Altimetric
Altmetrics ( plural: altmetrics ) is a nesting word made up of alternative and metric and was first used as the English expression altmetrics .
In scientific publications, bibliometric indicators are called legacy metrics and serve as an alternative to traditional bibliometric indicators such as the impact factor and the h -index .
history
The term was introduced in 2010 by Jason Priem et al. initially proposed as a generic term for article-based key figures. It is based on the hashtag #altmetrics.
Traditional bibliometric indicators that are calculated from citations can sometimes only be determined years after the publication of a scientific paper. New forms of scientific communication are not taken into account, although they can give indications of the importance of a publication much earlier.
Therefore, publishers such as the Public Library of Science (PLoS) began to display the use of the online articles as additional information in 2009. These article-based metrics have been expanded to include additional online data v. a. from scientific communication in Web 2.0 .
Methods
Legacy metrics try to develop and quantify the broadest possible spectrum of reactions on the web to a scientific publication. They are similar to web metrics.
Originally, citations were not included in the metrics.
Actions taken by a document on the web are measured
- use (access and download),
- discuss and link to websites of scientific institutions or news portals,
- discuss and like e.g. B. in (micro) blogs or social networks ,
- reference in web-based literature management systems such as Mendeley.
Legacy metrics
- Altmetric.com Altmetric Score : A count of various web sources where an action was taken on a publication. Individual values categorized according to source type and a summarized, weighted score are output.
- PlumX Metrics from Plum Analytics: Listing and visualization of online actions relating to a publication.
- PLoS Article Level Metrics (ALM): The usage data that is displayed for each publisher's article includes both traditional citations and web actions.
Valuation subject
Despite their original use as article-based metrics , legacy metrics can also be collected for people, institutions, magazines, books, data sets or other analog and digital objects.
Websites and projects
service provider
Various service providers such as Altmetric.com or Plum Analytics calculate and publish metrics for scientific publications. Via an interface z. B. Authors can display the key figures and their graphic representation in their publication list.
The aforementioned providers also offer their values as graphical symbols that are intended to visually clarify the calculated score. The best known is the donut from Altmetric.com.
Publishers and editors of scientific publications
Scientific publishers such as BioMed Central, Elesevier, Frontiers, Nature Publishing Group or Public Library of Science determine and publish article-based metrics as additional information for the articles in their journals.
Scientific institutions and funding organizations
The Snowball Metrics , an initiative by UK research institutes to measure and compare research performance, includes Twitter numbers as one of the components.
interpretation
Legacy metrics offer additional and quickly accessible information about the reception of scientific publications in the scientific community, but also about the transfer of knowledge to the public. They reflect modern communication habits, but here too they depict subject cultures and general trends.
Another advantage is that not only journal articles, but also other publications, including data sets, can be measured and evaluated. In addition, Altmetrics data reacts to an interesting publication within days or weeks, whereas traditional quotations take years. Researchers could therefore use altmetrics data to preselect their literature study.
criticism
Many methods are still in the test stage, and the algorithms for calculating the values are constantly being readjusted. The informative and predictive power of legacy metrics is controversial. There is sometimes a link between blog post mentions and traditional citations, but not always. The correlation of traditional quotes with Twitter references is negligible (pooled r = 0.003), with blog counts low (pooled r = 0.12) and with bookmark counts from online reference managers medium to high (CiteULike pooled r = 0.23 ; Mendeley pooled r = 0.51).
With legacy metrics, there is a risk of gaming , that is, the targeted manipulation of online metrics by authors themselves. For the sociologist Martina Franzen, the main thing for authors is "to operate successful reputation management and actively use self-promotion in social media To ensure evaluations of others or tailor-made target group communication to steadily increase one's own click figures. ”Against this background, the scientific community is divided as to whether old metrics can actually contribute to the evaluation of scientific quality or are just pure numbers.
In addition, alternative metrics just as little as citation metrics meet the principles of openness such as scientific verifiability and modeling, transparency in their creation and their methodology, conformity with the principles of open science .
See also
Individual evidence
- ↑ a b J. Priem, D. Taraborelli, P. Groth, C. Neylon, altmetrics: a manifesto, 2010, http://altmetrics.org/manifesto/
- ↑ "Altmetrics is the study and use of non-traditional scholarly impact measures that are based on activity in web-based environments", quotation from [1]
- ↑ "The“ alt ”does indeed stand for“ alternative ”" as Jason Priem, the first author of the Altimetrics Manifesto [2] states.
- ↑ Peter Binfield Article-Level Metrics at PLoS - what are they, and why should you care on YouTube , 2009
- ↑ "Altmetrics and article-level metrics are sometimes used interchangeably, but there are important differences: article-level metrics also include citations and usage data; ..." Opening Science , p. 181. [3]
- ↑ P. McFedries: Measuring the impact of altmetrics [Technically Speaking] . In: IEEE Spectrum . 49, No. 8, 2012, p. 28. doi : 10.1109 / MSPEC.2012.6247557 .
- ^ F. Galligan, S. Dyas-Correia: Altmetrics: Rethinking the Way We Measure . In: Serials Review . 39, 2013, p. 56. doi : 10.1016 / j.serrev.2013.01.003 .
- ↑ How is the Altmetric score calculated? : Altmetric Support. Retrieved February 7, 2016 .
- ↑ About Metrics - Plum Analytics. Retrieved February 7, 2016 .
- ↑ Overview - Article Level Metrics. Retrieved February 7, 2016 .
- ↑ Uwe Böhme, Silke Tesch: New ways in bibliometrics . In: News from chemistry . tape 65 , no. 11 , 2017, ISSN 1868-0054 , p. 1125-1128 , doi : 10.1002 / nadc.20174066142 .
- ↑ Home Page - Plum Analytics. Retrieved January 28, 2016 .
- ↑ L. Colledge: Snowball Metrics recipe book , 2014, accessed April 15, 2015
- ^ Lutz Bornmann: What is societal impact of research and how can it be assessed? a literature survey . In: Journal of the American Society for Information Science and Technology . 64, No. 2, 2013, pp. 217-233. doi : 10.1002 / asi.22803 .
- ^ Lutz Bornmann: Alternative metrics in scientometrics: a meta-analysis of research into three altmetrics . In: Scientometrics . 103, No. 3, 2015, pp. 1123–1144. doi : 10.1007 / s11192-015-1565-y .
- ↑ Dirk Tunger and Andreas Meier: Altmetrics: An innovative service for libraries . In: Frauke Schade and Ursula Georgy (eds.): Practical handbook information marketing . De Gruyter, Berlin, Boston 2018, ISBN 978-3-11-053901-1 , pp. 292-302, here: p. 294 .
- ↑ Martina Franzen: Digital resonance - new evaluation cultures challenge science. WZB notifications. Issue 155, March 2017, pp. 30–33, here: p. 33 , accessed on May 11, 2020 .
- ↑ Next-generation metrics: Responsible metrics and evaluation for open science. European Commission , 2017, pp. 12-13 , accessed on May 11, 2020 .
- ↑ Ulrich Herb : Impact Measurement, Transparency & Open Science . In: Young Information Scientist . 2016, p. 59-72 .