Ethiopian rite

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The Ethiopian rite is the variant of the Alexandrian rite cultivated in Ethiopia . The liturgical language is Old Ethiopian , self-named Ge'ez , which is why the rite is also called the Ge'ez rite . It is used in the Eastern Orthodox and Catholic Eastern Churches of Ethiopia and Eritrea : Ethiopian Orthodox Tewahedo Church , Eritrean Orthodox Tewahedo Church , Ethiopian Catholic Church and Eritrean Catholic Church .

Liturgical history

The Ethiopian liturgy has its roots in late antique Christianity of the Aksumite Empire . In its current state of development, the Ethiopian Rite is a younger variant of the Alexandrian Rite in terms of order and texts (the other variant of which includes the Coptic Rite ). Of course, he has absorbed some of the Ethiopian “homeland” in the country. It is unclear to what extent this is early Christian material that came into the country soon after the missionary work of Aksum in the 4th century, and to what extent it was only medieval translations via Arabic or contemporary local creations. For some services there is a double order, one domestic and one imported. The original Ethiopian texts of the liturgy are rarely older than from the 14th / 15th centuries. Century.

Sacramental celebrations

Eucharist

The current order of the Ethiopian celebration of the Eucharist or Mass corresponds to a gutted Coptic liturgy of St. Basil. The “Anaphora of the Apostles” is usually inserted in place of the Basil's anaphora . This is an edited version of the Eucharistic Prayer of the Traditio Apostolica . Numerous other anaphors are in use as exchange forms, some of which are imported texts from ancient churches and some of Ethiopian original compositions from the Middle Ages. These include the peculiar Mary anaphora and the Chrysostom anaphora (not identical to the Byzantine liturgy of the same name).

Texts:

  • The Liturgy of the Ethiopian Church. Translated by Marcos Daoud, revised by Marsie Hazen. Addis Ababa: Berhanena Selam Pr. 1954 A. Mis. (Reprinted in 2005 by Kegan Paul Publishing, London, ISBN 978-0-7103-1154-2 ). Reprint from Jamaica also available on the Internet (PDF file; 976 kB).
  • Alfons Maria Mitnacht: The Mass Liturgy of the Catholics of the Ethiopian Rite . Würzburg 1960.
  • Ras Tafari: Liturgy Book of Ethiopian Orthodox Tewahedo Church. Preparatory Service, Anaphora of the Apostles and Anaphora of St. Dioscorus in Ge'ez, Amharic, English and English Phonetic Transcription. Los Angeles 2012, ISBN 978-1-50071916-6 .

Studies:

  • SB Mercer: The Ethiopic Liturgy: its Sources, Development, and Present Form . AMS Press, New York 1970 (= 1915) (unreliable and also out of date). Original edition from 1915 on the Internet
  • Hugo Duensing: Review by SAB Mercer. In: Göttinger learned advertisements 178 (1916) 625-656 (fundamental).
  • Ernst Hammerschmidt: Studies in the Ethiopic Anaphoras . Second revised edition (Ethiopian Research 25), Stuttgart 1987.
  • Verena Böll: 'Our Mistress Maria'. The traditional Ethiopian exegesis of the Marian anaphora by Cyriacus of Behnesa. (Ethiopian Research 48), Wiesbaden 1998.
  • Getatchew Haile: Religious Controversies and the Growth of Ethiopic Literature in the Fourteenth and Fifteenth Centuries. In: Oriens Christianus 65 (1981) 102-136 (on domestic anaphore production).
  • Maija Priess: The Ethiopian Chrysostomos Anaphora. Harrassowitz, Wiesbaden 2006, ISBN 3-447-05428-X .
  • Habtemichael Kidane: Does the Ethiopian Pre-Anaphora maintain the Egyptian Preparatory Service? Towards a study of the Sərə'atä Qəddase. In: Daniel Assefa - Hiruy Abdu (ed.): Proceedings of the First International Conference on Ethiopian Texts . CFRRC Press, Addis Ababa 2016, 75-112.

Anointing of the sick

The Ethiopian Church knows two different liturgical orders:

  • the Maṣḥhafa Bārey ("Book of Pearl"), in Ethiopia, originated in the 7th or 8th year of the reign of the emperor Zarʼa Yāʿqob (1441/42 or 1442/43).
  • the Maṣḥafa Qandil ("Book of the Candlestick"), a more recent Ge'ez translation of the corresponding ritual of the Coptic liturgy , created from Arabic under King Galãwdēwos (1540–1559). German version: A. Gladel: Translation of the book of the candlestick, ie the prayers at the dispensing of the last unction according to the Ethiopian rite. In: Theologische-Praktische Viertelschrift 77 (1924) 650-665.

Penance

The liturgy for church reconciliation ( reconciliation ) of seriously guilty Christians, e.g. B. after apostasy and adultery, can be found in the Maṣḥafa Qēdar, which goes back to a Coptic-Arabic model, the "rite of the basin" (Tartib amal al-qidr).

  • Gebre Māryām Emān: Il rito del Sacramento della Penitenza nella Chiesa etiopica . Diss. Roma: Pont. Is. Orientale 1964 (unprinted).
  • Roger Cowley: Rez.Getatchew Haile, A Catalog of Ethiopian Manuscripts ... Vol. VIII . In: Journal of Semitic Studies 32 (1987) 372-374 (analysis).

Funeral service

Maṣḥafa Genzat

  • Friedrich Erich Dobberahn: The Ethiopian funeral rite . In: H. Becker - H. Ühlein (ed.): Liturgy in the face of death. Judaism and Eastern Churches . EOS, St Ottilien 1997. Vol. 1, 137-316. 657-683 (edition of the Ethiopian text with commentary), Vol. 2, 859-1036 (German translation with explanations).
  • Getatchew Haile: The Mashafa Genzat as a Historical Source Regarding the Theology of the Ethiopian Orthodox Church. In: Scrinium 1 (St. Petersburg 2005) 58-76.

Celebration of the hours (times of the day)

  • Habtemichael-Kidane: L'ufficio divino della Chiesa etiopica. Studio storico-critico con particolare riferimento alle ore cattedrali. Pontificio Istituto Orientale, Rome 1998, ISBN 88-7210-320-7 ( Orientalia Christiana Analecta 257), (also: Rom, Pontificio Istituto Orientale, Diss., 1990).
  • Osvaldo Raineri: Il libro della luce di Giyorgis di Saglā. In: Orientalia Christiana Periodica 80 (2014) 87-141 ( Horologion Ethiopian editors).

Festivals and celebrations

  • Emmanuel Fritsch: The Liturgical Year of the Ethiopian Church. The Temporal: Seasons and Sundays (= Ethiopian Review of Cultures. Special Issue 9-10). Addis Ababa 2001.
  • C. v. Arnhard: Liturgy for the baptism feast of the Ethiopian Church. Diss. Munich 1886.

The Synaxarium Aethiopicum (comparable to the western martyrology ) was translated from an Egyptian model around 1400 and enriched with special items in Ethiopia.

  • H. Duensing: Does the Ethiopian Synaxar provide material on the history of Abyssinia? Diss. Göttingen 1900.
  • Gérard Colin: Le synaxaire Ethiopia. Etat actuel de la question. In: Analecta Bollandiana 106 (1988) 273-317.
  • Gérard Colin: L'édition indigène du synaxaire éthiopien. In: Analecta Bollandiana 119 (2001) 48-58.

literature

Web links