian Rock Band Charme Chulo Playing "Polaca Azeda" Using Brazilian Viola] (YouTube Music Video)

{{Guitars}}
{{Authority control}}


[[Category:Acoustic guitars]]
[[Category:Acoustic guitars]]

Latest revision as of 23:47, 28 April 2024

Viola Caipira
Traditional viola caipira with fine marquetry work
String instrument
Other namesViola
Classification String instrument
Hornbostel–Sachs classification
(Composite chordophone)
DevelopedBrazil

The viola caipira, often simply viola or brazilian viola,[1] (Portuguese for country guitar) is a Brazilian ten-string guitar with five courses of strings arranged in pairs.[2] It was introduced in the state of São Paulo, where it is widely played as the basis for the música caipira, a type of folk-country music originating in the Caipira country of south-central Brazil.

Origins[edit]

It has its origins in Portuguese violas. Violas are direct descendants of the Latin guitar, which, in turn, has an Arabic-Persian origin derived from instruments such as the lute. The Portuguese violas arrived in Brazil and along with other instruments began to be used by the Jesuits in the catechism of the indigenous people,[3] and naturally, for Portuguese-Brazilian settlers and ranchers entertainment and company. Later, guitars began to be built with noble wood from the land, which has always been available in large quantities in Brazil. It is likely a descendant of one of the many folk guitars that have traditionally been played in Portugal. The viola braguesa and viola amarantina, for instance, are two types of ten-string guitars from the north of Portugal,[4] which are closely related to the viola caipira.

Some have described the viola caipira as Brazil's national instrument,[5] but others argue that the tambourine-like pandeiro has a stronger claim.[6][7][8][9] The Brazilian Embassy in Washington lists a national flower among the official symbols of Brazil, but no national musical instrument.[10] What is undisputed is that the viola caipira was introduced in São Paulo before the violão, and is the basis for the música caipira, or São Paulo's folk music, as Inezita Barroso states.

Tuning and playing technique[edit]

A large number of tunings are used; open tunings are common.[11] Unlike most steel-string guitars, its strings are plucked with the fingers of the right hand similarly to the technique used for classical and flamenco guitars, rather than by the use of a plectrum.

Popularity[edit]

Violas are present in nearly all Brazilian music forms, anywhere in the country (although it is declining in some places). It most often associated with Caipira Music (Brazilian country music), with some forms of North-Eastern music and with folkloric music. It was once used to play urban music, like choro, samba and Maxixe, but has been replaced by the acoustic guitar.

Well-known players of Brazilian viola include Zé Côco do Riachão (composer from Minas Gerais), Toninho Ramos (composer from Minas Gerais live in France) and Almir Sater (successful singer-songwriter from Mato Grosso do Sul).

A National Association of Viola Players (Associação Nacional dos Violeiros) has been founded in 2004 and the Ministry of Culture has declared the preservation of the Viola tradition as of national interest.

Notable performers[edit]

The Guitar Player, by Almeida Júnior
  • Almir Sater
  • Andréa Carneiro
  • Arnaldo Freitas
  • Bambico (artistic name of Domingos Miguel dos Santos)
  • Bemti
  • Braz da Viola
  • Bruna Viola
  • Cleiton Torres
  • Chico Lobo
  • Divino
  • Helena Meirelles
  • Fernando Sodre
  • Heraldo do Monte
  • Inezita Barroso
  • Ivan Vilela
  • Fabienne Magnant (France)
  • João Mulato (Wilson Leoncio de Melo)
  • Juliana Andrade
  • Mazinho Quevedo
  • Nestor da Viola
  • Ramon Thiesen
  • Renato Andrade
  • Roberto Corrêa
  • Teddy Vieira
  • Tião Carreiro (artistic name of José Dias Nunes)[12]
  • Tião do Carro
  • Toninho Ramos
  • Zé Mulato

See also[edit]

References[edit]

  1. ^ Moura, Reis (2000). Descomplicando a Viola: Método Básico de Viola Caipira (in Portuguese) (by the author ed.). Brasília. p. 62. ISBN 85-901637-1-7.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (link)
  2. ^ Corrêa, Roberto (2000). A Arte de Pontear Viola (in Portuguese) (by the author ed.). Brasília. p. 259. ISBN 85-901603-1-9.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (link)
  3. ^ 1
  4. ^ [1] [dead link]
  5. ^ See for example Brad Hoyt's essay which also includes some photos of the viola caipira
  6. ^ [2] [dead link]
  7. ^ [3] [dead link]
  8. ^ [4] [dead link]
  9. ^ "Programming natural sounding percussion parts". Petelockett.com. Retrieved 2014-03-30.
  10. ^ "Brasilemb.org". Brasilemb.org. Retrieved 20 April 2021.
  11. ^ Rosso, Piede (2009-02-08). "The Jazz Guitar Blog: Tuning". Jazz-guitar-talk.blogspot.com. Retrieved 2014-03-30.
  12. ^ "Tião Carreiro- Portal". Tiaocarreiro.com.br. 1993-10-15. Retrieved 2014-03-30.

External links[edit]

Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Viola_caipira&oldid=1221279390"