Fascism and Wikipedia:Deletion review/Log/2008 October 10: Difference between pages

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'''Fascism''' is a [[Totalitarianism|totalitarian]] [[Nationalism|nationalist]] and [[Corporatism|corporatist]] ideology.<ref>Heater, Derek Benjamin. 1967. Political Ideas in the Modern World. University of Michagan. Pp 41-42. [http://books.google.com/books?id=v4gFAAAAMAAJ&q=fascism+%22totalitarian+nationalism%22&dq=fascism+%22totalitarian+nationalism%22&pgis=1]</ref><ref>Koln, Hans; Calhoun, Craig. ''The Idea of Nationalism: A Study in its Origins and Background.'' Transaction Publishers. Pp 20.[http://books.google.com/books?id=Qnwbviylg6wC&pg=PA20&dq=fascism+%22totalitarian+nationalism%22&lr=&sig=ACfU3U3ATCdRb6PO8HRi-LEcgwmwDjYXDA]</ref><ref>University of California. 1942. ''Journal of Central European Affairs''. Volume 2. [http://books.google.com/books?id=gUw9AAAAIAAJ&q=fascism+%22totalitarian+nationalism%22&dq=fascism+%22totalitarian+nationalism%22&lr=&pgis=1]</ref><ref>Gentile, Emilio. 2003. ''The Struggle for Modernity: Nationalism, Futurism, and Fascism''. Greenwood Publishing Group. Pp 8. [http://books.google.ca/books?id=TNmrDDs8lSkC&pg=PA8&lpg=PA8&dq=fascism%22+totalitarian+nationalism%22&source=web&ots=oLSKn0coXu&sig=t0LHbSJM8P2irioa8EmpL3U4c6E&hl=en&sa=X&oi=book_result&resnum=8&ct=result]</ref><ref>Brewer, Ebenezer Cobham; Room, Adrian. ''Brewer's Dictionary of Modern Phrase and Fable''. Sterling Publishing Company, Inc. Pp 228.[http://books.google.com/books?id=N5FdEcKfhAIC&pg=PA228&dq=fascism+%22totalitarian+nationalist%22&sig=ACfU3U299Bj9_u17-yuC4Q51LFVEzx_Gnw]</ref><ref>Adams, Ian; Dyson, R.W. 2003 ''Fifty Major Political Thinkers.'' Routledge. Pp 179. [http://books.google.com/books?id=kOs0B-VTFMkC&pg=PA179&dq=%22corporatism%22+hitler+mussolini&lr=&sig=ACfU3U2bF9T7G1iRyhQThmbVfpyjQQtNfQ]</ref><ref>Griffiths, Richard. 2005. ''Fascism: 1880-1930.'' Continuum International Publishing Group. Pp 120[http://books.google.com/books?id=OKU5YKV7dxQC&pg=PA120&dq=%22corporatism%22+hitler+mussolini&lr=&sig=ACfU3U2JrHnDbWCzKJV0wsl-VCBtJjgXMg]</ref><ref>Griffin, Roger (editor). 1998. "Fascism, neo-fascism, new radical right?" - by Diethelm Prowe. ''International Fascism: Theories, Causes and the New Consensus.'' London: Arnold Publishers. Pp. 309. (Speaks of corporatism, nationalism and totalitarianism as being key elements of fascism. On corporatism as a key economic policy that transcended multiple fascist movements in Germany, Italy, Romania, Spain and others. The quotation says that fascism advocated "An institutional structure of 'representation' reflecting functions and duties in politics and the economy, such as corporatism, designed to eliminate traditional material interest group conflicts, building on some mythical past of co-operation and obligation.")</ref><ref>Payne, Stanley G. 1995 ''A History of Fascism, 1914-1945.'' University of Wisconson Press. Pp. 330[http://books.google.ca/books?id=NLiFIEdI1V4C&pg=PA330&lpg=PA330&dq=%22nationalist+corporatism%22+fascism&source=web&ots=ONn5yF_9ko&sig=gXRwekNtXKymW6SQQ9PfP0syKxM&hl=en&sa=X&oi=book_result&resnum=1&ct=result] (Speaks of fascism in Japan as corresponding with "nationalist corporatism".)</ref><ref>Johnson, Larry. 1995. ''Ideologies: An Analytical and Contextual Approach''. Broadview Press. Pp. 210.[http://books.google.ca/books?id=47wD-pNzVPkC&pg=PA210&dq=nationalism+corporatism+fascism&lr=&sig=ACfU3U0tVTC-VnY3XgRG75YSh4QAlQn1vQ] (Claims among other things that fascism involves "extreme nationalism, statism, corporatism..."</ref> It is primarily concerned with notions and perceived problems associated with cultural, economic, political, and social decline or decadence, and which seeks to solve such problems by achieving a [[Millenarianism|millenarian]] national rebirth by exalting the [[nation]], as well as promoting cults of unity, strength and purity.<ref name="anatomnyfascismo">{{cite book |last=Paxton |first=Robert |title=The Anatomy of Fascism |publisher=Vintage Books |url=http://books.google.com/books?id=oGMfAAAACAAJ&dq=The+Anatomy+of+Fascism |isbn=1400033918}}</ref><ref name="natureoffascismo">{{cite book |last=Griffin |first=Roger |title=The Nature of Fascism |publisher=Palgrave Macmillan |url=http://books.google.com/books?id=fcn5ZtaPc7oC&dq=%22third+way%22+fascism+eatwell&lr= |isbn=0312071329}}</ref><ref name="britannicafasc">{{cite news |url=http://search.eb.com/eb/article-9117286 |publisher=[[Encyclopædia Britannica]] |title=Fascism |date=8 January 2008}}</ref><ref name="Passmore">{{cite book |last=Passmore |first=Kevin |title=Fascism: A Very Short Introduction |publisher=Oxford University Press |url=http://books.google.com/books?id=EQG0AAAACAAJ&dq=A+Very+Short+Introduction+passmore |isbn=0192801554}}</ref><ref name="walterlaq">{{cite book |last=Laqueuer |first=Walter |title=Fascism: Past, Present, Future |publisher=Oxford University Press |url=http://books.google.com/books?id=fWggQTqioXcC&printsec=frontcover&dq=Fascism:+Past,+Present,+Future&sig=ACfU3U1n62biDhT9uHo0oHkCLSi97MrTmw |isbn=019511793X}}</ref>
! width=20% align=left | <font color="gray">&lt;</font> [[Wikipedia:Deletion_review/Log/2008 October 9|October 9]]
! width=60% align=center | [[Wikipedia:Deletion review/Archive|Deletion review archives]]: [[Wikipedia:Deletion review/Log/2008 October|2008 October]]
! width=20% align=right | [[Wikipedia:Deletion_review/Log/2008 October 11|October 11]] <font color="gray">&gt;</font>
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===[[Wikipedia:Deletion review/Log/2008 October 10|10 October 2008]]===
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Various scholars attribute different characteristics to fascism, but the following elements are usually seen as its integral parts: [[nationalism]] (including [[National Socialism|national socialism]], [[National syndicalism|national syndicalism]], along with [[collectivism]], [[mysticism]] and [[populism]] based on the nationalist values); [[corporatism]] (including [[class collaboration]], [[economic planning]], [[mixed economy]], and [[third way]]); [[totalitarianism]] (including [[dictatorship]], [[Holism|holism]], major [[social interventionism]], and [[statism]]); and [[militarism]].<ref>Griffin, Roger (editor). 1998. "Causal factors in the rise of fascism." ''International Fascism: Theories, Causes and the New Consensus.'' London: Arnold Publishers. Pp. 163. Speaks of [[holism]] as being a key part of fascist ideology.</ref><ref>Griffin, Roger (editor). 1998. "Fascism, neo-fascism, new radical right?" - by Diethelm Prowe. ''International Fascism: Theories, Causes and the New Consensus.'' London: Arnold Publishers. Pp. 309. (Speaks of mysticism as part of "mystical nationalism" as being important to fascism's nationalist stances).</ref> Fascism opposes [[communism]], [[conservatism]], [[liberalism]], and [[Internationalism|international]] [[Socialism|socialism]].<ref name="eatwellhist">{{cite book |last=Eatwell |first=Roger|title=Fascism: A History|publisher=University of Michigan|url=http://books.google.com/books?id=x3U6AAAAMAAJ&q=fascism+eatwell&dq=fascism+eatwell&pgis=1|isbn=071399147X}}</ref><ref name="natureoffascismo">{{cite book |last=Griffin|first=Roger |title=The Nature of Fascism|publisher=Palgrave Macmillan|url=http://books.google.com/books?id=fcn5ZtaPc7oC&dq=%22third+way%22+fascism+eatwell&lr= |isbn=0312071329}}</ref><ref name="anatomnyfascismo">{{cite book |last=Paxton |first=Robert |title=The Anatomy of Fascism|publisher=Vintage Books|url=http://books.google.com/books?id=oGMfAAAACAAJ&dq=The+Anatomy+of+Fascism|isbn=1400033918}}</ref><ref name="paynee">{{cite book |last=Payne |first=Stanley |title=A History of Fascism, 1914-45|publisher=University of Wisconsin Press|url=http://books.google.com/books?id=NLiFIEdI1V4C&dq=A+History+of+Fascism+payne&lr=&source=gbs_summary_s&cad=0 |isbn=0299148742}}</ref><ref name="threefacesof">{{cite book |last=Nolte |first=Ernst |title=Three Faces of Fascism: Action Française, Italian Fascism and National Socialism|publisher=Holt, Rinehart and Winston|url=http://books.google.com/books?id=xX9AAAAAIAAJ&q=three+faces+of+fascism&dq=three+faces+of+fascism&pgis=1}}</ref><ref name="reheres">{{cite book |last=Fritzsche|first=Peter |title=Rehearsals for Fascism: Populism and Political Mobilization in Weimar Germany|publisher=Oxford University Press|url=http://books.google.com/books?id=xX9AAAAAIAAJ&q=three+faces+of+fascism&dq=three+faces+of+fascism&pgis=1 |isbn=0195057805}}</ref><ref name="britannicacollect">{{cite news|url=http://www.britannica.com/eb/article-9024764|publisher=[[Encyclopædia Britannica]]|title=Collectivism |date=8 January 2008}}</ref><ref>Roger Griffin, ''[http://ah.brookes.ac.uk/history/staff/griffin/coreoffascism.pdf The palingenetic core of generic fascist ideology]'', Chapter published in Alessandro Campi (ed.), ''Che cos'è il fascismo?'' Interpretazioni e prospettive di ricerche, Ideazione editrice, Roma, 2003, pp. 97-122. (Speaks of fascism seeing international socialism as a threat.</ref>
====[[:Category:Fictional_obsessive-compulsives]]====


{{drvlinks|pg=Fictional_obsessive-compulsives|ns=Category}} [[Wikipedia:Categories_for_discussion/Log/2008_October_4#Category:Fictional_obsessive-compulsives|CfD]]<tt>)</tt>
Some authors reject broad usage of the term or exclude certain parties and regimes.<ref name="griffithsfasc">{{cite book |last=Griffiths |first=Richard|title=Fascism|publisher=Continuum|url=http://books.google.com/books?id=OKU5YKV7dxQC&printsec=frontcover&dq=Fascism+Griffiths&sig=ACfU3U2TgW2afjBfckWz-3sqqzAlthZC3w|isbn=0826478565}}</ref> Following the defeat of the [[Axis powers]] in [[World War II]], there have been few self-proclaimed fascist groups and individuals. In contemporary political discourse, the term [[Fascist (epithet)|''fascist'']] is often used by adherents of some ideologies as a pejorative description of their opponents.


This is unfortunately just the latest in a series of questionable closes by Kdbank71 and one of several closes of CfDs for which the only explanation was "The result of the discussion was: ''delete''", even where there was opposition to the close that addressed specific justifications for why the category should be retained. Multiple attempts to obtain any explanation for any of these closes was refused. As I explained at the most egregious of these CfDs, there is ample evidence of character's being described -- and defined -- as [[Obsessive-compulsive]] in reliable sources, which addresses the nominator's justification for the deletion, as well as all of the subsequent "per noms". The article [http://www.sfgate.com/cgi-bin/article.cgi?file=/c/a/2002/07/12/DD70341.DTL "TV cop fights crime, own tics: Shalhoub is outstanding as obsessive-compulsive S.F. officer"] describes [[Adrian Monk]] by his well-known defining characteristic. [http://community.seattletimes.nwsource.com/archive/?date=20040519&slug=tony19 "Actor Tony Randall, 84, 'Odd Couple' neatnik"] describes Randall as achieving his "... most enduring fame on television as Felix Unger, the obsessive-compulsive neat-freak photographer..." ''[[Frasier]]'' character [[Niles Crane]] is "diagnosed" by a professional interviewed by the ''[[Seattle Post-Intelligencer]]'' as having OCD (see [http://seattlepi.nwsource.com/tv/173025_frasierside13.html "Local professionals weigh in on 'Frasier'"]). The article [http://www.theage.com.au/news/TV--Radio/Desperate-measures/2005/04/01/1111862548042.html "Desperate measures"], labels ''[[Desperate Housewives]]'' character [[Bree Van de Kamp]] as fitting in this category, noting "Sure, Bree is obsessive-compulsive." These are just a handful of the reliable and verifiable independent sources that I found in a brief search that are defining the characters included in this category as "Obsessive-compulsive". Thousands of other sources are available to demonstrate that this is a defining characteristic and to place these articles so listed in this category. It is likely that there's cleanup necessary for specific entries in this category that do not have any sources available to support the claim, but that is never an excuse for deleting an entire category. No [[WP:OR|original research]] is needed to come to the conclusion that this is a defining characteristic that belongs as a category. As the closing admin has ignored a clear argument supporting the retention of this category, has already started deleting the category despite his own request to take this to DRV, and as no policy argument was offered in the close despite multiple requests, this close is out of Wikipedia process and should be overturned. [[User:Alansohn|Alansohn]] ([[User talk:Alansohn|talk]]) 17:22, 10 October 2008 (UTC)
==Etymology==
*'''Endorse deletion'''. Everyone else participating in the CFD thought this category was typically non-defining and that inclusion depended upon original research, which are valid grounds for deleting a category; that Alansohn still disagrees with those arguments does not provide proper DRV grounds for overturning. Further, the sources he cites above do not prove his position, but instead illustrate the widespread colloquial usage of "obsessive-compulsive" to describe neat-freak personality types rather than to exclusively identify clinically diagnosed psychiatric disorders. Vague character traits, whose significance really depends upon intra-fiction comparisons (such as between Felix and Oscar in ''[[The Odd Couple]]'') make a poor basis for categorization. Note also that [[Wikipedia:Categories_for_discussion/Log/2007_June_27#Category:People_with_obsessive-compulsive_disorder|the same category for real people]] was previously deleted as non-defining; closing as delete the same category for fictional characters could hardly be considered unreasonable. As a closing note, it's regrettable that Alansohn has made this personal by attacking the closer with hyperbolic rhetoric, rather than just explaining why he thought this CFD should be overturned. That the closer did not elaborate upon his close is not only [[Wikipedia:Deletion_process#Categories_for_Discussion_page|consistent with applicable deletion policy]], but also unnecessary in a straightforward CFD such as this one. [[User:Postdlf|Postdlf]] ([[User talk:Postdlf|talk]]) 18:05, 10 October 2008 (UTC)
The term ''fascismo'' was brought into popular usage by the Italian founders of Fascism, [[Benito Mussolini]] and the [[Absolute idealism#Neo-Hegelianism|Neo-Hegelian]] philosopher [[Giovanni Gentile]].<ref>{{cite book | last = New World | first =Websters | title =
:*This is not a "clinically diagnosed psychiatric disorder", this is a defining characteristic of many fictional characters used as a frequent device in print, television and movies. This is not a trait that a real-life person happens to have, it is a characteristic that has been explicitly and deliberately assigned by the fictional work's creator to define the character, and both casual viewers and the media at large have no problem in recognizing this trait and establishing it as defining, as for [[Adrian Monk]], [[Felix Unger]] and other fictional characters. If closing a CfD in which the only justification offered is [[WP:OR]], and multiple reliable, verifiable and independent sources for multiple characters demonstrating that the trait of being described as Obsessive-compulsive is defining and supported for individual characters can be simply ignored with a sniff and a wave of the hand, we have a real problem with the entire CfD system, not just this one out-of-process close. "Everyone else participating in the CFD thought this category was typically non-defining and that inclusion depended upon original research" ignores the multiple sources offered in rebuttal and seems to be defining consensus as a vote-counting exercise. [[User:Alansohn|Alansohn]] ([[User talk:Alansohn|talk]]) 18:40, 10 October 2008 (UTC)
Webster's II New College Dictionary| publisher =Houghton Mifflin Reference Books| url =http://books.google.com/books?id=OL60E3r2yiYC&pg=PA415&dq=fascismo+fascio&sig=ACfU3U0GjGSAC9nr1oc9xOaW3pAVXexS5g | isbn =0618396012}}</ref> It is derived from the [[Italian language|Italian]] word ''[[fascio]]'', which means "bundle" or "union", and from the [[Latin language|Latin]] word ''[[fasces]]''.
*'''Overturn deletion'''Excellent category for categorizing fictional characters. --[[User:Richard Arthur Norton (1958- )|Richard Arthur Norton (1958- )]] ([[User talk:Richard Arthur Norton (1958- )|talk]]) 20:54, 10 October 2008 (UTC)
<ref name="paynee">{{cite book | last = Payne | first =Stanley | title =A History of Fascism, 1914-45| publisher =University of Wisconsin Press| url =http://books.google.com/books?id=NLiFIEdI1V4C&dq=A+History+of+Fascism+payne&lr=&source=gbs_summary_s&cad=0 | isbn =0299148742}}</ref> The fasces, which consisted of a bundle of rods often tied around an axe, were an [[Ancient Rome|ancient Roman]] symbol of the authority of the civic [[magistrate]]s; they were carried by his [[Lictor]]s and could be used for corporal and capital punishment at his command.<ref name="paynee">{{cite book | last = Payne | first =Stanley | title =A History of Fascism, 1914-45| publisher =University of Wisconsin Press| url =http://books.google.com/books?id=NLiFIEdI1V4C&dq=A+History+of+Fascism+payne&lr=&source=gbs_summary_s&cad=0 | isbn =0299148742}}</ref> Furthermore, the symbolism of the fasces suggested ''strength through unity'': a single rod is easily broken, while the bundle is difficult to break.<ref>{{cite book | last =Doordan | first =Dennis P| title =In the Shadow of the Fasces: Political Design in Fascist Italy| publisher =The MIT Press| url =http://www.jstor.org/pss/1511586 | isbn =0299148742}}</ref> This is a familiar theme throughout different forms of fascism; for example the [[Falange]] symbol is a bunch of arrows joined together by a [[yoke]].<ref>{{cite book | last = Parkins | first =Wendy | title =Fashioning the Body Politic: Dress, Gender, Citizenship| publisher =Berg Publishers| url =http://books.google.com/books?id=DjUc4r87w7wC&pg=PA178&dq=the+yoke+and+arrows&sig=ACfU3U0jj_4cVT9mN7EBOdAwyLv5OhsCnA | isbn =1859735878}}</ref>
*'''Comment''' - Here's what is there now [[:Category:People diagnosed with obsessive-compulsive disorder]] and [[:Category:Compulsive hoarding]]. Would it be that hard to rename the category to something like [[:Category:Fictional people diagnosed with obsessive-compulsive disorder]]? -- [[User:Suntag|Suntag]] [[User talk:Suntag|<b><big><font color="#FF8C00">☼</font></big></b>]] 21:15, 10 October 2008 (UTC)
:*As helpful as the precedent is for retaining the roughly corresponding fictional category, it's not clear that the fictional "disease" is a perfect analog of the real-world one. Nor is there any formal process by which fictional characters can be diagnosed as having [[obsessive-compulsive disorder]]. The best way to handle this fictional category is through the kinds of reliable and verifiable independent sources that have already been provided describing the character and referencing the character trait for the particular character. [[User:Alansohn|Alansohn]] ([[User talk:Alansohn|talk]]) 21:37, 10 October 2008 (UTC)
*'''Endorse deletion'''. I see no reason to establish a "fictional" category for an existing real life category simply to differentiate it as fictional. If a viewer of an article wishes to see other examples of the content, they can receive redirection based on a real life category. If the fictional character can not be represented by the real life category for such a disorder as this, then they should not be characterized as such whether fictitious or not.--<small><span style="border:1px solid black;padding:1px;">[[User:JavierMC|<font style="color:#fef;background:darkblue;">'''Javier'''</font>]][[User talk:JavierMC|<font style="color:darkblue;background:white;">'''MC''']]</font></span></small> 21:53, 10 October 2008 (UTC)
*'''Relist'''. Consensus was not clear, and the close was woefully inadequate with respect to an explanation. This should not be CfD2. Closing explanations should be complete without a need for a DRV to comprehend them. --[[User:SmokeyJoe|SmokeyJoe]] ([[User talk:SmokeyJoe|talk]]) 23:36, 10 October 2008 (UTC)
*'''Endorse''' - DRV isn't CfD part deux. That said, I'm not opposed to a relisting. (Though I'm not sure what the purpose of it would be except for [[User:Alansohn]] to have another opportunity for Drama. Yes, I'm losing my [[WP:AGF|good faith]] for his edits, especially per evidence [[Wikipedia:Categories_for_discussion/Log/2008_October_7#Category:Members_of_the_Detection_Club|here]], and his ''harassment'' of Kbdank71 on Kbdank's talkpage - which apparently has led to a block.) - [[User:Jc37|jc37]] 23:54, 10 October 2008 (UTC)


====[[Image:Roll the Dice.jpg]]====
==Definitions==
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The image is a low-res picture of a book cover. This was used to illustrate an article which discussed the book and its author, which is fair use. I spent some time explaining this on the talk page when the image was tagged but the deleting admin did not seem to read this as the [http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Special%3ALog&type=delete&user=Rettetast&page=&year=&month=-1 deletion log] indicates that he was deleting several images per minute and didn't skip a beat when he came to this one. I [http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=User_talk:Rettetast&oldid=244207663#Roll_the_dice contacted him]. His response was perfunctory and he has since been inactive. The thread has now scrolled off his talk page and so here we are. [[User:Colonel Warden|Colonel Warden]] ([[User talk:Colonel Warden|talk]]) 17:17, 10 October 2008 (UTC)
The popular presentation of Fascism in the publications of the [[Anglosphere]] have been radically different in the period during and after [[World War II]] than in the period 1919—1939, when Mussolini and the Italian Fascists were widely acclaimed.<ref name="pound">{{cite news |url=http://books.google.com/books?id=My2rlb0bnx0C&pg=PA71&lpg=PA71&dq=%22I+am+no+superman+like+Mussolini%22&source=web&ots=UlaTM7Nm67&sig=YW9AV1oyMNjUgc96AgDvJtup2sM&hl=en |publisher=Leon Surette |title=Pound in Purgatory |date=27 January 2008}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |url=http://books.google.com/books?id=LcvGAAAACAAJ&dq=A+History+of+Us:+War,+Peace+and+all+that+Jazz |publisher=Oxford University Press |title=A History of US: Book 9: War, Peace, and All That Jazz 1918-1945 |date=27 January 2008}}</ref> As fascism was associated with the [[Axis powers]] who fought and lost the war, and the Anglosphere were mostly among the victorious [[Allied powers]], it was difficult for many years to provide a neutral view of the topic. English-speaking (and other) historians, political scientists, and other scholars have engaged in long and furious debates concerning the exact nature of fascism.<ref name="pheonix">{{cite book |last=Gregor |first=A. James |title=Phoenix: Fascism in Our Time |publisher=Transaction Publishers |url=http://books.google.com/books?id=EIJXYCBFqnUC&pg=PA6&dq=%22extreme+right%22+fascism&lr=&sig=ACfU3U2gCeyCXuMJAei133LkOS3xan-HZw |isbn=0765808552}}</ref> However since the 1990s scholars have begun to gather a rough consensus on the system's core tenets. Noted proponents include [[Stanley Payne]], [[Hamish MacDonald]], [[Roger Griffin]], [[Nicholas Farrell]] and [[Robert O. Paxton]].


:Fair use can be used to justify using the book cover in an article about the book, but not in an article about the author of the book. '''Endorse deletion'''. <font family="Arial">[[User:NurseryRhyme|<span style="color:dark blue">Little Red Riding Hood</span>]]''[[User talk:NurseryRhyme|<span style="color:dark blue">talk</span>]]''</font> <span style="font-size: smaller;" class="autosigned">—Preceding [[Wikipedia:Signatures|undated]] comment was added at 22:47, 10 October 2008 (UTC).</span><!--Template:Undated--> <!--Autosigned by SineBot-->
While various attempts to define Fascism have been made, the problem scholars often run into is that each form of fascism is different from any other, leaving many definitions as too wide or too narrow.<ref name="deff">{{cite book |last=Payne |first=Stanley G |title=Fascism, Comparison and Definition |publisher=Univ of Wisconsin Press |url=http://books.google.com/books?id=HvqRDWVyIcEC&pg=PP1&dq=Fascism:+Comparison+and+Definition&sig=ACfU3U2PvGk1srTFtkrtu-wGsKah2kilaw#PPA4,M1 |isbn=0299080641}}</ref><ref name="intelligentguide">{{cite book |last=Griffiths |first=Richard |title=An Intelligent Person's Guide to Fascism |publisher=Duckworth|url=http://books.google.com/books?id=Y668AAAACAAJ&dq=Griffiths,+Richard+Fascism |isbn=0715629182}}</ref> Below are two examples of attempts to define Fascism, in a concise, to the point form;
*'''Overturn/List at IfD''' as per reasonable request. --[[User:SmokeyJoe|SmokeyJoe]] ([[User talk:SmokeyJoe|talk]]) 23:39, 10 October 2008 (UTC)
*Eh. You can list it at IfD but it will probably be deleted there, as User:NurseryRhyme is correct, the FU exemption is for articles about the book, not the author. If the book is never going to be notable you could probably write some specific FU rationale tailored to that page, but just saying, it might very well be deleted at IfD. [[User:Protonk|Protonk]] ([[User talk:Protonk|talk]]) 02:50, 11 October 2008 (UTC)


====[[Seth Finkelstein]]====
{{Quotation|[Fascism is] a genuinely revolutionary, trans-class form of anti-liberal, and in the last analysis, anti conservative nationalism. As such it is an ideology deeply bound up with modernization and modernity, one which has assumed a considerable variety of external forms to adapt itself to the particular historical and national context in which it appears, and has drawn a wide range of cultural and intellectual currents, both left and right, anti-modern and pro-modern, to articulate itself as a body of ideas, slogans, and doctrine. In the inter-war period it manifested itself primarily in the form of an elite-led "armed party" which attempted, mostly unsuccessfully, to generate a populist mass movement through a liturgical style of politics and a programme of radical policies which promised to overcome a threat posed by international socialism, to end the degeneration affecting the nation under liberalism, and to bring about a radical renewal of its social, political and cultural life as part of what was widely imagined to be the new era being inaugurated in Western civilization. The core mobilizing myth of fascism which conditions its ideology, propaganda, style of politics and actions is the vision of the nation's imminent rebirth from decadence.{{ndash}} [[Roger Griffin]], ''The palingenetic core of generic fascist ideology''<ref>Roger Griffin, ''[http://ah.brookes.ac.uk/history/staff/griffin/coreoffascism.pdf The palingenetic core of generic fascist ideology]'', Chapter published in Alessandro Campi (ed.), ''Che cos'è il fascismo?'' Interpretazioni e prospettive di ricerche, Ideazione editrice, Roma, 2003, pp. 97-122.</ref>}}
{{drvlinks|pg=Seth Finkelstein}}<tt>)</tt>([[Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/Seth Finkelstein (2nd)|AfD2]]) ([[Wikipedia:Deletion review/Log/2007 December 30|DRV]])


The article appears as a red link in my article [[Is Google Making Us Stupid?]] and so it just makes sense to resurrect this article (which I read in some log was actually quite well referenced). Finkelstein is somewhat important. Notable enough, I say. [[User:Manhattan Samurai|Manhattan Samurai]] ([[User talk:Manhattan Samurai|talk]]) 04:43, 10 October 2008 (UTC)
{{Quotation|A form of political behavior marked by obsessive preoccupation with community decline, humiliation or victimhood and by compensatory cults of unity, energy and purity, in which a mass-based party of committed nationalist militants, working in uneasy but effective collaboration with traditional elites, abandons democratic liberties and pursues with redemptive violence and without ethical or legal restraints goals of internal cleansing and external expansion.{{ndash}} [[Robert Paxton|Robert O. Paxton]], ''The Anatomy of Fascism'' .<ref name="anatomnyfascismo">{{cite book |last=Paxton |first=Robert |title=The Anatomy of Fascism |publisher=Vintage Books |url=http://books.google.com/books?id=oGMfAAAACAAJ&dq=The+Anatomy+of+Fascism |isbn=1400033918}}</ref>}}
*I'm sure some helpful soul will incorporate this prettily into the drvlinks template above, but the previous discussions here are [[Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/Seth Finkelstein]], [[Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/Seth Finkelstein (2nd)]], and [[Wikipedia:Deletion review/Log/2007 December 30]]. My opinion is '''endorse deletion''' per the latter two, particularly Xoloz's insightful close of the deletion review. Ignoring his own articles in ''The Guardian'' (and by long consensus one's own articles don't make a journalist notable) and extraneous news hits for another guy with the same name there is no significant coverage since the last DRV, and no reasons to ignore it given by the nominator. We made the right decision here the first time; let's let this one lie. [[User:Chick Bowen|Chick Bowen]] 05:09, 10 October 2008 (UTC)
*:Seems a pity. Could I look at the article, anyhow?[[User:Manhattan Samurai|Manhattan Samurai]] ([[User talk:Manhattan Samurai|talk]]) 05:27, 10 October 2008 (UTC)
*::Could it be userified on my talk page or something? I would like to see what was previously written about [[Seth Finkelstein]].[[User:Manhattan Samurai|Manhattan Samurai]] ([[User talk:Manhattan Samurai|talk]]) 05:28, 10 October 2008 (UTC)
*:::Better yet, why is Wikipedia being so difficult about this particular article? Just restore it. Clearly it is bugging people that it isn't around. I am feeling quite self-righteous and may have to raise a storm in the form of an indefinite tornado to rampage against all who wish to keep this article down. It must rise up again! Leave behind your former silliness and endorse an overturn! Thank you. Good day.[[User:Manhattan Samurai|Manhattan Samurai]] ([[User talk:Manhattan Samurai|talk]]) 06:17, 10 October 2008 (UTC)
* '''Speedy close''' no process issues raised, no new information presented (substantive of otherwise), just not liking or disagreeing with the outcome is not a DRV matter. --[[Special:Contributions/82.7.39.174|82.7.39.174]] ([[User talk:82.7.39.174|talk]]) 06:29, 10 October 2008 (UTC)
:I don't understand. Didn't I explain that it is a [[red link]] in an article I recently wrote so therefore shouldn't this article be written? Yet I have discovered that it was written... and has had a vigorous AfD and DRV debate. It seems like eventually you have to give in, right? Wikipedia is supposed to be a source of information but in this case they seem to be hiding the information behind some kind of deletion server. I would like to read the article (as would many others I'm guessing) so let's restore it, please. Thank you.[[User:Manhattan Samurai|Manhattan Samurai]] ([[User talk:Manhattan Samurai|talk]]) 07:54, 10 October 2008 (UTC)
:: And do our deletion criteria or processes make special account for red links? (Our inclusion criteria specifically exclude internal links from wikipedia.) Can I create a redlink to anything I want very easily, should we provide an end run around every deletion debate just by creating a redlink to something? The existance of a redlink is irrelevant. As to the rest of your statement that enforces the view that you merely disagree with the deletion outcome, something DRV isn't for. Your statement that "It seems like eventually you have to give in, right?" is seriously towards [[Wikipedia:POINT#Gaming_the_system|gaming the system]]. "Wikipedia is supposed to be a source of information" please see [[WP:INDISCRIMINATE|Wikipedia is not an indiscriminate collection of information]], so no merely being "information" is not sufficient --[[Special:Contributions/82.7.39.174|82.7.39.174]] ([[User talk:82.7.39.174|talk]]) 19:06, 10 October 2008 (UTC)
:::I'm sorry, but I believe Finkelstein is notable. He has done a lot of high exposure work, and has received awards for it. Also, these red links are just more proof that he is notable. How many red links does it take for someone to realize, hmm.... it is not that Finkelstein is notable on Wikipedia but in fact notable in real life. Ummm... Wake up.[[User:Manhattan Samurai|Manhattan Samurai]] ([[User talk:Manhattan Samurai|talk]]) 19:17, 10 October 2008 (UTC)
:::: "I'm sorry, but I believe Finkelstein is notable." - yes we got that, you disagree with the outcome of the debates, as already above, not what DRV is for. "these red links are just more proof that he is notable" well [[John Zebedde]] [[Fred Zebedde]] no idea if they are real people but the prescence of the red links is no proof of notability. "How many red links does it take for someone to realize" read links are irrelevant - read [[WP:N|the notability guidelines]] no where does the amount of red links on wikipedia count for anything. It isn't for wikipedia editors to decide based on creaton of red links (how about [[Bert Zebedde]]) the general notability is defined elsewhere. Again the consensus so far is that he doesn't meet the inclusion criteria, and again this is just you disagreeing with that debate (and creating a red link to "prove" something, hey I disagree with the deletion of X, I'll work in a red link somewhere, end run around the deletion debate?). Read what [[WP:DRV]] is actually for it isn't that, if you have some significant new material which overcomes the issues of the deletion debates then present it, and I'll repeat again create as many red links as you like, the inclusion criteria couldn't care less about them. --[[Special:Contributions/82.7.39.174|82.7.39.174]] ([[User talk:82.7.39.174|talk]]) 20:57, 10 October 2008 (UTC)
** There is so much wrong with the above I don't know where to start. It is comments like this that make it so difficult for people like me to defend the rights of IPs to edit. Seth is linked in mainspace, repeatedly. That should be obviously different from you constructing random names and linking them. Moreover, the issue at hand is not whether Seth passes the basic notability criterion since everyone agrees that he does. The issue is whether he is of borderline notability. Since there's no rigorous definition of what constitutes borderline notability (See [[User:JoshuaZ/Thoughts on BLP]]) bringing up issues like how often Seth is linked to in mainspace are perfectly reasonable as possible measures of his notability. [[User:JoshuaZ|JoshuaZ]] ([[User talk:JoshuaZ|talk]]) 21:02, 10 October 2008 (UTC)
*** Err so if I created an account and made the same comments you'd not have an issue? What has editing as an IP got to do with this? Sorry you dislike the creation of random names, the point was simple and still is the consensus wrapped up in the notability guidelines doesn't consider them important, if you want to change that then there are far better places to discuss that and change the guidelines than here. The bottom line still is this review isn't based on any new information other than the creation of more internal links within wikipedia and the requester believing the original outcome to be incorrect. --[[Special:Contributions/82.7.39.174|82.7.39.174]] ([[User talk:82.7.39.174|talk]]) 21:09, 10 October 2008 (UTC)
**** If you had an account I would have likely found another method of expressing my frustration with your remark. The fact that you were an anon is additional frustration precisely because I'm a strong proponent of allowing anons to comment. Now, it appears you didn't address the issue at hand. So let's be clear: Seth is notable. Everyone agrees to that. The question is not how to define notability. The question is how to define "borderline notability." It is perfectly reasonable that valid red links in mainspace are one measure that might could go into the weighing. If you don't see the difference between that are your creation on a talk page of random names then I don't have much to say to you and I doubt almost anyone else will either. [[User:JoshuaZ|JoshuaZ]] ([[User talk:JoshuaZ|talk]]) 21:16, 10 October 2008 (UTC)
*I've userfied it to [[User:Manhattan Samurai/Seth Finkelstein]]. I think this can be closed now. [[User:Stifle|Stifle]] ([[User talk:Stifle/wizard|talk]]) 10:51, 10 October 2008 (UTC)
*:Thanks.[[User:Manhattan Samurai|Manhattan Samurai]] ([[User talk:Manhattan Samurai|talk]]) 17:49, 10 October 2008 (UTC)
*'''Endorse deletion''', restore original to article space, and '''delete everything'''. The community has previously decided to honor the ''subject's'' request to not have an article, and nominator here has given us no reason to overturn the prior consensus. More generally, this was '''''not''''' an article that should have been userfied - it should at most have been emailed to the requestor. [[User:GRBerry|GRBerry]] 13:30, 10 October 2008 (UTC)
*'''Close''' - The last [[Wikipedia:Deletion review/Log/2007 December 30|DRV]] was clear as to what was needed to restore this article. Referring to the 2007 December 30 DRV, the DRV closer wrote: <blockquote>The consensus below simply does not favor restoration of this article. The question of the subject's "borderline notability" is one that may be reopened should additional sources come to light, but there is no agreement below that the sources presented refute the "borderline notability" conclusion reached at AfD. In contrast to some other BLP deletions (where people must make presumptions on the subject's behalf) this DRV is visited by the gentleman himself, forcefully arguing for his own anonymity. It is a good thing for editors to remain vigilant, and concerned with striking a "balance of interests" in applying WP:BLP. The subject does not own the article bearing his name, and never exercises an absolute veto over its existence. Any "courtesy deletion" of a "borderline notable" person should be taken with utmost care and consideration, weighing both the privacy rights of the individual and the encyclopedia's duty to chronicle every notable truth. The consensus below is that, in this case, due consideration was given, and the right result reached.</blockquote>
:Basically, a DRV requesting to recreate this topic as an article needs to include (1) a list of additional sources not in the deleted article and (2) a statement addressing the "balance of interests" and why that balance favors recreate this topic as an article. Feel free to post a new DRV meeting these requirements. -- [[User:Suntag|Suntag]] [[User talk:Suntag|<b><big><font color="#FF8C00">☼</font></big></b>]] 15:10, 10 October 2008 (UTC)
::Fine, it just looks a little strange being the only [[red link]] in an article I'm working on. But I see the writer (or whatever he is, because I don't really know, which is why I would've liked to read the article) has actually lobbied to have his article deleted.[[User:Manhattan Samurai|Manhattan Samurai]] ([[User talk:Manhattan Samurai|talk]]) 15:54, 10 October 2008 (UTC)
*'''comment''' Not endorsing at all on this article since I still disagree strongly with the original deletion. I will however note that I have been keeping careful track of Seth's appearances in the media since the deletion and none of them are significant enough for me to be able to honestly argue that the situation has changed in that regard. We may wish to reconsider the previous DRV and see if the consensus is that same as it was previously. Simply endorsing deletion due to a previous consensus is less than helpful. I've incidentally taken the liberty of letting Seth know about this discussion. [[User:JoshuaZ|JoshuaZ]] ([[User talk:JoshuaZ|talk]]) 16:57, 10 October 2008 (UTC)
*:Yes, we should do that. Isn't it crazy that we are not allowed to cover Seth Finkelstein? It is censorship... and really, Finkelstein will just have to get used to the fact that he has a Wikipedia article. We are now in the dark about who Finkelstein is and what he has been doing, yet he continues to write about important issues. I believe Finkelstein is afraid that we may peg his positions on certain issues, but frankly, we have a right to that knowledge. And now he is tangentially involved in a discussion about the magazine article ''[[Is Google Making Us Stupid?]]'' where knowing something about his positions might be useful, but still there is a refusal to create an article about him. Why are we biting this bullet?[[User:Manhattan Samurai|Manhattan Samurai]] ([[User talk:Manhattan Samurai|talk]]) 17:39, 10 October 2008 (UTC)
**:Well, I have to say, this is an outrage! I'm calm but this article is pretty interesting, as is Mr. Finkelstein, and what more, we've been denied continued improvements to his biography. Shouldn't we discuss this again? He's won awards and done some work as an activist. Is he mainly an activist?[[User:Manhattan Samurai|Manhattan Samurai]] ([[User talk:Manhattan Samurai|talk]]) 17:54, 10 October 2008 (UTC)
*** Finkelstein has done a variety of things. He first came to wide attention for his work with censorware. He got an EFF Pioneer award for that work. [[User:JoshuaZ|JoshuaZ]] ([[User talk:JoshuaZ|talk]]) 19:01, 10 October 2008 (UTC)
****There is a web site <http://stalkedbyseth.com/> that is potentially wrongheaded (I'll assume wrongheaded) but for controversial people like Mr. Finkelstein it makes sense to have a Wikipedia article. That way we can come to a consensus on what is a NPOV on him. I want to be able to read in a Wikipedia context about this "stalked by seth" silliness. We really need this article. I like the fact that most often Wikipedia will sort out this kind of nuttiness for you, either on the talk pages or in the edit summary history. Please, overturn this deletion.[[User:Manhattan Samurai|Manhattan Samurai]] ([[User talk:Manhattan Samurai|talk]]) 19:45, 10 October 2008 (UTC)
***** The presence of a website devoted to attacking Seth has little bearing on his notability. Do you think [http://joshuazelinsky.blogspot.com/2008/06/joshua-zelinsky-latest-in-militant.html this] makes me notable? Seth's disputes with a variety of notable people are nearly internet legends but they have no reliable sources talking about those disputes. [[User:JoshuaZ|JoshuaZ]] ([[User talk:JoshuaZ|talk]]) 20:53, 10 October 2008 (UTC)
****** Sigh... it appears yet another Wiki-conspiracy is ongoing. Yet all I want is to have the [[red link]] turn blue in my article "[[Is Google Making Us Stupid?]].[[User:Manhattan Samurai|Manhattan Samurai]] ([[User talk:Manhattan Samurai|talk]]) 21:18, 10 October 2008 (UTC)
******* There's no wiki-conspiracy here just a lot of history that you might not be aware of. Seth was one of the test cases for courtesy deletion of borderline notable people. Seth had pushed for the deletion of his article for a long time before this finally occurred. I suspect that many people simply don't want an article on the subject at this time because the drama factor would be too high. As far as I can tell if we had someone of Seth's level of notability who was not Seth who requested deletion we would say no. This isn't an example of a "Wiki-conspiracy" just that Wikipedians are humans. [[User:JoshuaZ|JoshuaZ]] ([[User talk:JoshuaZ|talk]]) 21:23, 10 October 2008 (UTC)
********Sigh... It appears that Wikipedia is being censored. Why else would Seth Finkelstein be exempt from having an article? You can't pick or choose who is written about at Wikipedia. This reference source should be censorship free. I feel like I'm in China. A definite Wiki-conspiracy is ongoing here.[[User:Manhattan Samurai|Manhattan Samurai]] ([[User talk:Manhattan Samurai|talk]]) 21:26, 10 October 2008 (UTC)


*Sigh... This appears to be another one of those cases in which Wikipedia consensus will fail to see reason on a very reasonable request.[[User:Manhattan Samurai|Manhattan Samurai]] ([[User talk:Manhattan Samurai|talk]]) 20:39, 10 October 2008 (UTC)
===Political spectrum===
*It appears to me that Seth Finkelstein has bullied Wikipedia into deleting his article, and is probably quite proud of this feat. It would be nice to reverse it. If you noticed all the other critics in the article on "[[Is Google Making Us Stupid?]]" have their own Wiki articles. He is a regular critic from what I can tell, one of some note, having recently written an article titled "Wikipedia isn't about human potential, whatever Wales says". I think Wikipedia should reverse the cowardly deletion of this article. Clearly Finkelstein raises important issues and we have a right to know where he stands. Do we have to start a separate Website to deal with this kind of material involving critics of Wikipedia?[[User:Manhattan Samurai|Manhattan Samurai]] ([[User talk:Manhattan Samurai|talk]]) 22:05, 10 October 2008 (UTC)
The place of fascism in the [[political spectrum]] remains highly debated. Fascist leaders themselves produced different definitions of what part of the political spectrum their movement stood, in 1932, Mussolini professed about the twentieth century saying "This is a century of authority, a century tending to the 'right', a Fascist century".<ref>Adams, Ian; Dyson, R.W. 2003. ''Fifty Major Political Thinkers.'' Routledge. Pp 178.[http://books.google.com/books?id=kOs0B-VTFMkC&pg=PA179&dq=%22corporatism%22+hitler+mussolini&lr=&sig=ACfU3U2bF9T7G1iRyhQThmbVfpyjQQtNfQ#PPA178,M1]</ref> However many Italian Fascists like Benito Mussolini were ex-socialists and ex-syndicalists, and upon the Fascists being ousted and then reinstalled in the German puppet [[Italian Social Republic]], Mussolini and the Fascists professed to be a left-wing movement.<ref>Smith, Denis Mack. Mussolini; A Biography. New York: Vintage Books, 1983. p311</ref> In practice, fascism opposed communism, [[conservatism]] and [[liberalism]] but also [[laissez faire]] [[capitalism]] and [[Internationalism|international]] [[socialism]]. Many scholars accept fascism as a search for a [[Third Way]] among these fields.<ref>{{cite book |last=Bastow|first=Steve |title=Third Way Discourse: European Ideologies in the Twentieth Century|publisher=Edinburgh University Press |url=http://books.google.com/books?id=0J9DpxWxi14C&pg=PA93&dq=%22third+way%22+fascism&sig=ACfU3U21wyLLZwse3dYoyA7aXJoN9cYUsw |isbn=074861561X}}</ref><ref name="macdonal">{{cite book |last=Macdonald |first=Hamish |title=Mussolini and Italian Fascism |publisher=Nelson Thornes |url=http://books.google.com/books?id=221W9vKkWrcC&pg=PT16&dq=Gabriele+d%27Annunzio+paris+peace&sig=ACfU3U1BTr2IQkCU7gfZKyLAg2TRbp6a8g |isbn=0748733868}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last=Woolley |first=Donald Patrick |title=The Third Way: Fascism as a Method of Maintaining Power in Italy and Spain |publisher=University of North Carolina at Greensboro |url=http://books.google.com/books?id=SjOyGwAACAAJ&dq=%22third+way%22+fascism}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last=Heywood |first=Andrew |title=Key Concepts in Politics |publisher=Palgrave |url=http://books.google.com/books?id=221W9vKkWrcC&pg=PT16&dq=Gabriele+d%27Annunzio+paris+peace&sig=ACfU3U1BTr2IQkCU7gfZKyLAg2TRbp6a8g |isbn=0312233817}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last=Renton |first=Dave |title=Fascism: Theory and Practice|publisher=Pluto Press |url=http://books.google.com/books?id=Ojtn0IT6LpgC&pg=PA28&dq=%22third+way%22+fascism&lr=&sig=ACfU3U29w491Co0j3H4s72KUCvx_36hSIQ |isbn=0745314708}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last=Kallis |first=Aristotle A |title=The Fascism Reader |publisher=Routledge |url=http://books.google.com/books?id=tP2wXl5nzboC&pg=PA33&dq=%22third+way%22+fascism+eatwell&lr=&sig=ACfU3U049ZN8MGgXE7O87P1E2rKYDdUGnQ |isbn=0415243599}}</ref><ref name="natureoffascismo">{{cite book |last=Griffin |first=Roger |title=The Nature of Fascism |publisher=Palgrave Macmillan |url=http://books.google.com/books?id=fcn5ZtaPc7oC&dq=%22third+way%22+fascism+eatwell&lr= |isbn=0312071329}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last=Parla |first=Taha |title=The Social and Political Thought of Ziya Gökalp, 1876-1924 |publisher=Brill |url=http://books.google.com/books?id=63weAAAAIAAJ&pg=PA113&dq=%22third+way%22+fascism&lr=&sig=ACfU3U22B0TsrgAkF0dKzH-tGewY7I5n2g |isbn=9004072292}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last=Durham |first=Martin |title=Women and Fascism |publisher=Routledge |url=http://books.google.com/books?id=yA1Y5znKY1sC&pg=PA4&dq=%22third+way%22+fascism+eatwell&lr=&sig=ACfU3U00G6DB4k2NLWe5EMGpvsNKqyq5tA |isbn=0415122805}}</ref> [[Sir Oswald Mosley]], for example, the leader of the [[British Union of Fascists]], chose to describe his position as "hard centre" on the political spectrum.<ref>{{cite book |last=Skidelsky |first=Robert Jacob Alexander |title=Oswald Mosley |publisher=Holt, Rinehart and Winston |url=http://books.google.com/books?id=Xv2pAwKeX10C&q=mosley+%22hard+centre%22&dq=mosley+%22hard+centre%22&lr=&pgis=1 |isbn=0030865808}}</ref> Scholar [[A. James Gregor]] asserts that the most "uninspired effort to understand fascism" is to simply place it on the [[right-wing]], or the [[radical right]] as the common tendency was in the Anglosphere during the post-war period.<ref name="pheonix">{{cite book |last=Gregor |first=A. James |title=Phoenix: Fascism in Our Time |publisher=Transaction Publishers |url=http://books.google.com/books?id=EIJXYCBFqnUC&pg=PA6&dq=%22extreme+right%22+fascism&lr=&sig=ACfU3U2gCeyCXuMJAei133LkOS3xan-HZw |isbn=0765808552}}</ref> While [[Walter Laqueur]] asserts that historical fascism "did not belong to the extreme Left, yet defining it as part of the extreme Right is not very illuminating either", but that it "was always a coalition between radical, populist ('fascist') elements and others gravitating toward the extreme Right".<ref name="walterlaq">{{cite book |last=Laqueuer |first=Walter |title=Fascism: Past, Present, Future |publisher=Oxford University Press |url=http://books.google.com/books?id=fWggQTqioXcC&printsec=frontcover&dq=Fascism:+Past,+Present,+Future&sig=ACfU3U1n62biDhT9uHo0oHkCLSi97MrTmw |isbn=019511793X}}</ref> Since the end of World War II, many fascist movements have become more monolithically right-wing, and became intertwined with the radical right.<ref>Roger Griffin, Interregnum or Endgame?: Radical Right Thought in the ‘Post-fascist’ Era, ''The Journal of Political Ideologies,'' vol. 5, no. 2, July 2000, pp. 163-78</ref><ref>‘Non Angeli, sed Angli: the neo-populist foreign policy of the "New" BNP', in Christina Liang (ed.) Europe for the Europeans: the foreign and security policy of the populist radical right (Ashgate, Hampshire,2007). ISBN 0754648516</ref>
*'''Endorse deletion''' as nominator on the successful deletion request. Manhattan Samurai, I respect your reasons for wishing a review. And it's been nearly a year since the last one; that's not too soon to ask. If the subject had no objection to an article then I would wholeheartedly endorse your proposal. He has, however, a very articulate and repeated objection to it. Now although the site guidelines offer no specific threshold for borderline notability, I advocate what I call a 'dead trees standard'--which means I offer courtesy deletion nominations upon request for any individual who's the subject of a Wikipedia biography and wants off, so long as the person isn't notable enough to have an article in a reliable paper-and-ink encyclopedia (including specialty encyclopedias). It costs us little in terms of completeness to extend this courtesy and earns substantial goodwill. <font face="Verdana">[[User:Durova|<span style="color:#009">Durova</span>]]</font><sup>''[[User talk:Durova|Charge!]]''</sup> 22:19, 10 October 2008 (UTC)

*: That is the most meaningless argument brought up here so far. Let's just throw out your "dead trees standard" which means nothing and sounds Orwellian, and agree that Seth Finkelstein is notable (what were his article's page hits before deletion)? Mr. Finkelstein routinely raises issues of note and yet we can't summarize those issues in his article? Cowardly. The criteria of paper-and-ink encyclopedias are of absolutely no consequence in this DRV. Finkelstein's opinion of Wikipedia is also of no consequence in this DRV. His notability is and that is quite easy to establish. I have yet to see any valid reason not to have an article on [[Seth Finkelstein]].[[User:Manhattan Samurai|Manhattan Samurai]] ([[User talk:Manhattan Samurai|talk]]) 22:25, 10 October 2008 (UTC)
The original founders of Fascism in Italy were made up of people who were previously [[socialists]], [[syndicalists]], military men and [[anarchists]] but had become angered at the international left's opposition to [[patriotism]] and decided to form a new movement; [[Benito Mussolini]], [[Michele Bianchi]] and [[Dino Grandi]] were all previously socialists.<ref>{{cite book |last=Gregor |first=A. James |title=A Place in the Sun: Marxism and Fascism in China's Long Revolution|publisher=Westview Press|url=http://books.google.com/books?id=bmIJNq5dUp8C&dq=dino+Grandi++left+wing |isbn=0813337828}}</ref> The biggest difference between the movements, is that fascism rejects the idea of [[Class conflict|class war]] in favor of [[class collaboration]],<ref>{{cite book |last=Counts|first=George Sylvester|url=http://books.google.com/books?id=U2saJs2cuXsC&pg=PA70&dq=%22class+collaboration%22+fascism&sig=ACfU3U3hEGDZGYOj-UOVa6sbFDLvpj3RWw|publisher=
** It isn't meaningless. It is a possible workable standard for testing whether we should include specific individuals who request their deletion. (I've objected extensively to this standard as unworkable for a variety of reasons, but it does have the advantage of being fairly objective). But it isn't meaningless or Orwellian and there seem to be a fair number of editors who agree with it. As far as I can tell, the repeated keeps for [[Don Murphy]] suggest that the general consensus for where borderline notability is is a bit lower than what this generally encompasses. [[User:JoshuaZ|JoshuaZ]] ([[User talk:JoshuaZ|talk]]) 22:29, 10 October 2008 (UTC)
Ayer Publishing|title=Bolshevism, Fascism, and Capitalism: An Account of the Three Economic Systems|isbn=0836918665}}</ref> while also rejecting socialist internationalism in favor of [[statist]] [[nationalism]].<ref name="gentile">{{cite book |last=Gregor|first=A. James|url=http://books.google.com/books?id=xQEjHAAACAAJ&dq=giovanni+gentile|publisher=Transaction Pub|title=Giovanni Gentile: Philosopher Of Fascism|isbn=0765805936}}</ref> Over time however, the Italian Fascists' more leftist social policies and some leftist economic policies were conceded by pressure of elites (of economic, cultural, and political background) and replaced them by more right-leaning policies, such as abandoning the Fascist Manifesto's initial promise of granting the right to vote for women, abandoning early promises to nationalize all property, and abandoning earlier overt militancy against political, cultural, and economic elites, such as the monarchy, aristocracy, clergy, businessmen, and landowners, and adopted a strategy of cooperation with them.
***How many very notable critics of the web are included in specialty encyclopedias, or any type of encyclopedia? Isn't that a little ridiculous? I mean how many encyclopedias have articles on Jimbo Wales? or Larry Sanger? or several of the other critics who are mentioned in the article "[[Is Google Making Us Stupid?]]".[[User:Manhattan Samurai|Manhattan Samurai]] ([[User talk:Manhattan Samurai|talk]]) 22:32, 10 October 2008 (UTC)

**** Actually, I wouldn't be surprised if Jimbo was in some dead tree sources (there are a surprisingly large number of dead tree encyclopedias about specialized subject), but to some extent you are preaching to the choir. But whether a standard is a bad standard is distinct from where it is meaningless. [[User:JoshuaZ|JoshuaZ]] ([[User talk:JoshuaZ|talk]]) 22:41, 10 October 2008 (UTC)
===Post-war misusage===
*****Thank you very much, Joshua, for defending my reasoning in spite of your different conclusion. Manhattan Samurai, Wikipedia has had a small but persistent problem with individuals who don't want an article about themselves. And in fairness to these people, there's a legitimate case to be made on their behalf: a biography article on an open edit website might be abused tactically by these people's competitors when they seek new professional opportunities. A Wikipedia article is often the first result on a Google search and nearly always in the first page. Since we have a conflict of interest guideline asking people to exercise restraint about editing subjects that pertain to themselves, and (being volunteer-run) don't always keep up with these problems as well as we ought, I've thought it was fair to offer a reasonable deletion upon request. 'Dead trees' isn't an ideal standard--its chief advantage is that it's verifiable. But it's my abiding belief that ethical decisions where good people disagree belong in the hands of the individuals who live with the consequences. You and I will walk away from this discussion with little lost or gained either way; Mr. Finkelstein's professional prospects may be affected. His wishes are clear, and my ethical conclusion is to honor them. Your conclusion and Joshua's may differ, but please join him in respect for the conscientious decision behind it. <font face="Verdana">[[User:Durova|<span style="color:#009">Durova</span>]]</font><sup>''[[User talk:Durova|Charge!]]''</sup> 22:50, 10 October 2008 (UTC)
{{main|Fascist (epithet)}}
******I think you are wrong. There are already certain individuals (stalkedbyseth.com) who are attempting to defame Seth Finkelsten. A Wikipedia article about Mr. Finkelstein is unlikely to do that. It would look at the various positions he has taken on certain issues to inform the public. Your argument is a very bad one, considering Seth Finkelstein routinely publishes highly controversial articles, and has most definitely brought some attention to himself. The absence of a Wikipedia article is not going to create some sort of blank slate on his career, but will in fact bring it into focus. I don't think Finkelstein has anything to hide, and in fact, has a lot to be proud of. Also, we (public) have the right to be informed and write a Wiki article about Seth Finkelstein.[[User:Manhattan Samurai|Manhattan Samurai]] ([[User talk:Manhattan Samurai|talk]]) 23:09, 10 October 2008 (UTC)
The word ''fascist'' has become a slur throughout the [[political spectrum]] following [[World War II]], and it has been uncommon for political groups to call themselves ''fascist.'' Scholar Richard Griffiths asserted in 2005 that the term fascism is the "most misused, and over-used word of our times".<ref name="intelligentguide">{{cite book |last=Griffiths |first=Richard |title=An Intelligent Person's Guide to Fascism|publisher=Duckworth|url=http://books.google.com/books?id=Y668AAAACAAJ&dq=Griffiths,+Richard+Fascism |isbn=0715629182}}</ref> In contemporary political discourse, adherents of some political ideologies tend to associate fascism with their enemies, or define it as the opposite of their own views. In the strict sense of the word, Fascism covers movements before WWII, and later movements who some claim have a vague connection to the original form are described as [[Neo-fascism|neo-fascist]]. Furthermore, in the post-war era, fascism has been improperly and commonly associated with [[white supremacism]], [[anti-Semitism]] and [[racism]] which assumes fascism as being exclusive to [[caucasian]] societies when in fact, aside from fascist movements related to [[Nazism]], other fascist movements have existed in non-caucasian societies and racially-mixed societies such as in [[Brazil]], [[Mexico]], [[Japan]], and arguably the former [[Zaire]] (now the [[Democratic Republic of Congo]]) under the rule of [[Mobutu Sese Seko]].<ref>[http://books.google.com/books?id=IHJDaepcRwMC&pg=PA338&dq=mobutu+fascist&lr=&sig=ACfU3U1s5gnh5T-Oj8j47cMX2w5AbEgugA]</ref><ref>[http://books.google.com/books?id=P1HnXObckeAC&pg=PA85&dq=mobutu+fascist&sig=ACfU3U3BAdXOh7lGt6g9nvYPzN6wCPmh2w]</ref><ref>[http://books.google.com/books?id=I81BAAAAIAAJ&q=mobutu+fascist&dq=mobutu+fascist&lr=&pgis=1]</ref> Some have argued that the term ''fascist'' has become hopelessly vague over the years and that it has become little more than a pejorative [[epithet]], for example socialist [[George Orwell]] wrote in 1944:
********Manhattan Samruai, you appear to be unfamiliar with my offsite publications on this subject (I won't link to them but they're pretty easy to Google). Yes, unfortunately, people have come to Wikipedia and misused the site's open edit features with an intent to do unmerited harm to the subject's reputation. This has happened with United States congressional representatives (whom we can't very well delete) and we haven't kept on top of it. Given that we aren't on the ball with the essential biographies, I think it's only right and proper that we honor the subject's wishes in requests to delete the nonessential ones. You may disagree of course, yet please respect that my reasoning has some actual basis. And...um...I'm 'Ms. Durova'. <font face="Verdana">[[User:Durova|<span style="color:#009">Durova</span>]]</font><sup>''[[User talk:Durova|Charge!]]''</sup> 23:28, 10 October 2008 (UTC)

*********It sounds to me like you are saying Wikipedia is no longer capable of having articles because they are risky to the subjects? Again, I see no argument here put forward that is a legitimate reason for keeping the Finkelstein article deleted.[[User:Manhattan Samurai|Manhattan Samurai]] ([[User talk:Manhattan Samurai|talk]]) 23:45, 10 October 2008 (UTC)
{{Quotation|The word ‘Fascism’ is almost entirely meaningless. In conversation, of course, it is used even more wildly than in print. I have heard it applied to farmers, shopkeepers, [[Social Credit]], [[corporal punishment]], [[fox-hunting]], [[bull-fighting]], the [[1922 Committee]], the [[1941 Committee]], [[Rudyard Kipling|Kipling]], [[Gandhi]], [[Chiang Kai-Shek]], [[homosexuality]], [[J. B. Priestley|Priestley]]'s broadcasts, [[Youth Hostel]]s, [[astrology]], women, dogs and I do not know what else... almost any English person would accept ‘bully’ as a synonym for ‘Fascist’.{{ndash}} [[George Orwell]], ''What is Fascism?''. 1944.<ref name="orwell1944">{{cite news|url=http://orwell.ru/library/articles/As_I_Please/english/efasc|publisher=Orwell.ru|title=George Orwell: ‘What is Fascism?’|date=8 January 2008}}</ref>}}
*'''New information''' Look at all these recent articles Seth Finkelstein has written about hot-button topics: "[http://www.guardian.co.uk/technology/2008/jul/31/wikipedia How will Wikia cope when the workers all quit the plantation?]", "[http://www.guardian.co.uk/technology/2008/sep/25/wikipedia.internet Wikipedia isn't about human potential, whatever Wales says]", "[http://www.guardian.co.uk/technology/2008/aug/28/security.law Orwell was right: security by obscurity = ignorance is strength]", and "[http://www.guardian.co.uk/technology/2008/jul/10/blogging.politics Don't just blame the internet for polarised viewpoints]". Why again are we not allowed to have some sort of ongoing history/biography of Finkelstein's positions on various issues? Very Orwellian of Wikipedia which usually counters any Orwellian moves on the part of the world. We need this article on Finkelstein.[[User:Manhattan Samurai|Manhattan Samurai]] ([[User talk:Manhattan Samurai|talk]]) 22:39, 10 October 2008 (UTC)

** Sigh. The presence of new articles is a valid point. But could we stop with the cries of Orwellianism? They don't help matters (JoshuaZ's modification of [[Godwin's Law]], as a DRV progresses the probability of a 1984 reference approaches 1). [[User:JoshuaZ|JoshuaZ]] ([[User talk:JoshuaZ|talk]]) 22:41, 10 October 2008 (UTC)
==Core tenets==
*** I have to wonder if maybe Wikipedia doesn't want to have an article on [[Seth Finkelstein]] because of his opinions against Wikipedia and Wikia. There is a lot of weirdness surrounding this deletion of the Finkelstein article.[[User:Manhattan Samurai|Manhattan Samurai]] ([[User talk:Manhattan Samurai|talk]]) 22:44, 10 October 2008 (UTC)
===Nationalism===
****Heh, when I nominated Angela Beesley's bio for deletion people accused me of having done it because of her WP ties. Now the pendulum has swung so far we get accusations that Seth's bio was deleted for the opposite cause, even though they both went up with the same rationale. Did [[WP:ABF]] become policy? <font face="Verdana">[[User:Durova|<span style="color:#009">Durova</span>]]</font><sup>''[[User talk:Durova|Charge!]]''</sup> 00:56, 11 October 2008 (UTC)

*****I'm assuming cowardice on this one. I'm hearing a lot of nothing, a lot of convoluted thinking, and no one addressing the fact that Seth Finkelstein is notable, and that the article about him was well sourced, and how knowing a Wiki article's worth about him is a worthwhile use of server space. No one is addressing that. So maybe I should start assuming bad faith too.[[User:Manhattan Samurai|Manhattan Samurai]] ([[User talk:Manhattan Samurai|talk]]) 02:03, 11 October 2008 (UTC)
Fascism sees the struggle of nation and race as fundamental in society, in opposition to communism's perception of class struggle<ref>Ebenstein, William. 1964. ''Today's Isms: Communism, Fascism, Capitalism, and Socialism.'' Prentice Hall (original from the University of Michigan). Pp 178. [http://books.google.com/books?id=Ym0AAAAAMAAJ&q=fascism+%22corporatism%22&dq=fascism+%22corporatism%22&lr=&pgis=1]</ref> and in opposition to capitalism's focus on the value of productivity and freedom. The nation is seen in fascism as a single organic entity which bounds people together by their ancestry and is seen as a natural unifying force of people. Fascists promote the unification and expansion of influence, power, and/or territory of and for their nation.
**** Doubtful, I mean that may be part of it for some people but we have articles about a variety of critics. They haven't requested deletion or anything like that though. [[User:JoshuaZ|JoshuaZ]] ([[User talk:JoshuaZ|talk]]) 22:46, 10 October 2008 (UTC)
====National socialism and national syndicalism====
*'''Endorse''' but allow recreation if suitable sources are provided. A redlink doesn't justify an article - the redlink can be removed. If an article is justified, there will be reputable secondary sources ''about'' the subject. Articles ''by'' the subject do not meet our criteria. If suitable sources can be found (reputable commentary about the subject), then a fresh article should be created, as it sounds like the original wasn't based on suitable sources. --[[User:SmokeyJoe|SmokeyJoe]] ([[User talk:SmokeyJoe|talk]]) 23:49, 10 October 2008 (UTC)
While fascists support the unifying of workers to their cause along socialistic or syndicalistic lines, fascists specify that they advocate [[national socialism]] or [[national syndicalism]] which promotes the creation of a strong proletarian nation, but not a proletarian class.<ref>Payne, Stanley G. 1996. A History of Fascism, 1914-1945. Routledge. Pp. 64</ref> Also, national-socialistic
** You know, it might help just a tad if you were to research matters a bit before commenting on them. There was never a dearth of sources. Finkelstein's notability was clear. The article was deleted because he requested it together with the notion that biographies which were of "borderline notability" should be deleted when the individual in question requested it. [[User:JoshuaZ|JoshuaZ]] ([[User talk:JoshuaZ|talk]]) 00:48, 11 October 2008 (UTC)
fascists, unlike [[internationalism|international]] [[Socialism|socialists]], do not believe in the notion of equality of people across ethnic, cultural, national, or religious lines. Fascists declare either nation or race as the supreme unifying source of a people, and claim that class divisions which they perceive as being imposed by [[capitalism]], [[communism]], and [[Internationalism|international]] [[socialism]] must be subdued to allow the nation or race to unify.
*:Helllloooooo??? Have you read [[User:Manhattan_Samurai/Seth_Finkelstein]]. There are secondary sources. This is tiring. How about we work together to make this article suitable rather than talking abstractly about some potential writing we might do. Just restore the article and then we'll work to bring it up to snuff.[[User:Manhattan Samurai|Manhattan Samurai]] ([[User talk:Manhattan Samurai|talk]]) 00:45, 11 October 2008 (UTC)

*'''Endorse deletion''' Manhattan Samurai. Stop badgering people about this. I'm not sure if this is some elaborate performance art or if you feel this is the right way to engage in a discussion of these issues but it is borderline unacceptable. [[User:Protonk|Protonk]] ([[User talk:Protonk|talk]]) 02:55, 11 October 2008 (UTC)
In the case of Italy, Fascism arose in the 1920s as a mixture of [[National syndicalism|national syndicalist]] notions with an anti-[[Materialism|materialist]] theory of the state. Many Italian Fascists were former international socialists who abandoned international socialism due to its perceived unpatriotic nature for being unwilling to support Italy's war against [[Austria-Hungary]] in [[World War I]] as international socialists condemned the conflict as being a "[[bourgeois]] war". While others with nationalist sympathies saw the war as necessary to reunite Italian territories in Austria to Italy to end what they perceived as national oppression of Italians in Austria-Hungary. Mussolini and other ex-socialists formed the Fascist movement in 1919 with a left-wing platform combined with nationalism in the Fascist Manifesto of 1919. Over time the Italian Fascists would drift rightward on social and economic policies, such as abandoning previous hostility to the [[monarchy]], the [[Roman Catholic Church]], and businesses in order to attract more support for the Fascist regime while retaining its nationalist agenda. Upon being ousted in 1943 and a new Fascist regime being created in the German puppet state of the [[Italian Social Republic]], Mussolini briefly returned to earlier left-wing promises to attempt to regain support for the Fascist movement, such as advocating major nationalization of property and promoting the Fascist movement as a left-wing movement.<ref>Smith, Denis Mack. Mussolini; A Biography. New York: Vintage Books, 1983. p311</ref>

Fascists accused [[parliamentary democracy]] of producing division and decline, and wished to renew the nation from decadence. Fascists dismissed the Marxist concept of "[[class struggle]]" and oppose international socialists' promotion of internationalism instead of nationalism, by advocating "[[class collaboration]]" devoted to unifying the nation.

====Nationalist-oriented collectivism, mysticism, and populism====
Fascism appealed both to collectivism, mysticism, and populism along a basis that promoted nationalism. Fascism made populist appeals to the middle-class, especially the lower middle-class by promising the protection of the middle-class and small business and small property owners from communism such as by promising the protection of private property and an economy based on competition and profit while pledging to oppose big business.<ref>Griffen, Roger (editor). Chapter 8: "Extremism of the Centre" - by Seymour Martin Lipset. ''International Fascism: Theories, Causes and the New Consensus.'' Arnold Readers. Pp. 101.</ref>
Fascism also has elements of populism that appealed to an [[Agrarian]] myth.<ref>Tom Brass, ''Peasants, Populism and Postmodernism'', Routledge, 2000</ref> Fascism also tends to be [[anti-intellectual]].<ref>Griffin, Roger and Matthew Feldma [http://books.google.com/books?id=kne26UnE1wQC&pg=PT477&dq=fascism+anti-intellectualism+griffin&sig=ACfU3U0MKyugOI5gQ2sSK-hN7PdnFTQy5g#PPT478,M1 Fascism: Critical Concepts in Political Science], 2004 Taylor and Francis</ref> The Nazis in particular despised intellectuals and university professors. Hitler declared them unreliable, useless and even dangerous.<ref>Evans, pg. 299</ref> Still, Hitler has been quoted as saying "When I take a look at the intellectual classes we have - unfortunately, I suppose, they are necessary; otherwise one could one day, I don't know, exterminate them or something - but unfortunately they're necessary."<ref>Domarus, ''Hitler'' II. 251-252</ref>

====Economic nationalism====
Fascist regimes have advocated [[economic nationalism]] as a means to bolster their economies and economic conditions for society and reduce the country's dependence on other countries. To do this fascists promoted a policy called [[autarky]] which was designed to create a fully self-sufficient country which would no longer have any dependence on international trade.

===Corporatism===
{{Copyedit|date=August 2008}}
{{see|Economics of fascism}}
Fascists promote [[corporatism]], an economic system than is in between [[laissez-faire]] capitalist and [[Statism|statist]] economic systems of traditional communist and socialist governments. Corporatism is highly similar to [[Keynesianism]] which typically allows a significant degree of freedom from state intervention for private interests that are operating well independently or are outside of national interests, but if areas of the economy vital to national interests are operating poorly, or require direction to operate in accordance to national interest, state intervention is utilized.
====Class collaboration====
Under fascist corporatism, [[class collaboration]] is advocated as a means to solve class strife and create a unified society across class lines. Fascist corporatism opposes [[class conflict]] and class-based society as promoted by [[communism]] and [[Internationalism|international]] [[socialism]] and blamed [[capitalism]] for exploiting workers and nations. Managers and unions under corporatism were officially under mandated obligation to cooperate to settle disputes. Critics claim that in practice, corporatism in Germany and Italy under fascism typically favoured business and industrial interests over that of workers.

====Economic planning====
Fascists opposed what they believed to be [[laissez-faire]] or quasi-laissez-faire economic policies dominant in the era prior to the creation of the [[Federal Reserve]] and the [[Income Tax]], and the subsequent [[Great Depression]].<ref>David Baker, "The political economy of fascism: Myth or reality, or myth and reality?", ''New Political Economy'', Volume 11, Issue 2 June 2006 , pages 227-250.</ref> People of many different political stripes blamed laissez-faire [[capitalism]] for the Great Depression, and fascists promoted their ideology as a "[[Third Position|third way]]" between capitalism and [[Marxian economics|Marxian socialism]].<ref>Philip Morgan, ''Fascism in Europe, 1919-1945'', Taylor & Francis, 2003, p. 168.</ref> Their policies manifested as a radical extension of government control over the economy without wholesale [[expropriation]] of the [[means of production]]. Fascist governments [[Nationalization|nationalized]] some key industries, managed their [[Currency|currencies]] and made some massive state investments. They also introduced [[Incomes policy|price controls]], wage controls and other types of [[Economic interventionism|economic planning]] measures.<ref name = "Andreski-p64">Stanislav Andreski, Wars, Revolutions, Dictatorships, Routledge 1992, page 64</ref> Fascist governments instituted state-regulated allocation of resources, especially in the [[Finance|financial]] and [[raw materials]] sectors.

Other than nationalization of certain industries, private [[property]] was allowed, but property rights and private initiative were contingent upon service to the state.<ref>James A. Gregor, The Search for Neofascism: The Use and Abuse of Social Science, Cambridge University Press, 2006, p. 7</ref> For example, "an owner of agricultural land may be compelled to raise wheat instead of sheep and employ more labor than he would find profitable."<ref name = "McGann-p30">Herbert Kitschelt, Anthony J. McGann. The Radical Right in Western Europe: a comparative analysis. 1996 University of Michigan Press. p. 30</ref><ref name = "McGann-p30"/> According to historian Tibor Ivan Berend, ''[[dirigisme]]'' was an inherent aspect of fascist economies.<ref>Tibor Ivan Berend, ''An Economic History of Twentieth-Century Europe'', Cambridge University Press, 2005, p. 93</ref> The [[Labour Charter of 1927]], promulgated by the [[Grand Council of Fascism]], stated in article 7:
:''"The corporative State considers private initiative, in the field of production, as the most efficient and useful instrument of the Nation''," then goes on to say in article 9 that: ''"State intervention in economic production may take place only where private initiative is lacking or is insufficient, or when are at stakes the political interest of the State. This intervention may take the form of control, encouragement or direct management."''

Fascists thought that private property should be regulated to ensure that "benefit to the community precedes benefit to the individual."<ref>Richard Allen Epstein, ''Principles for a Free Society: Reconciling Individual Liberty With the Common Good'', De Capo Press 2002, p. 168</ref> They also introduced [[Incomes policy|price controls]] and other types of [[Economic interventionism|economic planning]] measures.<ref name = "Andreski-p64">Stanislav Andreski, Wars, Revolutions, Dictatorships, Routledge 1992, page 64</ref>

Fascism also operated from a [[Social Darwinism|Social Darwinist]] view of human relations. Their aim was to promote "superior" individuals and weed out the weak.<ref>Alexander J. De Grand, ''Fascist Italy and Nazi Germany'', Routledge, 1995. pp. 47.</ref> In terms of economic practice, this meant promoting the interests of successful businessmen while destroying [[trade union]]s and other organizations of the [[working class]].<ref>De Grand, ''Fascist Italy and Nazi Germany'', pp. 48-51.</ref> Historian [[Gaetano Salvemini]] argued in 1936 that fascism makes taxpayers responsible to private enterprise, because "the State pays for the blunders of private enterprise... Profit is private and individual. Loss is public and social."<ref>Salvemini, Gaetano. ''Under the Axe of Fascism'' 1936.</ref>

Fascists were most vocal in their opposition to [[finance capitalism]], [[interest]] charging, and profiteering.<ref>Frank Bealey & others. Elements of Political Science. Edinburgh University Press, 1999, p. 202</ref> Some fascists, particularly [[Nazism|Nazis]], considered finance capitalism a "[[Parasitism|parasitic]]" "[[anti-Semitism|Jewish conspiracy]]".<ref>[[Moishe Postone|Postone, Moishe]]. 1986. "Anti-Semitism and National Socialism." ''Germans & Jews Since the Holocaust: The Changing Situation in West Germany'', ed. Anson Rabinbach and Jack Zipes. New York: Homes & Meier.</ref> Nevertheless, fascists also opposed [[Marxism]] and independent [[trade union]]s.

According to sociologist [[Stanislav Andreski]], fascist economics "foreshadowed most of the fundamental features of the economic system of [[Western Europe]]an countries today: the radical extension of government control over the economy without a wholesale expropriation of the capitalists but with a good dose of nationalisation, price control, incomes policy, managed currency, massive state investment, attempts at overall planning (less effectual than the Fascist because of the weakness of authority)."<ref name = "Andreski-p64"/> Politics professor Stephen Haseler credits fascism with providing a model of economic planning for [[social democracy]].<ref>Stephen Haseler. The Death of British Democracy: Study of Britain's Political Present and Future. Prometheus Books 1976. p. 153</ref>

In Nazi economic planning, in place of ordinary profit incentive to guide the economy, investment was guided through regulation to accord to the needs of the State. The profit incentive for business owners was retained, though greatly modified through various profit-fixing schemes: "Fixing of profits, not their suppression, was the official policy of the Nazi party." However the function of profit in automatically guiding allocation of investment and unconsciously directing the course of the economy was replaced with economic planning by Nazi government agencies.<ref>{{citation
|author=Arthur Scheweitzer
|title=Profits Under Nazi Planning
|journal=The Quarterly Journal of Economics
|volume=Vol. 61, No. 1
|pages=5
|date=Nov., 1946}}</ref>

====Mixed economy====
Fascist corporatism opposed what it deemed the excesses of [[laissez-faire]] [[capitalism]] and [[statist]] [[socialism]]. Unlike laissez-faire capitalist systems, fascist corporatism involved significant government intervention such as regulations, objectives, and nationalization of certain enterprises. Unlike statist socialist systems, fascist corporatism for the most part protected the right of [[Private property|private property]] and allowed significant independence for private [[Free enterprise|free enterprise]] except in areas deemed vital to the national interest where private enterprise was not able to meet economic expectations of the state, in which such enterprises were nationalized. In Italy, the Fascist period presided over the creation of the largest number of state-owned enterprises in [[Western Europe]] such as the nationalization of [[Petroleum|petroleum]] companies in Italy into a single state enterprise called the Italian General Agency for Petroleum (''Azienda Generale Italiani Petroli'', AGIP).<ref>Schachter, Gustav; Engelbourg, Saul. 2005. ''Cultural Continuity In Advanced Economies: Britain And The U.S. Versus Continental Europe.'' Published by Ashgate Publishing, Ltd. Pp 302. [http://books.google.com/books?id=4nQj2Ym7OuoC&pg=PA302&dq=mussolini+fascist+nationalized+petroleum+company&lr=&sig=ACfU3U0oCd7BXk0iZbWbELd7J18gDargxw]</ref> Fascists promoted their ideology as a "[[Third Position|third way]]" between [[capitalism]] and [[Marxian economics|Marxian socialism]].<ref>Philip Morgan, ''Fascism in Europe, 1919–1945'', Taylor & Francis, 2003, p. 168.</ref>

===Totalitarianism===
Fascism explicitly supports the creation of a totalitarian state. Italian Fascists declared the following:

{{Quotation|The Fascist conception of the State is all-embracing; outside of it no human or spiritual values can exist, much less have value. Thus understood, Fascism is totalitarian, and the Fascist State—a synthesis and a unit inclusive of all values—interprets, develops, and potentiates the whole life of a people. ''[[Doctrine of Fascism]]'' 1935.<ref>Mussolini, Benito. 1935. Fascism: Doctrine and Institutions. Rome: Ardita Publishers. p 14.</ref>}}

====Dictatorship====
A key element of fascism is its endorsement of the leadership over a country of a dictator, who is often known simply as the "Leader" (''[[Duce]]'' in Italian, ''[[Führer]]'' in German, ''[[Caudillo]]'' in Spanish, and ''[[Conducător]]'' in Romanian). Fascist leaders that rule countries are not always heads of state, but heads of government, such as Benito Mussolini who held power under the largely figurehead King of Italy, [[Victor Emmanuel III]].

====Statism====
Fascism is typified by [[totalitarianism|totalitarian]] attempts to impose state control over all aspects of life: political, social, cultural, and economic, by way of a strong, single-party government for enacting laws and a strong militia or police force for enforcing them through threat of reprisal against dissidents or through [[Political violence|political violence]] directed at opponents.<ref>David Baker, The political economy of fascism: Myth or reality, or myth and reality? New Political Economy, Volume 11, Issue 2 June 2006 , pages 227 – 250 </ref> Fascism exalts the [[nation]], [[state]], or group of people as superior to the individuals composing it, and uses explicit [[populism|populist]] rhetoric. It calls for a heroic mass effort to restore past greatness, and demands loyalty to a single leader, leading to a [[cult of personality]] and unquestioned obedience to orders (see [[Führerprinzip]]). Fascism is also considered to be a form of [[collectivism]].<ref>{{cite journal|author=Triandis, Harry C.|coauthors=Gelfand, Michele J.|title=Converging Measurement of Horizontal and Vertical Individualism and Collectivism|journal=Journal of Personality and Social Psychology|volume=74|issue=1|year=1998|pages=119|doi=10.1037/0022-3514.74.1.118}}; ''Collectivism''. (2006). In Encyclopædia Britannica. Retrieved November 14, 2006, from Encyclopædia Britannica Online: http://www.britannica.com/eb/article-9024764</ref><ref>Calvin B. Hoover, "The Paths of Economic Change: Contrasting Tendencies in the Modern World," ''The American Economic Review'', Vol. 25, No. 1, Supplement, Papers and Proceedings of the Forty-seventh Annual Meeting of the American Economic Association. (Mar., 1935), pp. 13-20; Philip Morgan, ''Fascism in Europe, 1919-1945, New York Tayolor & Francis 2003, p. 168</ref><ref>Friedrich A. Hayek. 1944. ''The Road to Serfdom''. Routledge Press</ref> Fascism promotes the [[indoctrination]] of people into the movement, such as through education, propaganda, and organizations.

====Interventionist social policies====
On the question of whether one can speak of “fascist social policy” as single concept with logical and internally consistent ideas and common identifiable goals, some scholars say that one cannot, pointing for example to German National Socialism where such policy was mostly opportunistic and pragmatic.<ref>Rimlinger, G.V. ‘’Social Policy Under German Fascism’’ in [http://books.google.com/books?id=2E24qf2_8hEC&dq Stagnation and Renewal in Social Policy: The Rise and Fall of Policy Regimes] by Martin Rein, Gosta Esping-Andersen, and Lee Rainwater, p. 61, M.E. Sharpe, 1987</ref> Generally all fascist movements endorse [[social interventionism]] dedicating to influencing society to promote the state's interests.

=====Social welfare=====
Mussolini promised a “social revolution” for “remaking” the Italian people which was only achieved in part.<ref>Knight, Patricia [http://books.google.com/books?id=UChQ6AkxkpcC&dq Mussolini and Fascism], p. 72, Routledge, 2003 </ref> The groups that primarily benefited from Italian Fascist social policy were the middle and lower-middle classes who filled the jobs in the vastly expanding government – the government expanding from about 500,000 to a million jobs in 1930 alone.<ref>Knight, Patricia [http://books.google.com/books?id=UChQ6AkxkpcC&dq Mussolini and Fascism], p. 72, Routledge, 2003 </ref> Health and welfare spending grew dramatically under Italian fascism, welfare rising from 7% of the budget in 1930 to 20% in 1940.<ref> Pollard, John Francis [http://books.google.com/books?id=qjlaJEAgYYgC&dq The Fascist Experience in Italy] , p. 80 Routledge 1998</ref> The Fascist government advocated a number of policies on improving living standards for labourers such as by establishing the nationwide [[Opera Nazionale Dopolavoro]] in 1925, which was a state-sponsored organization that created numerous municipal clubs across Italy that allowed lower-income citizens to attend recreational activities, watch movies, and listen to musical performances, etc.

Hitler was personally opposed to the idea of social welfare because, in his view, it encouraged the preservation of the degenerate and feeble.<ref>Adolf Hitler, ''Mein Kampf'', pgs. 27-28</ref> However, once in power the Nazis created welfare programs to deal with the large numbers of unemployment. Nevertheless, unlike social welfare programs in other countries, Nazi social welfare programs were [[residual]], as they excluded certain people from the system whom they felt were incapable of helping themselves and would only pose a threat to the future health of the German people.<ref>Evans, pgs. 491-492</ref>

=====Positions on abortion and birth control=====
The Fascist government in Italy banned abortion and literature on birth control in 1926 and declared abortion and distribution of birth control literature as crimes against the state.<ref>De Grazia, Victoria. 2002. ''How Fascism Ruled Women: Italy, 1922-1945''. University of California Press. Pp. 55</ref> A year later, the Fascist government began the "Battle for Births" in 1927, a social engineering policy aimed at increasing the population of Italians.

[[Nazi eugenics]] placed the improvement of the [[Race (classification of human beings)|race]] through [[eugenics]] at the center of their concerns and targeted those [[human]]s they identified as "[[life unworthy of life]]" ([[German language|German]] ''Lebensunwertes Leben''), including but not limited to mentally and physically disabled, homosexuals, [[feeble-minded]], [[insane]], and the [[Fatigue (medical)|weak]]. [[Adolf Hitler]] personally decriminalized abortion in case of fetuses having racial or hereditary defects, while the abortion of healthy "pure" German, "Aryan" unborn remained strictly forbidden.<ref>Henry Friedlander, '[http://books.google.com/books?id=gqLDEKVk2nMC&pg=PR22&dq=Friedlander+and+abortion+nazi&ei=WOT3R4zxPIOOywSH6JW0DQ&sig=nt0z_vPg8PMvE2yKUYaoWHYTx_o#PPA30,M1 The Origins of Nazi Genocide: From Euthanasia to the Final Solution]'' (Chapel Hill, N.C.: University of Northern Carolina Press, 1995): 30. Via Google Books.</ref> In fact, for non-Aryans abortion was not only allowed but often compelled.<ref>McLaren, Angus [http://books.google.com/books?id=0ndUbVIHCOUC&dq Twentieth-Century Sexuality] p. 139 Blackwell Publishing 1999 </ref> Like their forbears, the Neo-nazi position on abortion is not about preservation of life but propagation of the race; the Aryan Nation security chief stated: “I’m just against abortion for the pure white race. For blacks and other mongrelized races, abortion is a good idea.”<ref>Griffin, Roger and Matthew Feldman [ Fascism: Critical Concepts in Political Science], p. 140, Taylor & Francis, 2004</ref> The Nazis based their eugenics program on the United States' programs of forced sterilization.<ref>[http://www.sfgate.com/cgi-bin/article.cgi?file=/chronicle/archive/2003/11/09/ING9C2QSKB1.DTL Eugenics and the Nazis - the California connection<!--Bot-generated title-->]</ref> Their eugenics program stemmed also from the “progressive biomedical model” of Weimar Germany.<ref>McLaren, Angus [http://books.google.com/books?id=0ndUbVIHCOUC&dq Twentieth-Century Sexuality] p. 139 Blackwell Publishing 1999 </ref>

=====Positions on gender roles, gender relations, and sexual orientation=====
Fascism also tends to promote principles of [[masculine]] heroism, militarism, and discipline; and rejects [[cultural pluralism]] and [[multiculturalism]].<ref>Roger Griffin, The `post-fascism' of the Alleanza Nazionale: a case-study in ideological morphology, ''Journal of Political Ideologies'', Vol. 1, No. 2, 1996</ref>

The Italian Fascist government during the "Battle for Births" gave financial incentives to women who raised large families as well as policies designed to reduce the number of women employed to allow women to give birth to larger numbers of children.<ref>McDonald, Harmish. 1999. ''Mussolini and Italian Fascism''. Nelson Thornes. Pp. 27</ref>

Nazi propaganda sometimes promoted pre- and extramarital sexual relations, unwed motherhood, and divorce and at other times opposed such behaviour.<ref>Ann Taylor Allen. [http://www.h-net.msu.edu/reviews/showrev.cgi?path=36061145897125. Review of Dagmar Herzog, Sex after Fascism: Memory and Morality in Twentieth-Century Germay] H-German, H-Net Reviews, January 2006</ref> The growth of Nazi power, however, was accompanied by a breakdown of traditional sexual morals with regard to extramarital sex and licentiousness.<ref> Hau, Michael, Sex after Fascism: Memory and Morality in Twentieth-Century Germany (review) Modernism/modernity - Volume 14, Number 2, April 2007, pp. 378-380, The Johns Hopkins University Press</ref>

The Italian Fascist government declared [[homosexuality]] illegal in Italy in 1931.<ref>McDonald, 1999. Pp. 27</ref>

The Nazis opposition to homosexuality was based on the Nazis view that homosexuality was degenerate, effeminate, and perverted and undermined the masculinity which they promoted and because they did not produce children for the master race.<ref>Richard J Evans, ''The Third Reich in Power, 1933-1939'' pg. 529 The Penguin Press HC, 2005</ref> Nevertheless the Nazis considered homosexuality curable through therapy. They explained it though modern [[scientism]] and the study of [[sexology]] which said that homosexuality could be felt by "normal" people and not just an abnormal minority.<ref>Ann Taylor Allen. [http://www.h-net.msu.edu/reviews/showrev.cgi?path=36061145897125 Review of Dagmar Herzog, Sex after Fascism] H-German, H-Net Reviews, January 2006</ref> Critics have claimed that the Nazis' claim of scientific reasons for their promotion of racism, and hostility to homosexuals is [[pseudoscience]],<ref>Baumslag, Naomi; Pellgrino, Edmund D. 2005. ''Murderous medicine: Nazi doctors, human experimentation, and typhus''. Greenwood Publishing Group. Pp. 37. Claims Nazi scientific reasoning for racial policy was pseudoscience</ref><ref>Lancaster, Roger N.''The Trouble of Nature: Sex in Science and Popular Culture''. University of California Press. Pp. 10. Claims that Nazi scientific reasoning for anti-homosexual policy was pseudoscience</ref> in that scientific findings were selectively picked that promoted their pre-existing views, while scientific findings opposing those views were rejected and not taken into account.

The Romanian [[Iron Guard]] opposed homosexuality as undermining society.<ref>Volovici, Nationalist Ideology, p. 98, citing N. Cainic, Ortodoxie şi etnocraţie, pp. 162-4)</ref>

===Militarism===
Fascists typically advocate a strong military that is capable of both defensive and offensive actions. In Germany and Italy under Hitler and Mussolini, enormous amounts of funding was dedicated to the military. In some fascist regimes, the fascist movement itself has a paramilitary wing which is included in the armed forces of the country, such as the [[SS]] in Germany and the [[MVSN]] in Italy, which are devoted directly and specifically to the fascist movement. The leaders of fascist movements often identify with the military, often wearing military-appearing uniforms. Fascism commits the state to mobilization for war, actively promoting military service as a position of honour.

==Positions on racism==
Initially [[Benito Mussolini]] and [[Adolf Hitler]] were at odds over the idea of racism. Mussolini in the early 1930s claimed that the concept of a biologically-pure and superior race as believed by Hitler was flawed and impossible and saw racism as a flawed ideology. On the issue of social equality, Mussolini on a number of occasions rejected [[racism]], and rejected the notion of the Nazis of biologically superior races. Hitler believed that race and racism was fundamental and based many of his views and policies on the issue of race and racism. Under pressure from Germany, Mussolini enacted racist policies in the late 1930s, including anti-Semitism which was highly unpopular in Italy and in the Italian Fascist movement itself. Fascists in other countries also had varying positions on racism, [[Plínio Salgado]] and his Integralists of Brazil opposed racism, [[Gyula Gömbös]] and his M.O.V.E. party in Hungary supported racism, and others were divided on this issue as well. [[Neofascism]] has tended to associate with racism.

==Positions on religion==
The attitude of fascism toward religion has run the spectrum from persecution, to denunciation, to cooperation, <ref name = "oktyar">Laqueur, Walter [http://books.google.com/books?id=fWggQTqioXcC&dq Fascism: Past, Present, Future] p.41 1996 Oxford University Press]</ref> to embrace.<ref>''Turban for the Crown : The Islamic Revolution in Iran'' by Said Amir Arjomand. p.204-9</ref> Stanley Payne notes that fundamental to fascism was the foundation of a purely materialistic "civic religion" which "would displace preceding structures of belief and relegate supernatural religion to a secondary role, or to none at all" and that "though there were specific examples of religious or would-be 'Christian fascists,' fascism presupposed a post-Christian, post-religious, secular, and immanent frame of reference." <ref>Payne, Stanley [http://books.google.com/books?id=9wHNrF7nFecC&dq A History of Fascism, 1914-1945], p. 9, Routledge 1996</ref>

According to a biographer of Mussolini, "Initially, fascism was fiercely anti-Catholic" - the Church being a competitor for dominion of the people's hearts. <ref>Farrell, Nicholas [http://books.google.com/books?id=aSlIzmsxU8oC&dq Mussolini: A New Life] p.5 2004 Sterling Publishing Company, Inc.</ref> Mussolini, originally a socialist internationalist and [[atheist]], published [[anti-Catholic]] writings and planned for the confiscation of Church property, but eventually moved to accommodation. <ref name = "oktyar"/> Hitler was born a Roman Catholic but renounced his faith at the age of twelve and largely used religious references to attract religious support to the Nazi political agenda. Mussolini largely endorsed the Roman Catholic Church for political legitimacy, as during the [[Lateran Treaty]] talks, Fascist officials engaged in bitter arguments with Vatican officials and put pressure on them to accept the terms that the regime deemed acceptable.<ref>Pollard, John F. (1985). ''The Vatican and Italian Fascism, 1929-32.'' Cambridge, USA: Cambridge University Press. p53</ref> Nazis arrested and killed thousands of Catholic clergy (18% of the priests in Poland were killed), eventually consigning thousands of them to concentration camps (2600 died in Dachau alone).<ref>Craughwell, Thomas J., [http://www.catholicculture.org/culture/library/view.cfm?recnum=472 The Gentile Holocaust] Catholic Culture, Accessed July 18, 2008</ref> Although Jews were obviously the greatest and primary target, Hitler also sent Roman Catholics to concentration camps along with the Jews and killed 3 million Catholic Poles along with three million Jewish Poles.<ref>Craughwell, Thomas J., [http://www.catholicculture.org/culture/library/view.cfm?recnum=472 The Gentile Holocaust] Catholic Culture, Accessed July 18, 2008</ref> The Nazi party had decidedly [[pagan]] elements. Although both Hitler and Mussolini were anticlerical, some believe they both understood that it would be rash to begin their [[Kulturkampf]]s prematurely, such a clash, possibly inevitable in the future, being put off while they dealt with other enemies. <ref>Laqueur, Walter[http://books.google.com/books?id=fWggQTqioXcC&dq Fascism: Past, Present, Future] pp. 31, 42, 1996 Oxford University Press]</ref>

Relations were close in the likes of the Belgian [[Rexism|Rexists]] (which was eventually denounced by the Church). In addition, many Fascists were [[anti-clerical]] in both private and public life. <ref>Laqueur, Walter[http://books.google.com/books?id=fWggQTqioXcC&dq Fascism: Past, Present, Future] p.42 1996 Oxford University Press]</ref> In Mexico the fascist<ref>[http://www.bartleby.com/65/ga/GarridoC.html "Garrido Canabal, Tomás"]. ''The Columbia Encyclopedia'' Sixth Edition (2005).</ref><ref>[http://books.google.com/books?id=MopMAAAAMAAJ&q=&pgis=1 The New International Yearbook] p. 442, Dodd, Mead and Co. 1966</ref><ref>Millan, Verna Carleton, [http://books.google.com/books?id=2zInbon4a6cC&q=&pgis=1 Mexico Reborn], p.101, 1939 Riverside Press</ref> [[Red Shirts (Mexico)|Red Shirts]] not only renounced religion but were vehemently atheist<ref>Krauze, Enrique [http://www.tnr.com/doc.mhtml?i=20060619&s=krauze061906&c=2 THE TROUBLING ROOTS OF MEXICO'S LÓPEZ OBRADOR: Tropical Messiah] The New Republic June 19, 2006</ref>, killing priests, and on one occasion gunned down Catholics as they left Mass.<ref>Parsons, Wilfrid [http://books.google.com/books?id=mduJHmsrzhEC&pg=PA239&lpg=PA239&dq=redshirts+catholics+killed&source=web&ots=a1G_9dWEoO&sig=vVnwzJ1GLjWLlfsu4NLVwerORto&hl=en#PPA239,M1 Mexican Martyrdom], p. 238, 2003 Kessinger Publishing</ref>

Others have argued that there has been a strong connection between some versions of fascism and religion, particularly the [[Catholic Church]].<ref>Arjomand, Said Amir, ''Turban for the Crown : The Islamic Revolution in Iran,'' Oxford University Press, 1988, p.208-9 </ref> Religion did play a real part in the [[Ustasha]] in [[Croatia]] which had strong religious (Catholic) overtones and clerics in positions of power.<ref>Laqueur, Walter[http://books.google.com/books?id=fWggQTqioXcC&dq Fascism: Past, Present, Future] p.148 1996 Oxford University Press]</ref> Spain's [[Falangism|Falangist]]s emphasized the struggle against the atheism of the left. The nationalist authoritarian movement in the Slovak Republic (the People's Party) was established by a catholic priest ([[Andrej Hlinka|Father Hlinka]]) and presided over by another ([[Jozef Tiso|Father Tiso]]). The fascist movement in Romania known as the [[Iron Guard]] or the Legion of Archangel Michael invariably preceded its meetings with a church service and "their demonstrations were usually led by priests carrying icons and religious flags." Similar to [[Ayatollah Khomeini]]'s Shi'a Islamist movement in Iran, it promoted a cult of "suffering, sacrifice and martyrdom."<ref>source: Weber, E. "Rumania" in H. Rogger and E. Weber, eds., ''The European Right: A Historical Profile.'' Berkeley: University of California Press, 1965.</ref> <ref>Nagy-Talavera, N. M. ''The Green Shirts and the Others. A History of Fascism in Hungary and Rumania''. Stanford: Hoover Institution Press, 1970; p.247, 266-70</ref>
In Latin America the most important Fascist movement was Plinio Salgado's Brazilian "Integralism." Built on a network of lay religious associations, its vision was of an "integral state," that `comes from Christ, is inspired in Christ, acts for Christ, and goes toward Christ.` <ref>''Turban for the Crown : The Islamic Revolution in Iran'' by Said Amir Arjomand. p.208-9 </ref><ref>Hilton, S. "Acao Integralista Brasiliera: Fascism in Brazil, 1932-38" ''Lusa Brazilian Review'', v.9, n.2, 1972: 12</ref><ref>Williams, M.T. "Integralism and the Brazilian Catholic Church." ''Hispanic American Historical Review'', v.54, n.3, 1974: 436-40</ref> Salgado, however, criticised the "dangerous pagan tendencies of Hitlerism" and maintained that his movement differed from European fascism in that it respected the "rights of the human person".<ref>Payne, Stanley [http://books.google.com/books?id=9wHNrF7nFecC&dq A History of Fascism, 1914-1945], pp. 345-346, Routledge 1996</ref> According to Payne, such "would be" religious fascist only gain hold where traditional belief is weakened or absent, as fascism seeks to create new nonrationalist myth structures for those who no longer hold a traditional view.<ref>Payne, Stanley [http://books.google.com/books?id=9wHNrF7nFecC&dq A History of Fascism, 1914-1945], p. 9, Routledge 1996</ref> Hence, the rise of modern secularism in Europe and Latin America and the incursion and large scale adoption of western secular culture in the mideast leave a void where this modern secular ideology, sometimes under a religious veneer, can take hold.

One theory is that religion and fascism could never have a lasting connection because both are a "holistic wetanshauungen" claiming the whole of the person. <ref name = "oktyar"/> Along these lines, Yale political scientist, [[Juan Linz]] and others have noted that secularization had created a void which could be filled by a total ideology, making totalitarianism possible<ref>Griffin, Roger [http://books.google.com/books?id=FSgODum-CTUC&dq Fascism, Totalitarianism and Political Religion], p. 7 2005Routledge </ref><ref>Maier, Hans and Jodi
Bruhn [http://books.google.com/books?id=Wozo1W7giZQC&dq Totalitarianism and Political Religions], p. 108, 2004 Routledge</ref>, and [[Roger Griffin]] has characterized fascism as a type of anti-religious [[political religion]].<ref>Eatwell, Roger [http://people.bath.ac.uk/mlsre/EWE1&2.htm The Nature of Fascism: or Essentialism by Another Name?] 2004</ref> Such political religions vie with existing religions, and try, if possible, to replace or eradicate them. <ref>Maier, Hans and Jodi
Bruhn [http://books.google.com/books?id=Wozo1W7giZQC&dq Totalitarianism and Political Religions], p. 108, 2004 Routledge</ref> Hitler and the Nazi regime attempted to found their own version of Christianity called [[Positive Christianity]] which made major changes in its interpretation of the [[Bible]] which said that [[Jesus Christ]] was the son of God, but was not a Jew and claimed that Christ despised Jews, and that the Jews were the ones solely responsible for Christ's death.

==Italian Fascism==
{{main|Italian Fascism}}
{{see also|The Doctrine of Fascism|Actual Idealism|March on Rome}}
Italian Fascism was the first form of fascism to emerge and the originator of the name. Founded by [[Benito Mussolini]], it is considered to be the model for the other fascisms, yet there is no agreement about which aspects of structure, tactics, culture, and ideology represent the "fascist minimum" core.
[[Image:Mussolini biografia.jpg|thumb|150px|right|Benito Mussolini]]
Fascism was born during a period of social and political unrest following the [[First World War]]. The war had seen Italy, born from the [[Italian unification]] less than a century earlier begin to appreciate a sense of nationalism, rather than the historic regionalism.<ref name="fsmith">{{cite news|url=http://www.fsmitha.com/h2/ch12.htm|publisher=FSmitha.com|title=Mussolini and Fascism in Italy|date=8 January 2008}}</ref> Despite the [[Fascist Italy|Kingdom of Italy]] being a fully fledged [[Allies of World War I|Allied Power]] during the war against the [[Central Powers]], Italy was given what nationalists considered an unfair deal at the [[Treaty of Versailles]]; which they saw as the other allies "blocking" Italy from progressing to a major power.<ref name="fsmith">{{cite news|url=http://www.fsmitha.com/h2/ch12.htm|publisher=FSmitha.com|title=Mussolini and Fascism in Italy|date=8 January 2008}}</ref> A significant example of this was when the other allies told Italy to hand over the city of [[Fiume]] at the [[Paris Peace Conference, 1919|Paris Peace Conference]], this saw war veteran [[Gabriele d'Annunzio]] declaring the independent state [[Italian Regency of Carnaro]].<ref name="macdonal">{{cite book |last=Macdonald |first=Hamish |title=Mussolini and Italian Fascism|publisher=Nelson Thornes|url=http://books.google.com/books?id=221W9vKkWrcC&pg=PT16&dq=Gabriele+d%27Annunzio+paris+peace&sig=ACfU3U1BTr2IQkCU7gfZKyLAg2TRbp6a8g |isbn=0748733868}}</ref> He positioned himself as ''Duce'' of the nation and declared a [[constitution]], the ''[[Charter of Carnaro]]'' which was highly influential to early Fascism, though he himself never became a fascist.<ref name="macdonal">{{cite book |last=Macdonald |first=Hamish |title=Mussolini and Italian Fascism|publisher=Nelson Thornes|url=http://books.google.com/books?id=221W9vKkWrcC&pg=PT16&dq=Gabriele+d%27Annunzio+paris+peace&sig=ACfU3U1BTr2IQkCU7gfZKyLAg2TRbp6a8g |isbn=0748733868}}</ref>
[[Image:Flag of Italian Fascism.svg|left|thumb|220px|An Italian Fascist flag.]]
An important factor in fascism gaining support in its earliest stages was the fact that it opposed discrimination based on [[social class]] and was strongly opposed to all forms of [[class conflict|class war]].<ref name = "maifestoofstruggle"/> Fascism instead supported [[nationalist]] sentiments such as a strong unity, regardless of class, in the hopes of raising Italy up to the levels of its great [[Ancient Rome|Roman]] past. This side of fascism endeared itself to the [[aristocracy]] and the [[bourgeois]], as it promised to protect their existence; after the Russian Revolution, they had greatly feared the prospect of a bloody class war coming to Italy by the hand of the communists and the socialists. Mussolini did not ignore the plight of the [[working class]], however, and he gained their support with stances such as those in ''[[The Manifesto of the Fascist Struggle]]'', published in June 1919.<ref name = "maifestoofstruggle"/> In the manifesto he demanded, amongst other things, creation of a [[minimum wage]], showing the same confidence in [[labor unions]] (which prove to be technically and morally worthy) as was given to industry executives or public servants, voting rights for women, and the systemisation of public transport such as [[railways]].<ref name="maifestoofstruggle">{{cite news|url=http://www.wnd.com/news/article.asp?ARTICLE_ID=39164|publisher=WND.com|title=Flunking Fascism 101|date=8 January 2008}}</ref>

Mussolini and the fascists managed to be simultaneously [[revolutionary]] and [[traditionalist]];<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.jstor.org/pss/1852268|publisher=Roland Sarti|title=Fascist Modernization in Italy: Traditional or Revolutionary|date=8 January 2008}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.appstate.edu/~brantzrw/history3134/mussolini.html|publisher=Appstate.edu|title=Mussolini's Italy|date=8 January 2008}}</ref> because this was vastly different to anything else in the political climate of the time, it is sometimes described as "The Third Way".<ref>{{cite book |last=Macdonald|first=Hamish |title=Mussolini and Italian Fascism|publisher=Nelson Thornes|url=http://books.google.com/books?id=221W9vKkWrcC&pg=PT17&lpg=PT17&dq=%22third+way%22+mussolini&source=web&ots=YG16x28rgN&sig=u7p19AE4Zlv483mg003WWDKP8S4&hl=en|isbn=0748733868}}</ref> The Fascisti, led by one of Mussolini's close confidants, [[Dino Grandi]], formed armed squads of war veterans called [[Blackshirts]] (or ''squadristi'') with the goal of restoring order to the streets of Italy with a strong hand. The blackshirts clashed with [[Communism|communists]], socialists and [[Anarchism|anarchists]] at parades and demonstrations; all of these factions were also involved in clashes against each other. The government rarely interfered with the blackshirts' actions, due in part to a looming threat and widespread fear of a communist revolution. The Fascisti grew so rapidly that within two years, it transformed itself into the [[National Fascist Party]] at a congress in [[Rome]]. Also in 1921, Mussolini was elected to the [[Italian Chamber of Deputies|Chamber of Deputies]] for the first time and was later appointed as [[Prime Minister]] by the King in 1922. He then went on to install a [[dictatorship]] after the 10 June 1924 assassination of [[Giacomo Matteotti]], who had finished writing ''The Fascist Exposed: A Year of Fascist Domination'', by [[Amerigo Dumini]] and others agents of the ''Ceka'' secret police created by Mussolini.

Influenced by the concepts of the [[Roman Empire]], with Mussolini viewing himself as a modern day [[Roman Emperor]], Italy set out to build the [[Italian Empire]]<ref name="cultural">{{cite news|url=http://jch.sagepub.com/cgi/reprint/7/3/115|publisher=jch.sagepub.com|title=Mussolini's Cultural Revolution: Fascist or Nationalist?|date=8 January 2008}}</ref> whose [[colonialism]] would reach further into Africa in an attempt to compete with [[British Empire|British]] and [[French colonial empire|French]] colonial empires.<ref name="colonialism">{{cite book |last=Copinger|first=Stewart |title=The rise and fall of Western colonialism|publisher=F.A.Praeger|url=http://books.google.com/books?id=8tZBAAAAIAAJ&q=italian+empire+colonial+british+french&dq=italian+empire+colonial+british+french&pgis=1}}</ref> Mussolini dreamt of making Italy a nation that was "great, respected and feared" throughout Europe, and indeed the world. An early example was his bombardment of [[Corfu]] in 1923. Soon after he succeeded in setting up a [[puppet state|puppet regime]] in [[Albania]] and ruthlessly consolidated Italian power in [[Libya]], which had been a colony (loosely) since 1912. It was his dream to make the [[Mediterranean Sea|Mediterranean]] ''mare nostrum'' ("our sea" in [[Latin]]), and he established a large naval base on the Greek island of [[Leros]] to enforce a strategic hold on the eastern Mediterranean.

==Other variations and subforms==
{{see also|European fascist ideologies}}
Movements identified by scholars as fascist hold a variety of views, and what qualifies as fascism is often a hotly contested subject. The original movement which self-identified as Fascist was that of [[Benito Mussolini]] and his [[National Fascist Party]]. Intellectuals such as [[Giovanni Gentile]] produced [[The Doctrine of Fascism]] and founded the ideology. The majority of strains which emerged after the original fascism, but are sometimes placed under the wider usage of the term, self-identified their parties with different names. Major examples include; [[Falangism]], [[Integralism]], [[Iron Guard]] and [[Nazism]] as well as various other designations.<ref>{{cite book | last = Mühlberger | first =Detlef | title =The Social Basis of European Fascist Movements| publisher =Routledge| url =http://books.google.com/books?id=suENAAAAQAAJ&printsec=frontcover&dq=Falangism,+National+Syndicalism,+Integralism+and+National+Socialism&sig=ACfU3U33n_xq_eKDOGwFVLuXPKSGZOYFuA | isbn =0709935854}}</ref>

===Falangism===
{{main|Falangism}}
{{see also|Falangism in Latin America|Kataeb Party}}
[[Image:José Antonio Primo de Rivera Face.jpg|thumb|140px|left|[[José Antonio Primo de Rivera]], Falangism founder.]]
Falangism is a form of fascism founded by [[José Antonio Primo de Rivera]] in 1933, emerging during a complex political time during the [[Second Spanish Republic]].<ref name="spanishfascism">{{cite book | last =Payne | first =Stanley G| title =Falange: A History of Spanish Fascism| publisher =Textbook Publisherss| url =http://books.google.com/books?id=rsHyAAAACAAJ&dq=Spanish+Fascism&lr=| isbn =0758134452}}</ref> Primo de Rivera was the son of [[Miguel Primo de Rivera]] who was appointed [[List of Prime Ministers of Spain|Prime Minister]] of the [[Spain under the Restoration|Kingdom of Spain]] by [[House of Bourbon|Bourbon]] monarch [[Alfonso XIII of Spain]]; José's father would serve as military dictator from 1923—1930. In the [[Spanish general election, 1931]] the winners were socialists and radical republican parties; this saw Alfonso XIII "suspending the exercise of royal power" and going into exile in [[Rome]].<ref name="alfonso">{{cite news|url=http://www.infoplease.com/ce6/people/A0803302.html|publisher=Columbia Electronic Encyclopedia|title=Alfonso XIII, king of Spain|date=8 January 2008}}</ref> Spain had turned from a [[kingdom]] into a far-left [[republic]] overnight.<ref name="alfonso">{{cite news|url=http://www.infoplease.com/ce6/people/A0803302.html|publisher=Columbia Electronic Encyclopedia|title=Alfonso XIII, king of Spain|date=8 January 2008}}</ref> A [[classical liberalism|liberal]] Republican Constitution was instated, giving the right of [[autonomy]] to regions, stripping the nobility of juristic status and stripping from the [[Catholic Church]] its schools.<ref>{{cite book | last =Payne | first =Stanley G| title =Spain's First Democracy: The Second Republic, 1931-1936| publisher =Univ of Wisconsin Press| url =http://books.google.com/books?id=46N-pNbNG2kC&pg=PA47&lpg=PA47&dq=Republican+Constitution+spain&source=web&ots=cwO3rgcwnw&sig=S-SuDDsdMUUC2afqOiUhRqjrqJM&hl=en&sa=X&oi=book_result&resnum=3&ct=result| isbn =0299136744}}</ref>

It was in this environment that José Antonio Primo de Rivera looked at Mussolini's Italy and found inspiration. Primo de Rivera founded the [[Falange|Falange Española]] party; the name is a reference to the formidable [[Ancient Greek]] military formation [[phalanx formation|phalanx]].<ref>{{cite book | last =Keefe| first =Eugene K| title =Area Handbook for Spain| publisher =American University| url =http://books.google.com/books?id=zLRAAAAAIAAJ&q=Phalanx+formation+falange&dq=Phalanx+formation+falange&lr=&pgis=1| isbn =0299136744}}</ref> Just a year after foundation Falange Española merged with the [[Juntas de Ofensiva Nacional-Sindicalista]] party of [[Ramiro Ledesma]] and [[Onésimo Redondo]].<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/308385/Juntas-de-Ofensiva-Nacional-Sindicalista|publisher=Britannica.com|title=Juntas de Ofensiva Nacional-Sindicalista|date=8 January 2008}}</ref> The party and Primo de Rivera revealed the [[Falange Manifesto]] in November 1934; it promoted [[Nationalist Spain|nationalism]], unity, glorification of the [[Spanish Empire]] and dedication to the [[national syndicalism]] economic policy, inspired by [[integralism]] in which there is [[class collaboration]].<ref name="falangeschoolnet">{{cite news|url=http://www.spartacus.schoolnet.co.uk/SPfalange.htm|publisher=Spartacus.Schoolnet.co.uk|title=Falange Española|date=8 January 2008}}</ref> The manifesto supported [[agrarianism]], looking to improve the standard of living for the peasants of the rural areas. It supported [[anti-capitalism]], [[anti-Marxism]], repudiating the latter's divisive class war philosophy, and was directly opposed to the ruling Republican regime.<ref name="falangeschoolnet">{{cite news|url=http://www.spartacus.schoolnet.co.uk/SPfalange.htm|publisher=Spartacus.Schoolnet.co.uk|title=Falange Española|date=8 January 2008}}</ref> The Falange participated in the [[Spanish general election, 1936]] with low results compared to the far-left [[Popular Front (Spain)|Popular Front]], but soon after increased in membership rapidly, with a membership of 40,000.<ref name="antonioprimo">{{cite news|url=http://www.spartacus.schoolnet.co.uk/SPantonio.htm|publisher=Spartacus.Schoolnet.co.uk|title=José Antonio Primo de Rivera |date=8 January 2008}}</ref>
{{cquote|''"We reject the [[capitalism|capitalist]] system, which disregards the needs of the people, dehumanizes private property, and transforms the workers into shapeless masses that are prone to misery and despair. Our spiritual and [[national]] awareness likewise repudiates [[Marxism]]. We shall channel the drive of the working classes, that are nowadays led astray by Marxism, by demanding their direct participation in the formidable task of the national [[State]]."''|20px|20px|[[José Antonio Primo de Rivera]], Falange Manifesto. 1934.<ref name="falangeschoolnet">{{cite news|url=http://www.spartacus.schoolnet.co.uk/SPfalange.htm|publisher=Spartacus.Schoolnet.co.uk|title=Falange Española|date=8 January 2008}}</ref>}}

[[Image:Bandera FE JONS.svg|thumb|right|200px|Flag of the FET y de las JONS party.]]
Primo de Rivera was captured by Republicans on 6 July 1936 and held in captivity at [[Alicante]]. The [[Spanish Civil War]] broke out on 17 July 1936 between the Republicans and the Nationalists, with the ''Falangistas'' fighting for Nationalist cause.<ref name="falangeschoolnet">{{cite news|url=http://www.spartacus.schoolnet.co.uk/SPfalange.htm|publisher=Spartacus.Schoolnet.co.uk|title=Falange Española|date=8 January 2008}}</ref> Despite his incarceration Primo de Rivera was a strong symbol of the cause, referred to as ''El Ausente'', meaning "the Absent One"; he was [[summarily executed]] on 20 November after a trial by socialists.<ref>{{cite book | last =Loveday| first =Arthur Frederic | title =Spain, 1923-1948: Civil War and World War| publisher =Boswell Publishing Company| url =http://books.google.com/books?id=TVhYAAAAMAAJ&q=El+Ausente+primo+de+rivera&dq=El+Ausente+primo+de+rivera&pgis=1}}</ref> After this, [[Francisco Franco]], who was not as ideological as his predecessor, became leader of the Falangists and continued the nationalist fight, with aid from [[Fascist Italy|Italy]] and [[Nazi Germany|Germany]] against the republicans who were supported by the [[Soviet Union]].<ref>{{cite book | last =Tucker| first =Spencer | title =Encyclopedia of World War II: A Political, Social, and Military History| publisher =ABC-CLIO| url =http://books.google.com/books?id=U0xblxV_pLgC&pg=PA8&dq=Spanish+Civil+War+soviet+union+germany+italy&sig=ACfU3U02ykBEvGZ9lWEwfAAeX2WhGpvCoQ|isbn=1576079996}}</ref> A merger between the Falange and the [[Carlism|Carlist traditionalists]] who support a different line of the [[House of Bourbon|monarchy]] to that of exiled Alfonso XIII took place in 1937, creating the [[Falange Española Tradicionalista y de las Juntas de Ofensiva Nacional-Sindicalista|FET y de las JONS]], essentially a move away from fascism.<ref name="spanishfascism">{{cite book | last =Payne | first =Stanley G| title =Falange: A History of Spanish Fascism| publisher =Textbook Publisherss| url =http://books.google.com/books?id=rsHyAAAACAAJ&dq=Spanish+Fascism&lr=| isbn =0758134452}}</ref> This is somewhat controversial in Falangist circles because [[Authentic Falange|some elements]] argue that it was a move away from "authentic Falangism".<ref>{{cite book | last = Del Boca | first =Angelo| title =Fascism Today: A World Survey| publisher =Pantheon Books| url =http://books.google.com/books?id=nadBAAAAIAAJ&q=%22authentic+Falangism%22&dq=%22authentic+Falangism%22&pgis=1}}</ref> Regardless nationalists won the Civil War, inserting the [[Spanish State]] in 1939 and under a [[single-party system]] Franco ruled.<ref name="spanishfascism">{{cite book | last =Payne | first =Stanley G| title =Falange: A History of Spanish Fascism| publisher =Textbook Publisherss| url =http://books.google.com/books?id=rsHyAAAACAAJ&dq=Spanish+Fascism&lr=| isbn =0758134452}}</ref> Franco managed to balance several different interests of elements in his party, in an effort to keep them united, especially in regards to the question of monarchy.<ref name="francoyears">{{cite book | last =Payne | first =Stanley G| title =The Franco Regime, 1936-1975| publisher =University of Wisconsin Press| url =http://books.google.com/books?id=mgDWLYcTYIAC&dq=Francisco+Franco+payne&lr=&source=gbs_summary_s&cad=0| isbn =0299110702}}</ref> The Francoist state was strongly nationalist, [[anti-communist]] and anti-separatist throughout with his [[Movimiento Nacional]]; he supported [[traditional values]] such as [[Christianity]], in contrast to the [[Anti-clericalism|anti-clerical]] violence of the republicans.<ref name="francoyears">{{cite book | last =Payne | first =Stanley G| title =The Franco Regime, 1936-1975| publisher =University of Wisconsin Press| url =http://books.google.com/books?id=mgDWLYcTYIAC&dq=Francisco+Franco+payne&lr=&source=gbs_summary_s&cad=0| isbn =0299110702}}</ref> Whether or not Francoist Spain itself constituted a genuine form of fascism is debates, for example scholar [[Stanley Payne]], has asserted: "scarcely any of the serious historians and analysts of Franco consider the generalissimo to be a core fascist". <ref>Payne, Stanley [http://books.google.com/books?id=NiD3UeOCSGsC&dq Fascism in Spain, 1923-1977], p. 476 1999 Univ. of Wisconsin Press</ref>

The ideas of Falangism were also exported, mainly to parts of the [[Hispanosphere]], especially in [[South America]].<ref name="safalange">{{cite book | last =Chase| first =Allan| title =Falange: The Axis Secret Army in the Americas| publisher =G.P. Putnam's Sons| url =http://books.google.com/books?id=2LobAAAAMAAJ&q=%22+South+American+Falange%22&dq=%22+South+American+Falange%22&lr=&pgis=1}}</ref> In some countries these movements were obscure, in others they had some impact.<ref name="safalange">{{cite book | last =Chase| first =Allan| title =Falange: The Axis Secret Army in the Americas| publisher =G.P. Putnam's Sons| url =http://books.google.com/books?id=2LobAAAAMAAJ&q=%22+South+American+Falange%22&dq=%22+South+American+Falange%22&lr=&pgis=1}}</ref> The [[Bolivian Socialist Falange]] under [[Óscar Únzaga]] provided significant competition to the [[Revolutionary Nationalist Movement|ruling government]] during the 1950s until the 1970s.<ref>{{cite book | last =Gunson| first =Phil| title =The Dictionary of Contemporary Politics of South America| publisher =Routledge| url =http://books.google.com/books?id=tU0OAAAAQAAJ&pg=PA38&dq=Bolivian+Socialist+Falange+Oscar+%C3%9Anzaga&lr=&sig=ACfU3U3iwRJQmel2-H_TR_62Bb1kXYAaeg|ibsn=0415028086}}</ref> Falangism was significant in [[Lebanon]] through the [[Kataeb Party]] and its founder [[Pierre Gemayel]].<ref>{{cite book | last =Robertson| first =David| title =A Dictionary of Modern Politics| publisher =Routledge| url =http://books.google.com/books?id=qHXbGOUuF9YC&pg=PA181&dq=Falange+lebanon&lr=&sig=ACfU3U3TvgSS1Uhu16CWT75Ay7OSKcBEkA#PPA180,M1|ibsn=185743093X}}</ref> The Lebanese Falange fought for the countries independence which was won in 1943; they became significant during the complex and multifaceted [[Lebanese Civil War]] which was largely fought between Christians and Muslims.<ref>{{cite book | last =Katz| first =Samuel M| title =Armies in Lebanon 1982-84| publisher =Osprey Publishing| url =http://books.google.com/books?id=0W5-jZY_T2IC&pg=PA7&dq=Phalange+lebanon+fascist&lr=&sig=ACfU3U2BYiFptL4UQ9d2NMEV1aBp7Ig3qA|ibsn=0850456029}}</ref>

===Nazism (National Socialism)===
{{main|Nazism}}
{{see also|Austrian National Socialism|Arrow Cross|Ustaše|Rexism}}
[[Image:Adolf Hitler cph 3a48970.jpg|thumb|150px|Adolf Hitler]]
[[Image:Flag of Germany 1933.svg|thumb|200px|left|Flag of the [[Nazi Party|National Socialist German Workers' Party]].]]
Nazism, short for National Socialism, is the political ideology of the [[National Socialist German Workers’ Party]] that ruled [[Nazi Germany|Germany]] from 1933 until 1945. The term national socialist is also a descriptive term used to refer to the [[Austrian National Socialism]] of a similar ideology, as well as several [[puppet state]]s under Nazi control, including; the [[Arrow Cross]] of [[Hungary]],<ref>{{cite book | last = Kallis| first =Aristotle A | title =The Fascism Reader| publisher =Routledge| url =http://books.google.com/books?id=tP2wXl5nzboC&pg=PA201&lpg=PA201&dq=arrow+cross+%22national+socialist%22&source=web&ots=lpF4BrPTau&sig=ASr1kMUnrN1RjXmAuq36sY-cG7k&hl=en&sa=X&oi=book_result&resnum=9&ct=result#PPA201,M1 | isbn =0415243599}}</ref> the [[Ustaše]] of [[Independent State of Croatia|Croatia]]<ref>{{cite book | last =Palmer Domenico| first =Roy | title =Encyclopedia of Modern Christian Politics| publisher =Greenwood Publishing Group| url =http://books.google.com/books?id=Z8ZixRcQfV8C&pg=RA1-PA435&dq=Usta%C5%A1e+%22national+socialism%22&lr=&ei=TcjTSJzDKYzaigGTjP3mAw&sig=ACfU3U3G-4i8j_FS6bCrQw0J-5eEx9p2aw | isbn =0313323623}}</ref> (also heavily influenced by [[Italian Fascism]]), and [[Rexism]] of [[Belgium]].<ref>{{cite book | last =Chapman| first =Guy| title =Why France Fell: The Defeat of the French Army in 1940| publisher =Holt, Rinehart and Winston| url =http://books.google.com/books?id=5v5sAAAAIAAJ&q=Rexism%22national+socialism%22&dq=Rexism%22national+socialism%22&lr=&ei=bsnTSIykEqX0iwG1uuTmAw&pgis=1}}</ref> The Nazis came to prominence in Germany's [[Weimar Republic]] through democratic elections in [[German election, July 1932|1932]]; their leader [[Adolf Hitler]] was appointed [[Chancellor of Germany]] the following [[German election, 1933|year]], subsequently putting into place the [[Enabling Act of 1933|Enabling Act]], which effectively gave him the power of a [[dictator]]. Hitler's book detailing the national socialist ideology ''[[Mein Kampf]]'', was authored during the mid-1920s. The NSDAP announced a national rebirth, in the form of the [[Third Reich]] nicknamed the ''Thousand Years Empire'', promoted as a successor to the [[Holy Roman Empire]] and the [[German Empire]].

Although the modern consensus sees Nazism as a type of generic fascism<ref>Griffin, Roger and Matthew Feldman [http://books.google.com/books?id=2SlXXndbbCEC&dq Fascism: Critical Concepts in Political Science] p.8, 2004 Taylor and Francis</ref>, some scholars, such as Gilbert Allardyce, [[Zeev Sternhell]] and [[A.F.K. Organski]], argue that Nazism is not fascism{{ndash}} either because the differences are too great, or because they believe fascism cannot be generic.<ref>{{cite journal|author=Gilbert Allardyce|title=What Fascism Is Not: Thoughts on the Deflation of a Concept|year=1979|journal=American Historical Review|volume=84|issue=2|pages=367–388|doi=10.2307/1855138}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|author=Paul H. Lewis|title=Latin Fascist Elites|year=2000|publisher=Praeger/Greenwood|id=ISBN 0-275-97880-X|pages=9}}</ref> A synthesis of these two opinions, states that German Nazism was a form of racially-oriented fascism, while Italian fascism was state-oriented. Nazism differed from Italian fascism in that it had a stronger emphasis on race, especially exhibited as [[antisemitism]], in terms of social and economic policies. Though both ideologies denied the significance of the individual, Italian fascism saw the individual as subservient to the state, whereas Nazism saw the individual, as well as the state, as ultimately subservient to the race.<ref>Grant, Moyra. Key Ideas in Politics. Nelson Thomas 2003. p. 21</ref> Mussolini's Fascism held that cultural factors existed to serve the state, and that it was not necessarily in the state's interest to interfere in cultural aspects of society. The only [[purpose of government]] in Mussolini's fascism was to uphold the state as supreme above all else, a concept which can be described as [[statolatry]]. Where fascism talked of state, Nazism spoke of the ''[[Volk]]'' and of the ''[[Volksgemeinschaft]]''<ref> Kershaw, Ian. The Nazi Dictatorship, Problems & perspectives of interpretation, 4th Edition. Hodder Arnold 2000, p41 </ref> Below is a presentation of opposing scholary view on the topic, Griffin is a leading exponent of the "generic fascism" theory, while Sternhell views national socialism as separate to fascism;
{{Quotation|It might be claimed that Nazism and Italian fascism were separate species within the same genus, without any implicit assumption that the two species ought to be well-nigh identical. Ernst Nolte has stated that the differences could be easily reconciled by employing a term such as 'racial fascism' for Nazism. [...] The establishment of fundamental generic characteristics linking Nazism to movements in other parts of Europe allows further consideration on a comparative basis of the reasons why such movements were able to become a real politicial danger in Italy and Germany, whereas in other European countries they remained an unpleasant, but transitory irritant. — [[Roger Griffin]], ''Fascism: Critical Concepts in Political Science''. 2003.<ref>{{cite book | last =Griffin| first =Roger | title =Fascism: Critical Concepts in Political Science| publisher =Taylor & Francis| url =http://books.google.com/books?id=xeHuSpHzqGUC&pg=RA2-PA65&dq=similarities+between+Fascism+and+Nazism&lr=&sig=ACfU3U3ff5KxLUm__D2-PurQJLCYTsboYg#PRA2-PA66,M1 | isbn =0415290198}}</ref>}}

{{Quotation|Fascism can in no way be identified with Nazism. Undoubtedly the two ideologies, the two movements, and the two regimes had common characteristics. They often ran parallel to one another or overlapped, but they differed on one fundamental point: the criterion of German national socialism was biological determination. The basis of Nazism was a racism in its most extreme sense, and the fight against Jews, against 'inferior' races, played a more preponderant role in it than the struggle against communism. — [[Zeev Sternhell]], ''The Birth of the Fascist Ideology: From Cultural Rebellion to Political Revolution''. 1994.<ref name="nazinotfasciststrenhell">{{cite book | last =Sternhell| first =Zeev | title =The Birth of the Fascist Ideology: From Cultural Rebellion to Political Revolution| publisher =Princeton University Press| url =http://books.google.com/books?id=hnv0F88nLawC&pg=PA4&dq=%22Fascism+can+in+no+way+be+identified+with+Nazism.+%22&ei=m9jTSLTHOIHCigGv8PjmAw&sig=ACfU3U0_E5NsdBjbVMz_Inbk_I4s4I3OXA | isbn =0691044864}}</ref>}}

===Integralism===
{{main|Brazilian Integralism}}
{{see also|Estado Novo (Portugal)|Action Française}}
[[Image:Pliniosalgado.jpg|thumb|right|150px|Plínio Salgado]]
[[Image:Flag of Ação Integralista Brasileira.svg|thumb|180px|left|Flag of the Integralists.]]
Brazilian Integralism is a form of fascism originating in [[Brazil]] with [[Plínio Salgado]], he was the movement's figurehead and philosophical leader.<ref>{{cite book | last = LeRoy Love| first = Joseph | title =São Paulo in the Brazilian Federation, 1889-1937| publisher =Stanford University Press| url =http://books.google.com/books?id=Eo_ttEHVKEYC&pg=PA136&lpg=PA136&dq=Pl%C3%ADnio+Salgado+integralism+fascism&source=web&ots=Q5tzPEr81h&sig=esNMB-uBO-MFCNQy0kQehSnLWf8&hl=en&sa=X&oi=book_result&resnum=3&ct=result#PPA136,M1 | isbn =0804709912}}</ref> The movement was founded in 1932 and was known in its native tongue as ''Ação Integralista Brasileira''; rather than a reaction against the [[far-left]] which was not strong in Brazil at the time, the Integralists were initially founded to combat national disunity and the percieved weakness of the liberal state, hoping for national rebirth via a fascist form.<ref name="bacchetta">{{cite book | last =Bacchetta| first = Paola | title =Right-wing Women| publisher =Routledge| url =http://books.google.com/books?id=ag7qRiZqYZoC&pg=PA156&lpg=PA156&dq=Pl%C3%ADnio+Salgado+integralism+fascism&source=web&ots=z6QeGWt4mg&sig=jZoN9OSS0vpekYMPrPTEZ6J_AgY&hl=en&sa=X&oi=book_result&resnum=7&ct=result | isbn =0415927773}}</ref> Many of the ideas were similar to [[Italian fascism]]; it was militarised and favoured the creation of a strong [[centralised state]] with a [[corporatist]], government directed economic policy.<ref name="bacchetta">{{cite book | last =Bacchetta| first = Paola | title =Right-wing Women| publisher =Routledge| url =http://books.google.com/books?id=ag7qRiZqYZoC&pg=PA156&lpg=PA156&dq=Pl%C3%ADnio+Salgado+integralism+fascism&source=web&ots=z6QeGWt4mg&sig=jZoN9OSS0vpekYMPrPTEZ6J_AgY&hl=en&sa=X&oi=book_result&resnum=7&ct=result | isbn =0415927773}}</ref> The party's nationalist element was influenced by the thought of [[Alberto Torres]] and was inclusionist, looking to create a strong national unity. While many of the members were [[Catholics]], the group supported [[freedom of religion]] so as not to isolate [[Protestant]]s in Brazil. As an ethnically diverse country due to its colonial history, the Integralists held a non-divisionist and [[anti-racist]] stance with the phrase, ''union of all races and all people''; the members were mostly of European background such as [[Italian Brazilian|Italian]] and [[Portuguese Brazilian|Portuguese]] but there were also some people of [[Indigenous peoples in Brazil|Amerindian]] and [[African Brazilian|African]] background. As Brazil was already territorially endowed, the Integralists had no need for an [[expansion]]ist outlook.<ref name="paynee">{{cite book | last = Payne | first =Stanley | title =A History of Fascism, 1914-45| publisher =University of Wisconsin Press| url =http://books.google.com/books?id=NLiFIEdI1V4C&dq=A+History+of+Fascism+payne&lr=&source=gbs_summary_s&cad=0 | isbn =0299148742}}</ref>

===Iron Guard===
{{main|Iron Guard}}
[[Image:Corneliu Zelea Codreanu.jpg|thumb|160px|left|Corneliu Zelea Codreanu]]
[[Image:Guardiadehierro.jpg|thumb|right|180px|Symbol of the'' Iron Guard ''.]]
The Iron Guard was an ultra-[[Nationalism|nationalist]], [[antisemitic]] movement and political party in [[Romania]] from 1927 to 1941. It was briefly in power from September 14, 1940 until January 21, 1941. The Iron Guard was founded by [[Corneliu Zelea Codreanu]] on 24 July 1927 as the "Legion of the [[Archangel Michael]]" (''Legiunea Arhanghelul Mihail''), and it was led by him until his death in 1938. Adherents to the movement continued to be widely referred to as "legionnaires" (sometimes "legionaries"; [[Romanian language|Romanian]]: ''legionarii'') and the organization as the "Legion" or the "Legionary Movement" (''Mişcarea Legionară''), despite various changes of the (intermittently banned) organization's name.

The Iron Guard presented itself as an alternative to [[Political corruption|corrupt]], [[Political machine|clientelist]] political parties, using marches, religious processions and patriotic hymns and anthems, along with volunteer work and charitable campaigns in rural areas. It was strongly anti-Semitic, promoting the idea that "Rabbinical aggression against the Christian world" in "unexpected 'protean forms': [[Freemasonry]], [[Sigmund Freud|Freudianism]], homosexuality, atheism, Marxism, Bolshevism, the civil war in Spain," were undermining society.<ref>Volovici, ''Nationalist Ideology'', p. 98, citing N. Cainic, ''Ortodoxie şi etnocraţie'', pp. 162-4)</ref>.

The Iron Guard "willingly inserted strong elements of [[Orthodox Christianity]] into its political doctrine to the point of becoming one of the rare modern European political movements with a religious ideological structure."<ref>Ioanid, "The Sacralised Politics of the Romanian Iron Guard".</ref> The Guard differed from other fascist movements in that it had its mass base among the peasantry and students. However, it shared the fascist penchant for violence, up to and including political [[assassination]]s.

==Para-fascism and commonly alleged fascist ideologies==
A number of states and movements have had various characteristics that are similar to fascism, but which most scholars have denied being affiliated to fascism.

Para-fascism is a term sometimes used to describe authoritarian regimes which appear like fascism on the surface but some scholars claim differ substantially from true fascism when a more than superficial examination is done.<ref>Davies, Peter Jonathan and Derek
Lynch [http://books.google.com/books?id=guUWv8FJ8wMC&dq The Routledge Companion to Fascism and the Far Right]. p. 3, 2002 Routledge</ref> Roger Griffin uses the term whereas Stanley Payne uses the term ''Radical Right''. The consensus among scholars rejects these many anti-liberal, anti-communist [[inter-war]] movements which lacked fascism's revolutionary goal to create a new national character as fascist.<ref>Griffin, Roger and Matthew Feldman [http://books.google.com/books?id=2SlXXndbbCEC&dq Fascism: Critical Concepts in Political Science] p.8, 2004 Taylor and Francis</ref> Para-fascists typically eschewed radical change and viewed genuine fascists as a threat.<ref>Davies, Peter Jonathan and Derek
Lynch [http://books.google.com/books?id=guUWv8FJ8wMC&dq The Routledge Companion to Fascism and the Far Right]. p. 326, 2002 Routledge</ref> Parafascist states were often unwillingly the home of genuine fascist movements which they eventually suppressed or co-opted.<ref>Griffin, Roger and Matthew Feldman [http://books.google.com/books?id=2SlXXndbbCEC&dq Fascism: Critical Concepts in Political Science] p.8, 2004 Taylor and Francis</ref>

Besides Parafascism there are also other (not nescessary inter-war) regimes and movements that have had simliaries to fascism.

===Austrian Fatherland Front===
{{main|Austrofascism}}
[[Image:Engelbert Dollfuß Briefmarke.jpg|thumb|150px|right|[[Engelbert Dollfuss|Engelbert Dollfuß]]]]
[[Image:Fatherland Front of Austria.svg‎|thumb|200px|left|Flag of the Fatherland Front of Austria.]]
"Austrofascism" is a controversial category encompassing various para-fascist and semi-fascist movements in Austria in the 1930s.<ref>Davies, Peter Jonathan and Derek Lynch [http://books.google.com/books?id=guUWv8FJ8wMC&dq The Routledge Companion to Fascism and the Far Right]. p. 255, 2002 Routledge</ref> Especially referring to the [[Fatherland Front (Austria)|Fatherland Front]] which became Austria's sole legal political party in 1934. The Fatherland Front's ideology was partly based on a fusion of Italian fascism, as expounded by Gentile, and Austria's Political Catholicism.{{Fact|date=August 2008}} It had an ideology of the "community of the people" (Volksgemeinschaft) that was different from that of the Nazis. They were similar in that both served to attack the idea of a class struggle by accusing leftism of destroying individuality, and thus help usher in a totalitarian state. [[Engelbert Dollfuss|Engelbert Dollfuß]] claimed he wanted to "over-Hitler" (überhitlern) Nazism.

Unlike the [[ethnic nationalism]] promoted by Italian Fascists and Nazis, the Fatherland Front focused entirely on cultural nationalism such as Austrian identity and distinctness from Germany, such as extolling Austria's ties to the [[Roman Catholic Church]]. According to this philosophy, Austrians were "better Germans" (by this time, the majority of the German population was [[Protestantism|Protestant]]). The monarchy was elevated to the ideal of a powerful and far-reaching state, a status which Austria lost after the [[Treaty of Saint-Germain]]. The notion of the Fatherland Front being fascist was claimed due to the regime's support and similar ideology of [[Fascist Italy]].

===Estado Novo===
{{main|Estado Novo (Portugal)|Estado Novo (Brazil)}}
The Estado Novo was an authoritarian regime with an [[integralism|integralist]] orientation, which differed from [[fascist]] regimes by its lack of expansionism, lack of a charismatic leader, lack of party structure and more moderate use of state violence.<ref>Kallis, Aristotle A. [http://books.google.com/books?id=tP2wXl5nzboC&pg=PA313&lpg=PA313&dq=estado+novo+fascit&source=web&ots=loM9xsNU7r&sig=TSgWomLAR3hTFq2XstvYIlQJC94#PPA313,M1 Fascism Reader] p. 313-317 2003
Routledge</ref> However it incorporated the same principles for its military from [[Benito Mussolini|Mussolini]]'s system. Its founder in [[Portugal]], [[António de Oliveira Salazar]], was a [[Roman Catholic Church|Catholic]] traditionalist who believed in the necessity of control over the forces of economic modernisation in order to defend the religious and rural values of the country, which he perceived as being threatened. One of the pillars of the regime was the [[PIDE]], the secret police. Many political dissidents were imprisoned at the [[Tarrafal camp|Tarrafal]] prison in the African archipelago of [[Cape Verde]], on the capital island of Santiago, or in local jails. Strict state censorship was in place.

Another authoritarian government, installed in Brazil by President [[Getúlio Dornelles Vargas]], lasted from 1937 to 1945. It was modelled on the Portuguese Estado Novo regime and even took its name.

===4th of August Regime===
{{main|4th of August Regime}}
From 1936 to 1941, [[Greece]] was ruled by an [[authoritarianism|authoritarian]] regime under the leadership of [[General]] [[Ioannis Metaxas]] akin to that of [[Spain under Franco|Franco's Spain]]. Historians of this period in Greek history, such as [[Richard Clogg]], [[John Hondros]], [[William McNeill]], [[Montague Woodhouse, 5th Baron Terrington|C. M. Woodhouse]] and others, all strongly contend that the state was not "fascist" but authoritarian with fascist "leanings".{{Fact|date=December 2007}} The Metaxas regime differed from regimes such as [[Benito Mussolini|Mussolini's]] and [[Adolf Hitler|Hitler's]] in many notable ways: it was relatively nonviolent, did not pursue an [[Megali Idea|expansionist agenda]], it did not institute [[antisemitism|anti-semitic]] programs, and it lacked a mass political movement.{{Fact|date=September 2008}}



===Nouvelle Droite===
{{main|Nouvelle Droite}}
''Nouvelle Droite'', also called the "New Right", is a school of [[politics|political]] thought founded largely on the works of [[Alain de Benoist]] and [[Groupement de recherche et d'études sur la culture européenne|GRECE]] (Research and Study Group on European Culture). It has been identified as a new or sanitized form of [[neo-fascism]], or an ideology of the extreme right that significantly draws from fascism.<ref>see for example: Laqueur, 1996; and Lee, 1997</ref> ''Nouvelle Droite'' arguments can be found in the rhetoric of many major [[radical right]] and [[far-right]] parties in Europe such as the [[National Front (France)|National Front]] in France, the [[Freedom Party of Austria|Freedom Party]] in [[Austria]] and [[Vlaams Belang]] in [[Flanders]] ([[Belgium]]). This, despite the fact that Alain de Benoist and certain other ideologues of the ''Nouvelle Droite'', since the late 80s, had issued statements against some populist far-right movements. {{Fact|date=September 2008}}

===Mobutism===
[[Image:Colonel Mobutu.jpg|thumb|150px|right|[[Mobutu Sese Seko]].]]
[[Image:Flag of Zaire.svg|thumb|200px|left|Flag of [[Zaire]] during the rule of [[Mobutu Sese Seko]] and his [[Popular Movement of the Revolution]].]]
The rule of [[Mobutu Sese Seko]] and the ideology of [[Mobutism]] within the [[Popular Movement of the Revolution]] (''Mouvement Populaire de la Revolution'', MPR) political party in the former [[Zaire]] has been accused by opponents and critics as being fascist <ref>Griffen, G. Edward. 1964 ''The Fearful Master: A Second Look at the United Nations.'' Western Island Publishers. [http://books.google.com/books?id=I81BAAAAIAAJ&q=mobutu+fascist&dq=mobutu+fascist&lr=&pgis=1]</ref> such as former Prime Minister of the [[Democratic Republic of Congo]], [[Patrice Lumumba]] who was deposed by Mobutu, said "...Mobutu is an imperialist, a fascist..."[http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,871759-1,00.html] [[Rosa Coutino]] who called Mobutu a "black fascist"[http://books.google.com/books?id=sp2mivjmm7IC&pg=PA102&dq=mobutu+fascist&sig=ACfU3U2kpXavfblMuhWYD70fDgAa8KX0EA], [[United States]] left-wing black nationalist [[Huey P. Newton]] who referred to Mobutu as "Fascist Mobutu of Zaire"[http://books.google.com/books?id=P1HnXObckeAC&pg=PA85&dq=mobutu+fascist&sig=ACfU3U3BAdXOh7lGt6g9nvYPzN6wCPmh2w] and historian [[Robert Carr]] who considers Mobutu a "fascist dictator" [http://books.google.com/books?id=IHJDaepcRwMC&pg=PA338&dq=mobutu+fascist&lr=&sig=ACfU3U1s5gnh5T-Oj8j47cMX2w5AbEgugA]. Mobutism had a totalitaran and revolutionary nationalist nature, radically altering Zairian society, promoting Zairian culture while purging culture of white colonial and western influences such as intiating censorship on western culture [http://books.google.com/books?id=aowvjFQod9IC&pg=PA188&dq=mobutu+fascist&lr=&sig=ACfU3U1vLJhGJUe7kbYiURT8XGomHf7YOg], banning Christian names while promoting the use of local names and local language. Mobutism like fascism promoted a [[single-party state]] with Mobutu as the country's [[dictator]] and the MPR and Mobutist ideology was officially enshrined in the constitution of Zaire;<ref>Crawford Young and Thomas Turner, The Rise and Decline of the Zairian State, p. 70</ref> developed a [[personality cult]] around Mobutu as the "Father of the Nation" and promoted the [[indoctrination]] of society to support the MPR such as creating by youth organizations in the MPR; was [[militarist]]; officially opposed both [[capitalism]] and [[communism]];<ref>Crawford Young and Thomas Turner, p. 210</ref>supported [[economic planning]] and [[Nationalization|nationalized]] certain corporations<ref>http://books.google.com/books?id=q8BxTS7gZdsC&pg=PA227&dq=mobutu+nationalization&sig=ACfU3U2n-4k1K-_6gbA407CaRoWTwNGkLQ</ref> along with attempting to garner support from workers for his regime by solidifying all trade unions into a single trade union loyal to the regime called the [[National Union of Zairian Workers]] while banning independent trade unions. Others have claimed that Mobutu's rule of Zaire was largely just a [[kleptocracy]], serving to allow him to amass enormous wealth.

==References==
===Notes===
{{reflist|2}}

===Bibliography===
====Primary sources====
<div class="references-small" style="-moz-column-count:2; column-count:2;">
* [[Giovanni Gentile|Gentile, Giovanni]]. 1932. ''[[The Doctrine of Fascism]]''. [[Enciclopedia Italiana]].
* [[António de Oliveira Salazar|de Oliveira Salazar, António ]]. 1939. ''Doctrine and Action: Internal and Foreign Policy of the New Portugal, 1928-1939.'' Faber and Faber.
* [[Oswald Mosley|Mosley, Sir Oswald]]. 1968. ''[[My Life (Sir Oswald Mosley autobiography)|My Life]]''. Nelson Publications.
*[[José Antonio Primo de Rivera|de Rivera, José Antonio Primo]]. 1971. ''Textos de Doctrina Politica''. Madrid.
* [[Benito Mussolini|Mussolini, Benito]]. 1998. ''My Rise And Fall ''. Da Capo Press. ISBN 0306808641
* [[Galeazzo Ciano|Ciano, Galezzo]]. 2001. ''The Ciano Diaries, 1939—1943''. Simon Publications. ISBN 1931313741
* [[Benito Mussolini|Mussolini, Benito]]. 2006. ''My Autobiography: With "The Political and Social Doctrine of Fascism"''. Dover Publications. ISBN 0486447774
</div>

====Secondary sources====
<div class="references-small" style="-moz-column-count:2; column-count:2;">
* [[Renzo De Felice|De Felice, Renzo]]. 1976. ''[http://books.google.com/books?id=ia2BdNGHRYoC&pg=PP1&dq=Fascism+:+an+informal+introduction+to+its+theory+and+practice&lr=&sig=ACfU3U1uWnBOMKbE48eeyWoDBvGW1UIe5Q Fascism: An Informal Introduction to Its Theory and Practice]''. Transaction Books. ISBN 0878556192
* [[Renzo De Felice|De Felice, Renzo]]. 1977. ''[http://books.google.com/books?id=V7uxAAAACAAJ&dq=Interpretations+of+Fascism Interpretations of Fascism]''. Harvard University Press. ISBN 0674459628.
* Ben-Am, Shlomo. 1983. ''[http://books.google.com/books?id=yvSEAAAAIAAJ&q=%224th+of+August+regime%22&dq=%224th+of+August+regime%22&lr=&pgis=1 Fascism from Above: The Dictatorship of Primo de Rivera in Spain, 1923-1930]''. Oxford University Press. ISBN 0198225962
* [[Stanley Payne|Payne, Stanley G]]. 1987. ''[http://books.google.com/books?id=mgDWLYcTYIAC&dq=Francisco+Franco+payne&lr=&source=gbs_summary_s&cad=0 The Franco Regime, 1936-1975]''. University of Wisconsin Press. ISBN 0299110702
* Vatikiotis, Panayiotis J. 1988. ''[http://books.google.com/books?id=mT5DO_cVSfMC&dq=Popular+Autocracy+in+Greece,+1936-1941:+A+Political+Biography+of+General+Ioannis+Metaxas&lr=&source=gbs_summary_s&cad=0 Popular Autocracy in Greece, 1936-1941: A Political Biography of General Ioannis Metaxas]''. Routledge. ISBN 0714648698
* [[Stanley Payne|Payne, Stanley G]]. 1995. ''[http://books.google.com/books?id=NLiFIEdI1V4C&dq=A+History+of+Fascism+payne&lr=&source=gbs_summary_s&cad=0 A History of Fascism, 1914-45]''. University of Wisconsin Press. ISBN 0299148742
*Costa Pinto, António. 1995. ''[http://books.google.com/books?id=Z8Y9AAAACAAJ&dq=Salazar%27s+Dictatorship+and+European+Fascism:+Problems+of+Interpretation&lr= Salazar's Dictatorship and European Fascism: Problems of Interpretation]''. Social Science Monographs. ISBN 0880339683
*Griffiths, Richard. 2001. ''[http://books.google.com/books?id=Y668AAAACAAJ&dq=Griffiths,+Richard+Fascism An Intelligent Person's Guide to Fascism]''. Duckworth. ISBN 0715629182
*Lewis, Paul H. 2002. ''[http://books.google.com/books?id=z3fgxOPSBb4C&dq=Latin+Fascist+Elites&lr=&source=gbs_summary_s&cad=0 Latin Fascist Elites: The Mussolini, Franco, and Salazar Regimes]''. Greenwood Publishing Group. ISBN 027597880X
* [[Stanley Payne|Payne, Stanley G]]. 2003. ''[http://books.google.com/books?id=rsHyAAAACAAJ&dq=Spanish+Fascism&lr= Falange: A History of Spanish Fascism]''. Textbook Publishers. ISBN 0758134452
* [[Robert Paxton|Paxton, Robert O]]. 2005. ''[http://books.google.com/books?id=oGMfAAAACAAJ&dq=The+Anatomy+of+Fascism The Anatomy of Fascism]''. Vintage Books. ISBN 1400033918

* [[Roger Eatwell|Eatwell, Roger]]. 1996. ''Fascism: A History.'' New York: Allen Lane.
*[[Ernst Nolte|Nolte, Ernst]] ''The Three Faces Of Fascism: Action Française, Italian Fascism, National Socialism'', translated from the German by Leila Vennewitz, London: Weidenfeld and Nicolson, 1965.
* [[Wilhelm Reich|Reich, Wilhelm]]. 1970. ''The Mass Psychology of Fascism''. New York: Farrar, Straus & Giroux.
* [[George Seldes|Seldes, George]]. 1935. ''Sawdust Caesar: The Untold History of Mussolini and Fascism''. New York and London: Harper and Brothers.
* [[Alfred Sohn-Rethel]] ''Economy and Class Structure of German Fascism'',London, CSE Bks, 1978 ISBN 0906336007
* Kallis, Aristotle A. ," To Expand or Not to Expand? Territory, Generic Fascism and the Quest for an 'Ideal Fatherland'" Journal of Contemporary History, Vol. 38, No. 2. (Apr., 2003), pp. 237-260.
* [[Jonah Goldberg|Goldberg, Jonah]]. 2007. ''[[Liberal Fascism]]''. New York: Doubleday. ISBN 0385511841
*[[Peter Fritzsche|Fritzsche, Peter]]. 1990. ''Rehearsals for Fascism: Populism and Political Mobilization in Weimar Germany''. New York: Oxford University Press. ISBN 0-19-505780-5
* [[Roger Griffin|Griffin, Roger]]. 2000. "Revolution from the Right: Fascism," chapter in David Parker (ed.) ''Revolutions and the Revolutionary Tradition in the West 1560-1991'', Routledge, London.
* [[Walter Laqueur|Laqueur, Walter]]. 1966. ''Fascism: Past, Present, Future,'' New York: Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1997. ISBN 0-19-511793-X
*Sauer, Wolfgang "National Socialism: totalitarianism or fascism?" pages 404-424 from ''The American Historical Review'', Volume 73, Issue #2, December 1967.
* [[Zeev Sternhell|Sternhell, Zeev]] with [[Mario Sznajder]] and [[Maia Asheri]]. [1989] 1994. ''The Birth of Fascist Ideology, From Cultural Rebellion to Political Revolution.'', Trans. David Maisei. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press.
* Baker, David. "The political economy of fascism: Myth or reality, or myth and reality?" New Political Economy, Volume 11, Issue 2 June 2006 , pages 227 – 250
* [[Roger Griffin|Griffin, Roger]]. 1991. ''The Nature of Fascism''. New York: St. Martin’s Press.
* [[Eugen Weber|Weber, Eugen]]. [1964] 1985. ''Varieties of Fascism: Doctrines of Revolution in the Twentieth Century,'' New York: Van Nostrand Reinhold Company, (Contains chapters on fascist movements in different countries.)
</div>

==External links==
{{wiktionary}}
{{wikiquote}}
{{portal}}
* [http://www.worldfuturefund.org/wffmaster/Reading/Germany/mussolini.htm The Doctrine of Fascism]

{{Ideologies}}
{{fascism_footer}}
{{Autocratic}}

[[Category:Fascism| ]]
[[Category:Politics of Italy]]
[[Category:Political ideologies]]
[[Category:Political systems]]
[[Category:Syncretic political movements]]

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Revision as of 02:55, 11 October 2008

10 October 2008

Category:Fictional_obsessive-compulsives

Category:Fictional_obsessive-compulsives (edit | talk | history | links | watch | logs) (restore | cache) CfD)

This is unfortunately just the latest in a series of questionable closes by Kdbank71 and one of several closes of CfDs for which the only explanation was "The result of the discussion was: delete", even where there was opposition to the close that addressed specific justifications for why the category should be retained. Multiple attempts to obtain any explanation for any of these closes was refused. As I explained at the most egregious of these CfDs, there is ample evidence of character's being described -- and defined -- as Obsessive-compulsive in reliable sources, which addresses the nominator's justification for the deletion, as well as all of the subsequent "per noms". The article "TV cop fights crime, own tics: Shalhoub is outstanding as obsessive-compulsive S.F. officer" describes Adrian Monk by his well-known defining characteristic. "Actor Tony Randall, 84, 'Odd Couple' neatnik" describes Randall as achieving his "... most enduring fame on television as Felix Unger, the obsessive-compulsive neat-freak photographer..." Frasier character Niles Crane is "diagnosed" by a professional interviewed by the Seattle Post-Intelligencer as having OCD (see "Local professionals weigh in on 'Frasier'"). The article "Desperate measures", labels Desperate Housewives character Bree Van de Kamp as fitting in this category, noting "Sure, Bree is obsessive-compulsive." These are just a handful of the reliable and verifiable independent sources that I found in a brief search that are defining the characters included in this category as "Obsessive-compulsive". Thousands of other sources are available to demonstrate that this is a defining characteristic and to place these articles so listed in this category. It is likely that there's cleanup necessary for specific entries in this category that do not have any sources available to support the claim, but that is never an excuse for deleting an entire category. No original research is needed to come to the conclusion that this is a defining characteristic that belongs as a category. As the closing admin has ignored a clear argument supporting the retention of this category, has already started deleting the category despite his own request to take this to DRV, and as no policy argument was offered in the close despite multiple requests, this close is out of Wikipedia process and should be overturned. Alansohn (talk) 17:22, 10 October 2008 (UTC)

  • Endorse deletion. Everyone else participating in the CFD thought this category was typically non-defining and that inclusion depended upon original research, which are valid grounds for deleting a category; that Alansohn still disagrees with those arguments does not provide proper DRV grounds for overturning. Further, the sources he cites above do not prove his position, but instead illustrate the widespread colloquial usage of "obsessive-compulsive" to describe neat-freak personality types rather than to exclusively identify clinically diagnosed psychiatric disorders. Vague character traits, whose significance really depends upon intra-fiction comparisons (such as between Felix and Oscar in The Odd Couple) make a poor basis for categorization. Note also that the same category for real people was previously deleted as non-defining; closing as delete the same category for fictional characters could hardly be considered unreasonable. As a closing note, it's regrettable that Alansohn has made this personal by attacking the closer with hyperbolic rhetoric, rather than just explaining why he thought this CFD should be overturned. That the closer did not elaborate upon his close is not only consistent with applicable deletion policy, but also unnecessary in a straightforward CFD such as this one. Postdlf (talk) 18:05, 10 October 2008 (UTC)
  • This is not a "clinically diagnosed psychiatric disorder", this is a defining characteristic of many fictional characters used as a frequent device in print, television and movies. This is not a trait that a real-life person happens to have, it is a characteristic that has been explicitly and deliberately assigned by the fictional work's creator to define the character, and both casual viewers and the media at large have no problem in recognizing this trait and establishing it as defining, as for Adrian Monk, Felix Unger and other fictional characters. If closing a CfD in which the only justification offered is WP:OR, and multiple reliable, verifiable and independent sources for multiple characters demonstrating that the trait of being described as Obsessive-compulsive is defining and supported for individual characters can be simply ignored with a sniff and a wave of the hand, we have a real problem with the entire CfD system, not just this one out-of-process close. "Everyone else participating in the CFD thought this category was typically non-defining and that inclusion depended upon original research" ignores the multiple sources offered in rebuttal and seems to be defining consensus as a vote-counting exercise. Alansohn (talk) 18:40, 10 October 2008 (UTC)
  • As helpful as the precedent is for retaining the roughly corresponding fictional category, it's not clear that the fictional "disease" is a perfect analog of the real-world one. Nor is there any formal process by which fictional characters can be diagnosed as having obsessive-compulsive disorder. The best way to handle this fictional category is through the kinds of reliable and verifiable independent sources that have already been provided describing the character and referencing the character trait for the particular character. Alansohn (talk) 21:37, 10 October 2008 (UTC)
  • Endorse deletion. I see no reason to establish a "fictional" category for an existing real life category simply to differentiate it as fictional. If a viewer of an article wishes to see other examples of the content, they can receive redirection based on a real life category. If the fictional character can not be represented by the real life category for such a disorder as this, then they should not be characterized as such whether fictitious or not.--JavierMC 21:53, 10 October 2008 (UTC)
  • Relist. Consensus was not clear, and the close was woefully inadequate with respect to an explanation. This should not be CfD2. Closing explanations should be complete without a need for a DRV to comprehend them. --SmokeyJoe (talk) 23:36, 10 October 2008 (UTC)
  • Endorse - DRV isn't CfD part deux. That said, I'm not opposed to a relisting. (Though I'm not sure what the purpose of it would be except for User:Alansohn to have another opportunity for Drama. Yes, I'm losing my good faith for his edits, especially per evidence here, and his harassment of Kbdank71 on Kbdank's talkpage - which apparently has led to a block.) - jc37 23:54, 10 October 2008 (UTC)

Image:Roll the Dice.jpg (edit | talk | history | links | watch | logs) (restore|cache

The image is a low-res picture of a book cover. This was used to illustrate an article which discussed the book and its author, which is fair use. I spent some time explaining this on the talk page when the image was tagged but the deleting admin did not seem to read this as the deletion log indicates that he was deleting several images per minute and didn't skip a beat when he came to this one. I contacted him. His response was perfunctory and he has since been inactive. The thread has now scrolled off his talk page and so here we are. Colonel Warden (talk) 17:17, 10 October 2008 (UTC)

Fair use can be used to justify using the book cover in an article about the book, but not in an article about the author of the book. Endorse deletion. Little Red Riding Hoodtalk —Preceding undated comment was added at 22:47, 10 October 2008 (UTC).
  • Overturn/List at IfD as per reasonable request. --SmokeyJoe (talk) 23:39, 10 October 2008 (UTC)
  • Eh. You can list it at IfD but it will probably be deleted there, as User:NurseryRhyme is correct, the FU exemption is for articles about the book, not the author. If the book is never going to be notable you could probably write some specific FU rationale tailored to that page, but just saying, it might very well be deleted at IfD. Protonk (talk) 02:50, 11 October 2008 (UTC)

Seth Finkelstein

Seth Finkelstein (edit | talk | history | protect | delete | links | watch | logs | views) (restore | cache | AfD))(AfD2) (DRV)

The article appears as a red link in my article Is Google Making Us Stupid? and so it just makes sense to resurrect this article (which I read in some log was actually quite well referenced). Finkelstein is somewhat important. Notable enough, I say. Manhattan Samurai (talk) 04:43, 10 October 2008 (UTC)

  • I'm sure some helpful soul will incorporate this prettily into the drvlinks template above, but the previous discussions here are Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/Seth Finkelstein, Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/Seth Finkelstein (2nd), and Wikipedia:Deletion review/Log/2007 December 30. My opinion is endorse deletion per the latter two, particularly Xoloz's insightful close of the deletion review. Ignoring his own articles in The Guardian (and by long consensus one's own articles don't make a journalist notable) and extraneous news hits for another guy with the same name there is no significant coverage since the last DRV, and no reasons to ignore it given by the nominator. We made the right decision here the first time; let's let this one lie. Chick Bowen 05:09, 10 October 2008 (UTC)
    Seems a pity. Could I look at the article, anyhow?Manhattan Samurai (talk) 05:27, 10 October 2008 (UTC)
    Could it be userified on my talk page or something? I would like to see what was previously written about Seth Finkelstein.Manhattan Samurai (talk) 05:28, 10 October 2008 (UTC)
    Better yet, why is Wikipedia being so difficult about this particular article? Just restore it. Clearly it is bugging people that it isn't around. I am feeling quite self-righteous and may have to raise a storm in the form of an indefinite tornado to rampage against all who wish to keep this article down. It must rise up again! Leave behind your former silliness and endorse an overturn! Thank you. Good day.Manhattan Samurai (talk) 06:17, 10 October 2008 (UTC)
  • Speedy close no process issues raised, no new information presented (substantive of otherwise), just not liking or disagreeing with the outcome is not a DRV matter. --82.7.39.174 (talk) 06:29, 10 October 2008 (UTC)
I don't understand. Didn't I explain that it is a red link in an article I recently wrote so therefore shouldn't this article be written? Yet I have discovered that it was written... and has had a vigorous AfD and DRV debate. It seems like eventually you have to give in, right? Wikipedia is supposed to be a source of information but in this case they seem to be hiding the information behind some kind of deletion server. I would like to read the article (as would many others I'm guessing) so let's restore it, please. Thank you.Manhattan Samurai (talk) 07:54, 10 October 2008 (UTC)
And do our deletion criteria or processes make special account for red links? (Our inclusion criteria specifically exclude internal links from wikipedia.) Can I create a redlink to anything I want very easily, should we provide an end run around every deletion debate just by creating a redlink to something? The existance of a redlink is irrelevant. As to the rest of your statement that enforces the view that you merely disagree with the deletion outcome, something DRV isn't for. Your statement that "It seems like eventually you have to give in, right?" is seriously towards gaming the system. "Wikipedia is supposed to be a source of information" please see Wikipedia is not an indiscriminate collection of information, so no merely being "information" is not sufficient --82.7.39.174 (talk) 19:06, 10 October 2008 (UTC)
I'm sorry, but I believe Finkelstein is notable. He has done a lot of high exposure work, and has received awards for it. Also, these red links are just more proof that he is notable. How many red links does it take for someone to realize, hmm.... it is not that Finkelstein is notable on Wikipedia but in fact notable in real life. Ummm... Wake up.Manhattan Samurai (talk) 19:17, 10 October 2008 (UTC)
"I'm sorry, but I believe Finkelstein is notable." - yes we got that, you disagree with the outcome of the debates, as already above, not what DRV is for. "these red links are just more proof that he is notable" well John Zebedde Fred Zebedde no idea if they are real people but the prescence of the red links is no proof of notability. "How many red links does it take for someone to realize" read links are irrelevant - read the notability guidelines no where does the amount of red links on wikipedia count for anything. It isn't for wikipedia editors to decide based on creaton of red links (how about Bert Zebedde) the general notability is defined elsewhere. Again the consensus so far is that he doesn't meet the inclusion criteria, and again this is just you disagreeing with that debate (and creating a red link to "prove" something, hey I disagree with the deletion of X, I'll work in a red link somewhere, end run around the deletion debate?). Read what WP:DRV is actually for it isn't that, if you have some significant new material which overcomes the issues of the deletion debates then present it, and I'll repeat again create as many red links as you like, the inclusion criteria couldn't care less about them. --82.7.39.174 (talk) 20:57, 10 October 2008 (UTC)
    • There is so much wrong with the above I don't know where to start. It is comments like this that make it so difficult for people like me to defend the rights of IPs to edit. Seth is linked in mainspace, repeatedly. That should be obviously different from you constructing random names and linking them. Moreover, the issue at hand is not whether Seth passes the basic notability criterion since everyone agrees that he does. The issue is whether he is of borderline notability. Since there's no rigorous definition of what constitutes borderline notability (See User:JoshuaZ/Thoughts on BLP) bringing up issues like how often Seth is linked to in mainspace are perfectly reasonable as possible measures of his notability. JoshuaZ (talk) 21:02, 10 October 2008 (UTC)
      • Err so if I created an account and made the same comments you'd not have an issue? What has editing as an IP got to do with this? Sorry you dislike the creation of random names, the point was simple and still is the consensus wrapped up in the notability guidelines doesn't consider them important, if you want to change that then there are far better places to discuss that and change the guidelines than here. The bottom line still is this review isn't based on any new information other than the creation of more internal links within wikipedia and the requester believing the original outcome to be incorrect. --82.7.39.174 (talk) 21:09, 10 October 2008 (UTC)
        • If you had an account I would have likely found another method of expressing my frustration with your remark. The fact that you were an anon is additional frustration precisely because I'm a strong proponent of allowing anons to comment. Now, it appears you didn't address the issue at hand. So let's be clear: Seth is notable. Everyone agrees to that. The question is not how to define notability. The question is how to define "borderline notability." It is perfectly reasonable that valid red links in mainspace are one measure that might could go into the weighing. If you don't see the difference between that are your creation on a talk page of random names then I don't have much to say to you and I doubt almost anyone else will either. JoshuaZ (talk) 21:16, 10 October 2008 (UTC)
  • I've userfied it to User:Manhattan Samurai/Seth Finkelstein. I think this can be closed now. Stifle (talk) 10:51, 10 October 2008 (UTC)
    Thanks.Manhattan Samurai (talk) 17:49, 10 October 2008 (UTC)
  • Endorse deletion, restore original to article space, and delete everything. The community has previously decided to honor the subject's request to not have an article, and nominator here has given us no reason to overturn the prior consensus. More generally, this was not an article that should have been userfied - it should at most have been emailed to the requestor. GRBerry 13:30, 10 October 2008 (UTC)
  • Close - The last DRV was clear as to what was needed to restore this article. Referring to the 2007 December 30 DRV, the DRV closer wrote:

    The consensus below simply does not favor restoration of this article. The question of the subject's "borderline notability" is one that may be reopened should additional sources come to light, but there is no agreement below that the sources presented refute the "borderline notability" conclusion reached at AfD. In contrast to some other BLP deletions (where people must make presumptions on the subject's behalf) this DRV is visited by the gentleman himself, forcefully arguing for his own anonymity. It is a good thing for editors to remain vigilant, and concerned with striking a "balance of interests" in applying WP:BLP. The subject does not own the article bearing his name, and never exercises an absolute veto over its existence. Any "courtesy deletion" of a "borderline notable" person should be taken with utmost care and consideration, weighing both the privacy rights of the individual and the encyclopedia's duty to chronicle every notable truth. The consensus below is that, in this case, due consideration was given, and the right result reached.

Basically, a DRV requesting to recreate this topic as an article needs to include (1) a list of additional sources not in the deleted article and (2) a statement addressing the "balance of interests" and why that balance favors recreate this topic as an article. Feel free to post a new DRV meeting these requirements. -- Suntag 15:10, 10 October 2008 (UTC)
Fine, it just looks a little strange being the only red link in an article I'm working on. But I see the writer (or whatever he is, because I don't really know, which is why I would've liked to read the article) has actually lobbied to have his article deleted.Manhattan Samurai (talk) 15:54, 10 October 2008 (UTC)
  • comment Not endorsing at all on this article since I still disagree strongly with the original deletion. I will however note that I have been keeping careful track of Seth's appearances in the media since the deletion and none of them are significant enough for me to be able to honestly argue that the situation has changed in that regard. We may wish to reconsider the previous DRV and see if the consensus is that same as it was previously. Simply endorsing deletion due to a previous consensus is less than helpful. I've incidentally taken the liberty of letting Seth know about this discussion. JoshuaZ (talk) 16:57, 10 October 2008 (UTC)
    Yes, we should do that. Isn't it crazy that we are not allowed to cover Seth Finkelstein? It is censorship... and really, Finkelstein will just have to get used to the fact that he has a Wikipedia article. We are now in the dark about who Finkelstein is and what he has been doing, yet he continues to write about important issues. I believe Finkelstein is afraid that we may peg his positions on certain issues, but frankly, we have a right to that knowledge. And now he is tangentially involved in a discussion about the magazine article Is Google Making Us Stupid? where knowing something about his positions might be useful, but still there is a refusal to create an article about him. Why are we biting this bullet?Manhattan Samurai (talk) 17:39, 10 October 2008 (UTC)
    • Well, I have to say, this is an outrage! I'm calm but this article is pretty interesting, as is Mr. Finkelstein, and what more, we've been denied continued improvements to his biography. Shouldn't we discuss this again? He's won awards and done some work as an activist. Is he mainly an activist?Manhattan Samurai (talk) 17:54, 10 October 2008 (UTC)
      • Finkelstein has done a variety of things. He first came to wide attention for his work with censorware. He got an EFF Pioneer award for that work. JoshuaZ (talk) 19:01, 10 October 2008 (UTC)
        • There is a web site <http://stalkedbyseth.com/> that is potentially wrongheaded (I'll assume wrongheaded) but for controversial people like Mr. Finkelstein it makes sense to have a Wikipedia article. That way we can come to a consensus on what is a NPOV on him. I want to be able to read in a Wikipedia context about this "stalked by seth" silliness. We really need this article. I like the fact that most often Wikipedia will sort out this kind of nuttiness for you, either on the talk pages or in the edit summary history. Please, overturn this deletion.Manhattan Samurai (talk) 19:45, 10 October 2008 (UTC)
          • The presence of a website devoted to attacking Seth has little bearing on his notability. Do you think this makes me notable? Seth's disputes with a variety of notable people are nearly internet legends but they have no reliable sources talking about those disputes. JoshuaZ (talk) 20:53, 10 October 2008 (UTC)
            • Sigh... it appears yet another Wiki-conspiracy is ongoing. Yet all I want is to have the red link turn blue in my article "Is Google Making Us Stupid?.Manhattan Samurai (talk) 21:18, 10 October 2008 (UTC)
              • There's no wiki-conspiracy here just a lot of history that you might not be aware of. Seth was one of the test cases for courtesy deletion of borderline notable people. Seth had pushed for the deletion of his article for a long time before this finally occurred. I suspect that many people simply don't want an article on the subject at this time because the drama factor would be too high. As far as I can tell if we had someone of Seth's level of notability who was not Seth who requested deletion we would say no. This isn't an example of a "Wiki-conspiracy" just that Wikipedians are humans. JoshuaZ (talk) 21:23, 10 October 2008 (UTC)
                • Sigh... It appears that Wikipedia is being censored. Why else would Seth Finkelstein be exempt from having an article? You can't pick or choose who is written about at Wikipedia. This reference source should be censorship free. I feel like I'm in China. A definite Wiki-conspiracy is ongoing here.Manhattan Samurai (talk) 21:26, 10 October 2008 (UTC)
  • Sigh... This appears to be another one of those cases in which Wikipedia consensus will fail to see reason on a very reasonable request.Manhattan Samurai (talk) 20:39, 10 October 2008 (UTC)
  • It appears to me that Seth Finkelstein has bullied Wikipedia into deleting his article, and is probably quite proud of this feat. It would be nice to reverse it. If you noticed all the other critics in the article on "Is Google Making Us Stupid?" have their own Wiki articles. He is a regular critic from what I can tell, one of some note, having recently written an article titled "Wikipedia isn't about human potential, whatever Wales says". I think Wikipedia should reverse the cowardly deletion of this article. Clearly Finkelstein raises important issues and we have a right to know where he stands. Do we have to start a separate Website to deal with this kind of material involving critics of Wikipedia?Manhattan Samurai (talk) 22:05, 10 October 2008 (UTC)
  • Endorse deletion as nominator on the successful deletion request. Manhattan Samurai, I respect your reasons for wishing a review. And it's been nearly a year since the last one; that's not too soon to ask. If the subject had no objection to an article then I would wholeheartedly endorse your proposal. He has, however, a very articulate and repeated objection to it. Now although the site guidelines offer no specific threshold for borderline notability, I advocate what I call a 'dead trees standard'--which means I offer courtesy deletion nominations upon request for any individual who's the subject of a Wikipedia biography and wants off, so long as the person isn't notable enough to have an article in a reliable paper-and-ink encyclopedia (including specialty encyclopedias). It costs us little in terms of completeness to extend this courtesy and earns substantial goodwill. DurovaCharge! 22:19, 10 October 2008 (UTC)
    That is the most meaningless argument brought up here so far. Let's just throw out your "dead trees standard" which means nothing and sounds Orwellian, and agree that Seth Finkelstein is notable (what were his article's page hits before deletion)? Mr. Finkelstein routinely raises issues of note and yet we can't summarize those issues in his article? Cowardly. The criteria of paper-and-ink encyclopedias are of absolutely no consequence in this DRV. Finkelstein's opinion of Wikipedia is also of no consequence in this DRV. His notability is and that is quite easy to establish. I have yet to see any valid reason not to have an article on Seth Finkelstein.Manhattan Samurai (talk) 22:25, 10 October 2008 (UTC)
    • It isn't meaningless. It is a possible workable standard for testing whether we should include specific individuals who request their deletion. (I've objected extensively to this standard as unworkable for a variety of reasons, but it does have the advantage of being fairly objective). But it isn't meaningless or Orwellian and there seem to be a fair number of editors who agree with it. As far as I can tell, the repeated keeps for Don Murphy suggest that the general consensus for where borderline notability is is a bit lower than what this generally encompasses. JoshuaZ (talk) 22:29, 10 October 2008 (UTC)
      • How many very notable critics of the web are included in specialty encyclopedias, or any type of encyclopedia? Isn't that a little ridiculous? I mean how many encyclopedias have articles on Jimbo Wales? or Larry Sanger? or several of the other critics who are mentioned in the article "Is Google Making Us Stupid?".Manhattan Samurai (talk) 22:32, 10 October 2008 (UTC)
        • Actually, I wouldn't be surprised if Jimbo was in some dead tree sources (there are a surprisingly large number of dead tree encyclopedias about specialized subject), but to some extent you are preaching to the choir. But whether a standard is a bad standard is distinct from where it is meaningless. JoshuaZ (talk) 22:41, 10 October 2008 (UTC)
          • Thank you very much, Joshua, for defending my reasoning in spite of your different conclusion. Manhattan Samurai, Wikipedia has had a small but persistent problem with individuals who don't want an article about themselves. And in fairness to these people, there's a legitimate case to be made on their behalf: a biography article on an open edit website might be abused tactically by these people's competitors when they seek new professional opportunities. A Wikipedia article is often the first result on a Google search and nearly always in the first page. Since we have a conflict of interest guideline asking people to exercise restraint about editing subjects that pertain to themselves, and (being volunteer-run) don't always keep up with these problems as well as we ought, I've thought it was fair to offer a reasonable deletion upon request. 'Dead trees' isn't an ideal standard--its chief advantage is that it's verifiable. But it's my abiding belief that ethical decisions where good people disagree belong in the hands of the individuals who live with the consequences. You and I will walk away from this discussion with little lost or gained either way; Mr. Finkelstein's professional prospects may be affected. His wishes are clear, and my ethical conclusion is to honor them. Your conclusion and Joshua's may differ, but please join him in respect for the conscientious decision behind it. DurovaCharge! 22:50, 10 October 2008 (UTC)
            • I think you are wrong. There are already certain individuals (stalkedbyseth.com) who are attempting to defame Seth Finkelsten. A Wikipedia article about Mr. Finkelstein is unlikely to do that. It would look at the various positions he has taken on certain issues to inform the public. Your argument is a very bad one, considering Seth Finkelstein routinely publishes highly controversial articles, and has most definitely brought some attention to himself. The absence of a Wikipedia article is not going to create some sort of blank slate on his career, but will in fact bring it into focus. I don't think Finkelstein has anything to hide, and in fact, has a lot to be proud of. Also, we (public) have the right to be informed and write a Wiki article about Seth Finkelstein.Manhattan Samurai (talk) 23:09, 10 October 2008 (UTC)
                • Manhattan Samruai, you appear to be unfamiliar with my offsite publications on this subject (I won't link to them but they're pretty easy to Google). Yes, unfortunately, people have come to Wikipedia and misused the site's open edit features with an intent to do unmerited harm to the subject's reputation. This has happened with United States congressional representatives (whom we can't very well delete) and we haven't kept on top of it. Given that we aren't on the ball with the essential biographies, I think it's only right and proper that we honor the subject's wishes in requests to delete the nonessential ones. You may disagree of course, yet please respect that my reasoning has some actual basis. And...um...I'm 'Ms. Durova'. DurovaCharge! 23:28, 10 October 2008 (UTC)
                  • It sounds to me like you are saying Wikipedia is no longer capable of having articles because they are risky to the subjects? Again, I see no argument here put forward that is a legitimate reason for keeping the Finkelstein article deleted.Manhattan Samurai (talk) 23:45, 10 October 2008 (UTC)
  • New information Look at all these recent articles Seth Finkelstein has written about hot-button topics: "How will Wikia cope when the workers all quit the plantation?", "Wikipedia isn't about human potential, whatever Wales says", "Orwell was right: security by obscurity = ignorance is strength", and "Don't just blame the internet for polarised viewpoints". Why again are we not allowed to have some sort of ongoing history/biography of Finkelstein's positions on various issues? Very Orwellian of Wikipedia which usually counters any Orwellian moves on the part of the world. We need this article on Finkelstein.Manhattan Samurai (talk) 22:39, 10 October 2008 (UTC)
    • Sigh. The presence of new articles is a valid point. But could we stop with the cries of Orwellianism? They don't help matters (JoshuaZ's modification of Godwin's Law, as a DRV progresses the probability of a 1984 reference approaches 1). JoshuaZ (talk) 22:41, 10 October 2008 (UTC)
      • I have to wonder if maybe Wikipedia doesn't want to have an article on Seth Finkelstein because of his opinions against Wikipedia and Wikia. There is a lot of weirdness surrounding this deletion of the Finkelstein article.Manhattan Samurai (talk) 22:44, 10 October 2008 (UTC)
        • Heh, when I nominated Angela Beesley's bio for deletion people accused me of having done it because of her WP ties. Now the pendulum has swung so far we get accusations that Seth's bio was deleted for the opposite cause, even though they both went up with the same rationale. Did WP:ABF become policy? DurovaCharge! 00:56, 11 October 2008 (UTC)
          • I'm assuming cowardice on this one. I'm hearing a lot of nothing, a lot of convoluted thinking, and no one addressing the fact that Seth Finkelstein is notable, and that the article about him was well sourced, and how knowing a Wiki article's worth about him is a worthwhile use of server space. No one is addressing that. So maybe I should start assuming bad faith too.Manhattan Samurai (talk) 02:03, 11 October 2008 (UTC)
        • Doubtful, I mean that may be part of it for some people but we have articles about a variety of critics. They haven't requested deletion or anything like that though. JoshuaZ (talk) 22:46, 10 October 2008 (UTC)
  • Endorse but allow recreation if suitable sources are provided. A redlink doesn't justify an article - the redlink can be removed. If an article is justified, there will be reputable secondary sources about the subject. Articles by the subject do not meet our criteria. If suitable sources can be found (reputable commentary about the subject), then a fresh article should be created, as it sounds like the original wasn't based on suitable sources. --SmokeyJoe (talk) 23:49, 10 October 2008 (UTC)
    • You know, it might help just a tad if you were to research matters a bit before commenting on them. There was never a dearth of sources. Finkelstein's notability was clear. The article was deleted because he requested it together with the notion that biographies which were of "borderline notability" should be deleted when the individual in question requested it. JoshuaZ (talk) 00:48, 11 October 2008 (UTC)
    Helllloooooo??? Have you read User:Manhattan_Samurai/Seth_Finkelstein. There are secondary sources. This is tiring. How about we work together to make this article suitable rather than talking abstractly about some potential writing we might do. Just restore the article and then we'll work to bring it up to snuff.Manhattan Samurai (talk) 00:45, 11 October 2008 (UTC)
  • Endorse deletion Manhattan Samurai. Stop badgering people about this. I'm not sure if this is some elaborate performance art or if you feel this is the right way to engage in a discussion of these issues but it is borderline unacceptable. Protonk (talk) 02:55, 11 October 2008 (UTC)