Old Lombard language
The language level of the Lombard language of the late Middle Ages , especially the 13th and 14th centuries, is called Old Lombard . It is the language in which the Milanese writers Bonvesin da la Riva and Pietro de Barsegapè, among others , wrote their works in the second half of the Duecento , which is why Old Lombardy is also of some importance for Italian literary history and dialectology .
properties
The Old Lombard language shows precursors to modern Lombard language in many areas and thus represents a helpful source for its historical grammar. The distinguishing features include:
- Final vowels are often still preserved. For example, the intermediate stage quisti 'this' can be documented, which emerged from * questi through metaphony and became quist in modern Lombard through apocope .
- In contrast to contemporary Lombard, the subject pronoun could still be left out (e.g. avé no podeven fioli '[They] could not have children', Vita di Sant'Alessio 17).
- There are still remnants of the perfect tense . However, it has already been shown many times how their uniqueness is endangered by sound changes. For example, the forms dicit 'says' and dixit 'said', the latter via * di (s) se to / ˈdize /, coincide.
- Morphologically, the literary Old Lombard language is characterized, among other things, by the presence of numerous variations in form. For example, apocopied infinitives are placed on -à next to full forms on -are .
State of research
The Old Lombardy is well documented, but the research is subject to some limitations. Since the medieval copyists did not use diacritical marks in the sense of modern orthography, the spelling often does not provide any direct information about the phonetic level. There are also often Latinized or Tuscanized spellings that cannot be reconciled with the Lombard pronunciation. Since no elisions were marked in the medieval manuscripts , it cannot be conclusively determined, for example, whether or in which cases ⟨che⟩ stands for the mere conjunction che 'that' and how often the sequence is actually ch'e 'that I' is reading. Such questions are of central importance for the development of the obligatory subject pronouns in modern Lombard.
example
Quiloga se lomenta lo Satanas traitor
Dra Vergene Maria matre del Salvator,
E dise: “Oi guaia mi, com sont in gran dolor,
Quam grand sopergiọ me fa la matre del Segnor […].”
Bonvesin da la Riva , De Sathana cum Virgine 1-4
The treacherous Satan complains here
about the Virgin Mary, mother of the Redeemer,
and says: "Oh, woe to me,
how much sorrow am I, what a great abuse the Lord's mother inflicts on me [...]."
Explanations
The / r / in dra (← de la ) 'von der' is about Rhotazism . The word matre is to expect a latinisierende case would actually * madre as di Occlusive / ptk / between vowels or between vowel and liquids to / bdg be / sonorisiert (see. Neulombardisch mader ← * madr ). Quiloga 'here' is a typical old Lombard adverb with an etymology that has not been conclusively clarified .
literature
Secondary literature
- György Domokos: Appunti su morfologia e sintassi del Milanese di Bonvesin de la Riva. In: Aevum. 72 fasc. 3 (1998), pp. 619-631.
- Silvia Morgana: Storia linguistica di Milano . Roma: Carocci 2012.
- Adolfo Mussafia : Representation of the old Milanese dialect based on Bonvesin's writings . (From the April issue of the 1868 year of the meeting reports of the philos.-hist. Cl. Of the Imperial Academy of Sciences [LIX. Vol. P. 5] reprinted.) K. Gerold's Sohn, Vienna 1868.
- Raymund Wilhelm: Bonvesin da la Riva agiografo e volgarizzatore: Dagli exempla della Vita scholastica ai miracoli in volgare , in: Michele Colombo, Paolo Pellegrini, Simone Pregnolato (eds.): Storia sacra e profana nei volgarizzamenti medioevali . Berlin / Boston: De Gruyter 2019, pp. 19–40.
Old Lombard texts
- Bonvesin da la Riva: I volgari di Bonvesin da la Riva. Testi dei mss. Trivulziano 93 (vv. 113 – fine), Ambrosiano T. 10 sup., N. 95 sup., Toledano capitolare 10–28, a cura di Adnan Gökçen (= Studies in Italian culture. 32). Peter Lang, New York / Vienna 2001.
- Bonvesin da la Riva: I volgari di Bonvesin da la Riva: testi del ms. Berlinese, a cura di Adnan Gökçen . New York / Vienna: Peter Lang 1996 (= Studies in Italian culture 18).
- Bonvesin da la Riva: La vita di Sant'Alessio: edizione secondo il codice Trivulziano 93, a cura di Raymund Wilhelm . Tübingen: Niemeyer 2006 (= supplements to the journal for Romance philology . 335).
- Bonvesin da la Riva: Le opere volgari di Bonvesin da la Riva, a cura di Gianfranco Contini . Roma: Società Filologica Romana 1941.
- Pietro de Barsegapè: The rhyming sermon of Pietro da Barsegapè. Critical text with introduction, grammar and glossary, edited by Emil Keller . Frauenfeld: Huber 1901.
Individual evidence
- ↑ Bonvesin da la Riva: La vita di Sant'Alessio: edizione secondo il codice Trivulziano 93, a cura di Raymund Wilhelm (= Supplements to the journal of Romance Philology . 335). Niemeyer, Tübingen 2006, p. 49 (accessed via De Gruyter Online).
- ↑ See La vita di Sant'Alessio: edizione secondo il codice Trivulziano 93, a cura di Raymund Wilhelm (= supplements to the magazine for Romance philology . 335). Niemeyer, Tübingen 2006, p. 19, introduction by the editor (accessed from De Gruyter Online).
- ↑ See La vita di Sant'Alessio: edizione secondo il codice Trivulziano 93, a cura di Raymund Wilhelm (= supplements to the magazine for Romance philology . 335). Niemeyer, Tübingen 2006, p. 25, editor's introduction (accessed via De Gruyter Online).