Overcompensation
In general, overcompensation is understood to mean an adjustment ( compensation ) that is higher than the difference to the normal state and thus “overshoots the target”. The term is often used in psychology. A similar phenomenon in language is hypercorrection .
psychology
According to Alfred Adler, overcompensation is the excessive compensation of physical, mental, character or social deficiencies as a reaction to inferiority complexes . Adler saw three conditions that could cause compensation to overshoot and become overcompensation. These are the barriers of culture, the chaining of the dominant superstructure to other psychic fields (visual superstructure to the acoustic etc.) and the invalidity of the compensations. Adler cited as examples: genius, inferiorities in the visual apparatus of poets and painters, organ inferiorities such as stuttering in speakers, actors and singers, ear disorders in musicians. The term is established in individual psychology.
Possible causes are seen in the child's misdevelopment: Small children experience themselves as clumsy and dependent on their parents. In its upward development, the child strives to compensate for these feelings of inferiority by developing its own skills - with the result that a balance is then established between emphasis on the ego and community integration. If the equilibrium cannot be established or if it continues to feel inferior, it will try to achieve this by overcompensation.
Upbringing errors turn out to be, on the one hand, excessive protection and, on the other hand, tough measures that the child cannot comprehend, such as unjustified punishment or neglect , rigorous suppression or refusal of wishes, and excessive expectations in the form of projections of the adults' own wishes. These can lead to a disturbed parent-child relationship and, as a result, to an unresolved sense of community . This burdened sense of community, in turn, leads to an overemphasis on the ego due to the increased demands of the environment and thus to overcompensation for feelings of inferiority. In connection with a complex-laden striving for power or a desire for recognition, feelings of inferiority can increase to a " profile neurosis ". This behavior often sets in with a time delay to the actual cause or causes, so that it is usually uncontrollable for the person and beyond their own conscious awareness. This is where therapeutic work-up measures can begin with the aim of calming down and balancing out the nervous tendencies.
Finances
Overcompensation occurs if the savings in income tax due to the crediting of the trade tax are higher than the trade tax actually paid.
Sports
The principle of overcompensation, also known as supercompensation in sports science , states that after a training load, the body not only restores the readiness to provide the same level of performance, but also increases performance beyond the original level in the course of recovery ( regeneration ).
Electrical engineering
Overcompensation occurs when the capacitive (or inductive) reactive power formed by compensation is greater than the required inductive (capacitive) reactive power.
literature
- Heinz L. Ansbacher, Rowena R. Ansbacher: Alfred Adler's individual psychology. A systematic presentation of his teaching in excerpts from his writings. Ernst Reinhardt Verlag, Munich 1982, ISBN 3-497-00979-2 .
- Jürgen Weineck: Optimal training. Performance physiological training with a special focus on children and youth training. 16th edition Spitta Verlag, Balingen 2009, ISBN 978-3-938509-96-8 .
Web links
Individual evidence
- ^ Alfred Adler, Heilen und Bilden 1914, Fischer Taschenbuch 1973
- ↑ Model of overcompensation on sportunterricht.de, accessed on July 1, 2013.