Lombard language
| Lombard (Lombard: lumbaart, lombard) |
||
|---|---|---|
| speaker | 3.5 million | |
| Linguistic classification |
|
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| Language codes | ||
| ISO 639 -1 |
- |
|
| ISO 639 -2 |
roa (other Romance languages) |
|
| ISO 639-3 |
lmo |
|
The term Lombard (Lombard lumbaart, lombard ) refers to a group of related language varieties belonging to the Romance languages that are used in Lombardy , in the Piedmontese provinces of Verbano-Cusio-Ossola and Novara , in Trentino , in Ticino , in the southern valleys of Graubünden and spoken in Brazil ( Botuverá , Santa Catarina ). Lombardic is classified as a separate language by Ethnologue and the UNESCO Red Book on Endangered Languages . Due to the onset at least since the 1970s trend that Italian literary language as slang to use, the Lombardy is strong in decline and classified as endangered language.
structure
The Lombard varieties can be roughly divided into two to three groups:
-
Western Lombard, spoken in the provinces of Novara , Verbano-Cusio-Ossola , Varese , Como , Sondrio , Lecco , Monza and Brianza , Milan , Pavia , Lodi as well as in the Swiss cantons of Ticino and Graubünden
- an autonomous group within western Lombardy is Alpine Lombardy, which is spoken in the Val d'Ossola, Sopraceneri, Misox, around Chiavenna, in the Upper Veltlin, in Bergell, in Poschiavo and in Livigno
- Eastern Lombard, spoken in the provinces of Bergamo , Brescia , Trento and in and around Crema .
The western Lombard varieties of Valtellina and Graubünden are close to the neighboring Rhaeto-Romanic varieties.
properties
Phonology
- In contrast to most other Romance languages, many Lombard dialects (similar to Rhaeto-Romance) have phonematic vowel quantities , for example pas [paːs] ›peace‹ vs. pass [pas] ›step‹, ciapaa [ʧaˈpaː] ›taken m.‹ vs. ciapà [ʧaˈpa] ›take‹.
- A typical feature of Lombard, which neighboring Romanesque dialects, Rhaeto-Romanic and French also know, is the palatalization of the emphasized Latin ū to / y /: müür ›wall‹ ( Latin mūru (m); it muro ).
- How auslautender vowel other than / a is in the adjacent Roman dialects in Romansh and in French / apokopiert , for example mouth, moon 'world' (from the Latin mundu (m);... See it mondo).
- Lombard knows widespread receipt of Latin / u /, for example cur ›rennen‹ (Latin currere, but Tuscan and therefore it. Correre); tur ›tower‹ (Latin turri (m), but Tuscan / Italian torre). Also uplift from the Latin / o / to / u / as in the neighboring varieties common to see pude, pude, Pudi > can <(from Vulgar Latin potere for classical posse;... See it potere..).
- The Latin cluster cl and gl are to c (i) - [tʃ], g (i) - [dʒ] palatalised about, ciamà > call <(from lat clamare;. See it chiamare..) Or Giera > Gravel ‹(from Latin glarea (m); cf. Italian ghiaia).
- Lombard then knows lenization of voiceless plosives in intervocalic position, for example fadiga ›tired‹ (from Latin fatiga (m); cf. Italian fatiga), muneda, moneda ›coin, money‹ (from Latin moneta (m); . it. moneta).
- Latin -ce, -ge become alveolar affricates or sibilants , for example GELUM> dzel, zel ›ice‹ (from Latin gelu (m); cf. it. Gelo);
- A typical characteristic of Lombard is the post-verbal negation, which is unknown in the other Romance languages, for example a vöri minga ›I don't want‹ in contrast to the Italian io non voglio ›I don't want‹, or vör el minga trincà? ›Does he not want to drink?‹ In contrast to the Italian egli non vuole bere? ›He doesn't want to drink?‹.
- Very generally characteristic of the dialects of Northern Italy are monophthongization , degemination, affriction , intervocal sonorization, apocopes and the associated final desonization , cf. for example öf ›egg‹ (with monophthonging, apocope, final sounding from Latin ovu (m)), noc [nɔt͡ʃ] ›night '(with affriction, apocope from Latin nocte (m)).
morphology
At the morphological level, the "subtractive plural" is particularly noteworthy. In contrast to most Indo-European languages, the feminine plural is usually not marked by a suffix or an inflected morpheme, but by the omission of the final: la dona ›die Frau‹> i don ›die Frau en ‹.
syntax
A typical property of Lombard is the post-verbal negation, which is unknown in most other Romance languages, for example a vöri minga ›I don't want‹ in contrast to the Italian io non voglio ›I don't want‹, or vör el minga trincà ? ›Does he not want to drink?‹ In contrast to the Italian egli non vuole bere? ›He doesn't want to drink?‹.
Lexicons
Another typical characteristic is the considerable use of idiomatic phrasal verbs (verb- particle constructions), for example trà ›pull‹, trà via ›wasting, throwing away‹, trà sü › throwing up‹, trà fö (ra) ›taking away‹; maià ›eat‹, maià fö (ra) ›waste‹.
use
In Switzerland
In Switzerland, the local Lombard varieties are generally better preserved and livelier. There are fewer, and in rural areas, no negative feelings associated with the use of Lombard in everyday life, even when speaking to complete strangers. In the urban part of Ticino, however, dialect speaking is increasingly restricted to private life; the dialect withdraws accordingly from the public. Some radio and television programs, especially comedies, are occasionally broadcast in Lombard by RSI (Radiotelevisione Svizzera) . Also, it's not uncommon for people to answer spontaneous questions in Lombard. There are even television commercials in Lombard.
The most important research institution that deals with Lombard dialects is the CDE - Centro di dialettologia e di etnografia in Bellinzona , which is operated by the Canton of Ticino. It has been developing the multi-volume Vocabolario dei dialetti della Svizzera italiana (VSI) since 1952 , and in December 2004 the CDE published the short version of the Lessico dialettale della Svizzera italiana (LSI), a five-volume dictionary for all Lombard varieties spoken in Switzerland . In 2013, a two-volume dictionary called Repertorio italiano - dialetti (RID) was finally published in reverse, that is, standard Italian - Lombardy arranged .
Lombardic is not legally recognized as a language in Switzerland; the corresponding areas are considered Italian-speaking. Lombardic is regarded as an Italian dialect and is treated analogously to the German-Swiss dialects.
In Italy
In Italy, Lombard is rarely used these days for historical and social reasons. Speaking a variety that deviates from the standard Italian language is considered an expression of poor education or of low social origin. Italian politicians advised against the use of Lombard because the language was seen as a hindrance to the development of a national identity. Nowadays, people under the age of forty in Lombardy, Italy, use the standard Italian language almost exclusively in everyday life, as school lessons and the media are dominated by Italian. Lombard speakers will almost always speak Italian to a stranger. The popularity of modern singers singing in a Lombard variety is a relatively new phenomenon in Switzerland and Italy.
literature
- Albert Bachmann , Louis Gauchat , Carlo Salvioni , R. P .: Languages and Dialects. In: Geographical Lexicon of Switzerland , Volume V: Switzerland - Tavetsch. Attinger, Neuenburg 1908, pp. 58–94 ( online ; on Italian and Lombard: pp. 86–90).
- Giovanni Bonfadini: Lombardi, dialetti. In: Enciclopedia dell'Italiano, Volume 1. Ed. By the Istituto dell'Enciclopedia Italiana. Treccani, Rome 2010 ( online ).
- Stefan Hess : The myth of the four national languages. Once there were more than just four languages - how it came about that Switzerland has been officially four languages since 1938. In: Basler Zeitung , September 20, 2011 (beginning of article: http://www.genios.de/presse-archiv/artikel/BAZ/20110920/der-mythos-von-den-vier-landessprac/2011092035,371238520996.html ) .
- Michele Loporcaro: Profilo linguistico dei dialetti italiani. Bari 2009. ISBN 978-88-420-8920-9 .
- Georges Lüdi , Iwar Werlen : Language landscape in Switzerland. Neuchâtel 2005.
- Franco Lurà: Il dialetto del Mendrisiotto. Mendrisio / Chiasso 1987.
- Ottavio Lurati: Dialetto e italiano regional nella Svizzera italiana. Lugano 1976.
- Dario Petrini: La koinè ticinese (= Romanica Helvetica. Volume 105). Bern 1988.
- Raymund Wilhelm: Regional language history as the history of a multilingual area. Perspectives on a linguistic history of Lombardy. In: Jochen Hafner, Wulf Oesterreicher (Ed.): In conversation with Clio. Romance language histories and language historiography. Narr, Tübingen 2007, pp. 79-101.
Web links
- Ethnologue
- Centro di dialettologia e di etnografia del Cantone Ticino
- Istituto di dialettologia e di etnografia valtellinese e valchiavennasca
- VSI - Vocabolario dei dialetti della Svizzera italiana
- LSI - Lessico dialettale della Svizzera italiana
- DOSI - Documenti orali della Svizzera italiana
Individual evidence
- ↑ PDF at www.istat.it
- ^ University of Leiden Brazilian Bergamasch : [1] .
- ↑ See Martin Schuler, Thérèse Huissoud, Christophe Jemelin, Suzanne Stofer: Structural Atlas of Switzerland. Edited by the Federal Statistical Office. Verlag Neue Zürcher Zeitung, Zurich 1997, p. 220 f., According to which in 1990 less than a quarter spoke of those under twenty in urban areas in the Dialekt family.