Arutani-Sapé
Arutani-Sapé ( Awake – Kaliana or Kaliana ) is an indigenous language family in South America that consists of only two languages and is only spoken by a few dozen people:
- Arutani [atx] (also known as: Aoaqui, Auake, Auaque, Awake, Oewaku, Orotani, Uruak, Urutani )
- Sapé [spc] (also known as: Caliana, Chirichano, Kaliana, Kariana )
It is native to the border area between Brazil and eastern Venezuela . A relationship with other Indian languages has not yet been established. Most of the Arutani Sapé speakers have joined the neighboring and dominant Yanam / Ninam, a Yanomami group, and therefore mostly only speak their Yanam / Ninam dialect of the Yanomam , while they only have insufficient command of theirs. Others fled to the Pemón (Arecuna) and adopted their language.
According to Kaufman (1990) there could be another connection with the Máku language of Roraima , which was last spoken in northern Brazil and is now practically extinct.
literature
- Lyle Campbell : American Indian languages. The historical linguistics of Native America (= Oxford Studies in Anthropological Linguistics. 4). Oxford University Press, New York NY et al. 1997, ISBN 0-19-509427-1 .
- Lyle Campbell, Verónica Grondona (Ed.): The Indigenous Languages of South America (= The World of Linguistics. Vol. 2). de Gruyter Mouton, Berlin et al. 2012, ISBN 978-3-11-025513-3 .
- Robert MW Dixon , Alexandra Y. Aikhenvald : Máku. In: Robert MW Dixon, Alexandra Y. Aikhenvald: The Amazonian Languages. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge et al. 1999, ISBN 0-521-57021-2 , pp. 361-362.
- Alain Fabre: Diccionario etnolingüístico y guía bibliográfica de los pueblos indígenas sudamericanos. 2005, (PDF; 114 kB) ( Memento from February 6, 2012 in the Internet Archive ).
- Harald Haarmann : Small Lexicon of Languages. From Albanian to Zulu (= Beck series. 1432). Beck, Munich 2001, ISBN 3-406-47558-2 .
- Terrence Kaufman: Language history in South America: What we know and how to know more. In: Doris L. Payne (Ed.): Amazonian linguistics. Studies in lowland South American languages. University of Texas Press, Austin TX 1990, ISBN 0-292-70414-3 , pp. 13-67.
- Terrence Kaufman: The native languages of South America. In: Christopher Moseley, Ron E. Asher (Hrsg.): Atlas of the world's languages. Routledge, London 1994, ISBN 0-415-01925-7 , pp. 46-76.
- Theodor Koch-Grünberg : The ethnic group between Rio Branco, Orinoco, Rio Negro and Yapurá. In: Walter Lehmann (Ed.): Festschrift Eduard Seler. Offered for the 70th birthday of friends, students and admirers. Strecker & Schröder, Stuttgart 1922, Sp. 205-266.