Addis Ababa Agreement (1972)

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Signed on 27 February 1972 Addis Ababa Agreement ( English Addis Ababa Agreement on the issue of South Sudan ) was a peace agreement that the first secessionist war in southern Sudan ended (1955-1972). The parties to the agreement negotiated and ratified in the capital of Ethiopia under the auspices of the Ethiopian Emperor Haile Selassie were the Sudanese government led by President Jafar an-Numairi and the political arm of the South Sudanese rebel movement Anya-Nya , the SSLM (Southern Sudan Liberation Movement).

The aim of the agreement, which became part of the Sudanese constitution in 1973, was, in addition to the conclusion of peace, the establishment of a sustainable post-war order. As a result, Sudan's three southern provinces, Bahr-al Ghazal , Equatoria and Upper Nile, were united into an autonomous region ( Southern Sudan Autonomous Region ) within the entire Sudanese state. As part of the independence of South Sudan, a regional government ( High Executive Council ) and a regional parliament ( People's Regional Assembly ) were established. The areas of extensive self-administration also included own security organs. The Addis Ababa Agreement also regulated the resettlement of South Sudanese refugees who had fled the war, the integration of Anya Nya fighters into the Sudanese army and the South's rights to participate in the entire Sudanese government apparatus. English was also recognized as an administrative and school language instead of Arabic . The agreement became the basis of a decade of conditional stability in the relationship between North and South Sudan. Massive difficulties in the implementation of the treaty articles and differences, among other things due to the economic disadvantage of the South in the exploitation of oil reserves , ultimately caused the agreement to fail. Interventions by the increasingly Islamist central government in the region's self-governing structure and disputes over the definition of borders led to massive conflicts. The actual or supposed responsibility of the North for economic grievances also caused dissatisfaction among the southern population with the implementation of the agreement. As a result, social unrest broke out in many areas.

In May 1983, troops from the south rebelled against the Numairi regime, initiating the beginning of the second civil war, which lasted until 2005. On June 5, 1983, President Numairi canceled the Addis Ababa Agreement.

literature

  • Douglas Hamilton Johnson: The Root Causes of Sudan's Civil Wars . In: African Issues . James Currey Publishers, 2003, ISBN 0-85255-392-7 , pp. 41 .

Individual evidence

  1. ^ The Addis Ababa Agreement. In: Encyclopaedia Britannica. Retrieved December 12, 2018 .
  2. ^ A b Richard A. Lobban Jr., Robert S. Kramer, Carolyn Fluehr-Lobban: Historical Dictionary of the Sudan . 3rd ed. The Scarecrow Press. Inc., Lanham, MD, and London 2002, ISBN 0-8108-4100-2 , pp. 13, 265 .
  3. ^ Douglas Hamilton Johnson: The Root Causes of Sudan's Civil Wars. (African Issues) . James Currey Publishers, Rochester, NY 2003, ISBN 1-84701-029-6 , pp. 41 .
  4. ^ David H. Shinn: Addis Abeba Agreement: was it destined to fail and are there lessons fort he Current Sudan Peace Process? In: Annales d Ethiopie . Vol. 20, 2004, pp. 242 .
  5. ^ Douglas Hamilton Johnson: The Root Causes of Sudan's Civil Wars. (African Issues) . James Currey Publishers, Rochester, NY 2003, ISBN 1-84701-029-6 , pp. 6 .
  6. ^ David H. Shinn: Addis Abeba Agreement: was it destined to fail and are there lessons fort he Current Sudan Peace Process? In: Annales d Ethiopie . Vol. 20, 2004, pp. 245 .
  7. ↑ Stephanie F. Beswick: The Addis Ababa Agreement: 1972-1983 harbringer of the second civil war in the Sudan . In: Northeast African Studies . Vol. 13, No. 2/3 , 1991, p. 211 .
  8. ^ David H. Shinn: Addis Abeba Agreement: was it destined to fail and are there lessons fort he Current Sudan Peace Process? In: Annales d Ethiopie . Vol. 20, 2004, pp. 246 .