Andean Spanish
Under Andinem Spanish means the registered varieties of Spanish, which mainly in the Andean region of Colombia through Ecuador , Peru , Bolivia and northern Chile and northwestern Argentina are found. Spanish in the Andes differs from ordinary Castellano in that it has been heavily influenced by indigenous languages (particularly Quechua and Aymara) over time. There is a multitude of varieties, which, however, cannot be clearly distinguished by political or other boundaries and often merge into one another.
Quechuismen
A Quechuism describes the use of a Quechua word in the Spanish language context. Quechuismen are most common in the Quechua language area , but are also spoken in neighboring areas. Quechuismen are mostly used for phenomena or objects that are particularly typical of the country, for which there are either no corresponding translations in Spanish or for which the paraphrases are far too imprecise.
Sound change of the Quechua words in Spanish
Accent shift
The majority of borrowings from Quechua retain their paroxyton (or, in the case of interjections, the oxyton) accent in Spanish.
1. Acento agudo:
Especially words ending in -i have an oxytone accent.
| Quechua original word | Spanish |
|---|---|
| Kukau / Kukáwi | cocaví ("travel provisions") |
| Haráwi | yaraví (The Yarawí Dance) |
2. Acento esdrújulo:
It is created by:
a) Supply of a floating vowel of the same tone
b) Append one or more letters to the end of the word
Quechua suffixes in Spanish
Nominal derivational suffixes
The most common suffix is the nominal-derivational (noun-derived) suffix -NA. When you attach it to a verb, it indicates a place where you are doing something - or the object that is involved.
According to Soto Ruiz, the -NA suffix has the following properties:
- It marks the object of the action.
- It represents the instrument with which the action is carried out.
- It denotes actions that should be carried out (mandatory verb)
- At the same time, it also marks the place where the action is carried out.
Regionalisms
Regionalisms are terms that are used and known in a regionally limited manner in a language area.
For example, the Spanish word "Callampa" (mushroom) is only understood as a "poor settlement" in Chile due to a semantic development.
National Quechuismen
These Quechuismen are words that are made socially acceptable and disseminated, especially through appropriate media (advertising, press, radio, television, school books) in the country, as they describe a characteristic typical of the country. That is why knowledge of national Quechuismen ends e.g. T. actually at the national border.
| country | national Quechuismen |
|---|---|
| Ecuador | Longo ("Indian boy"), Chuchaqui ("hangover, headache") |
| Peru | Huayco ("scree avalanche"), Mate ("tea" (general)) |
| Colombia | Biche ("semi-mature") |
| Bolivia | Api (thick drink made from cornmeal with added fruit) |
| Argentina | Tambo ("dairy"), Colla ("mestizo") |
Supraregional Quechuismen
Terms in this category are widely used or used everywhere in the Andes.
Pan-continental Quechuismen
Pan-continental Quechuismen can be found in the entire Spanish-speaking part of South America and are, for example, typical South American terms in Europe. Siebenäuger sees the widespread acceptance of these words as being due to the fact that they mostly denote animals or plants that are characteristic of the Quechua-speaking area. Another reason he mentions is the simple structure of the words, which also simply sound good.
Change of meaning
When converting to the Spanish language, only a few Quechua words lose their original meaning.
| Quechua | Spanish (primary meaning) | Spanish (secondary meaning) |
|---|---|---|
| Muyuy ("turn") | Muyuna ("water vortex") | - |
| Sapallu ("pumpkin") | Zapallo ("pumpkin") | Zapallón ("pot-bellied person") |
| Pisku ("bird, penis") | Pisco ("bird, turkey") | Pisco ("penis") |
| Chinkana ("hiding place, cave") | Chingana ("hiding place, cave") | Chingana ("general store, pub") |
Examples of Quechuismen
Some typical examples of Quechuismen are listed below:
- " Alpaca " → South American camel shape
- "Coca" → Term for the Andean coca bush or for its dried leaves
- "Condor" → name, mostly for the Andean condor is used
- "Inca" → indigenous culture of South America
- "Mate" → denotes the mate bush , but also an infusion drink that is widespread in South America
- "Grandpa" → denotes someone with low intellect in parts of South America
- " Pachamanca " → Peruvian national dish
- "Papa" → word for "potato"
- " Puma " → North and South American cat species
- "Zapallo" → "Pumpkin"
Peruvianisms
Peruvianisms are typical formulations that occur in the spoken language of Peru.
Indianisms
These are words that have entered Latin American Spanish through the influence of Indian languages. Mostly there are words for certain everyday objects, customs or food.
| Indianism | (Spanish) meaning |
|---|---|
| camote | batata ("sweet potato") |
| chingana | tienda pequeña ("small shop") |
Archaisms
Archaisms are words that came to Latin America with the Spanish, but are rarely used in Spain itself these days.
| archaism | (current) Spanish name | meaning |
|---|---|---|
| chancho | cerdo | Pork / pork |
| zonso / sonso | tonto | silly / fool |
Nautical terms
Originally it was the technical jargon used by Spanish seafarers. Over time, these terms have become part of the general vocabulary, but have often lost their initial meaning.
Media Lengua
The Media Lengua is a phenomenon that arose in the course of the integration of the Castellano in the Andean region.
Web links
Individual evidence
- ^ "Pfänder, Stefan & Ennis, Juan & Soto, Mario & Villegas, España (2010). Gramática mestiza: Presencia del quechua en el castellano. La Paz: Academia Boliviana de la Lengua / Editorial Signo.
- ↑ a b c Siebenäuger, Gerhard Philip (1993). Quechuismen in Spanish South America: Andean cultural property in Spanish and Spanish-American. Frankfurt am Main: Verlag Peter Lang GmbH.
- ↑ . "M. Cadera, Susanne (2002) portrayed orality in novels of Mario Vargas Llosa. - Cologne Romanistische work, new episode - Issue 80. Cologne: Romance Studies at the University of Cologne.