Anthrax vaccine

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An anthrax vaccine (synonym anthrax vaccine ) is a vaccine against Bacillus anthracis , the causative agent of anthrax .

properties

Anthrax vaccines were first described by Louis Pasteur in 1881 . These vaccines consisted of killed bacteria. According to Pasteur, the bacteria were killed with oxygen, but later sources mention his competitor Henry Toussaint's use of the oxidizing agent potassium dichromate . From 1934, attenuated anthrax vaccines of the vaccine strain 34F2 were developed at the Onderstepoort Veterinary Research Institute in South Africa by Max Sterne . In the 1940s, an anthrax vaccine was developed in the Soviet Union, which consisted of capsule-free spores of B. anthracis of the vaccine strain STI-1 . It was produced at the Georgi Eliava Institute for Bacteriophages, Microbiology and Virology in Tbilisi until 1991 . From 1954 the sterile filtrate of the vaccine strain 34F2 was approved as an anthrax vaccine in Great Britain . In 1970, a sterile filtrate of the vaccine strain V770-NP1-R was approved as an anthrax vaccine ( BioThrax ) in the USA . Furthermore, anti-anthrax antibodies are available for passive immunization or therapy.

In the course of vaccine development , antigens such as the protective antigen (PA), the lethal factor (LF), the edema factor (EF) and the antiphagocytic poly-γ-D-glutamic acid capsule antigen are examined. Neutralizing antibodies are formed against the PA, some of which protect against infection.

Individual evidence

  1. ↑ S. Donegan, R. Bellamy, CL Gamble: Vaccines for preventing anthrax. In: The Cochrane database of systematic reviews. Number 2, 2009, S. CD006403, doi : 10.1002 / 14651858.CD006403.pub2 , PMID 19370633 .
  2. ^ Decker, Janet (2003). Deadly Diseases and Epidemics, Anthrax. Chelesa House Publishers. pp. 27-28. ISBN 0-7910-7302-5 .
  3. ^ David V. Cohn: Pasteur . Fortunately, Pasteur's colleagues Chamberlain [sic] and Roux followed up the results of a research physician Jean-Joseph-Henri Toussaint, who had reported a year earlier that carbolic-acid / heated anthrax serum would immunize against anthrax. These results were difficult to reproduce and discarded although, as it turned out, Toussaint had been on the right track. This led Pasteur and his assistants to substitute an anthrax vaccine prepared by a method similar to that of Toussaint and different from what Pasteur had announced. "
  4. ^ Adrien Loir: A l'ombre de Pasteur . Le mouvement sanitaire, 1938. pp. 18, 160.
  5. ↑ PC Turnbull: Anthrax vaccines: past, present and future. In: Vaccine. Volume 9, Number 8, August 1991, pp. 533-539, PMID 1771966 .
  6. ↑ EN Shlyakhov, E. Rubinstein: Human live anthrax vaccine in the former USSR. In: Vaccine. Volume 12, Number 8, June 1994, pp. 727-730, PMID 8091851 .
  7. ↑ TI Anaisimova, TV Pimenov, VV Kozhukhov et al .: Development of method for preparation and maintenance of the anthrax strain STI-1 and test strain Zenkovsky . In: Salisbury Medical Bulletin , Supplement # 87, June 1996, p. 122.
  8. ^ Jeanne Guillemin: Biological Weapons: From the Invention of State-sponsored Programs to Contemporary Bioterrorism , Columbia University Press 2005, p. 98.
  9. ↑ SM Kamal, AK Rashid, MA Bakar, MA Ahad: Anthrax: an update. In: Asian Pacific journal of tropical biomedicine. Volume 1, number 6, December 2011, pp. 496-501, doi : 10.1016 / S2221-1691 (11) 60109-3 , PMID 23569822 , PMC 3614207 (free full text).
  10. ↑ M. Kaur, R. Bhatnagar: Recent progress in the development of anthrax vaccines. In: Recent patents on biotechnology. Volume 5, Number 3, December 2011, pp. 148-159, PMID 22360464 .
  11. ^ RJ Cybulski, P. Sanz, AD O'Brien: Anthrax vaccination strategies. In: Molecular Aspects of Medicine . Volume 30, number 6, December 2009, pp. 490-502, doi : 10.1016 / j.mam.2009.08.006 , PMID 19729034 , PMC 2783700 (free full text).
  12. ^ LW Baillie: Is new always better than old ?: The development of human vaccines for anthrax. In: Human vaccines. Volume 5, Number 12, December 2009, pp. 806-816, PMID 19786839 .