Attakullakulla

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English Cherokee delegation 1730, Attakullakulla in the middle

Attakullakulla (* around 1708 on Sevier Island, Tennessee River ; † 1777/1785) in Cherokee Ata-gul 'kalu , English Little Carpenter ( little carpenter ) was an influential leader of the Cherokee and First Beloved Man , (dt. First beloved man) from 1761 to around 1775. Its predecessor was Conocotocko (Eng. Old Hop ) from Chota . His son was dragging canoe , leader of the Chickamauga Cherokee . Attakullakulla has been described as a remarkably short man and was known for his maturity, wisdom, and goodness. He could speak some English but wasn't fluent. He was considered the Cherokee's most gifted narrator in the 1760s and 1770s.

Attakullakulla is first mentioned in historical records in 1730 when he accompanied the British negotiator Alexander Cuming and six other Cherokee to England. There he signed one of the first peace treaties with the British. In the early 1750s, thanks to his linguistic aptitude, he was selected as one of the Cherokee's main speakers. In the 1750s and 1760s, Attakullakulla dominated Cherokee diplomacy. Although he mostly preferred the British, he was an accomplished diplomat who always sought peaceful solutions to problems and always acted in the best interests of the Cherokee.

Names

At the beginning of his life Attakullakulla was called Onkanacleah . According to the anthropologist James Mooney , Attakullakulla's cheroke name can be used as a leaning wood from ada wood and the verb gulkalu, which refers to something long that leans against another object. His name Kleiner Zimmermann (English Little Carpenter) refers both to this derivation and to his physical size. William Bartram described Attakullakulla as a remarkably short man, slim and petite. According to Walker, his ears were cut and silver ribbons hung almost to his shoulders. He was gentle, brilliant, and funny. Felix Walker characterized Attakullakulla when he speculated on his name: Just as a white carpenter brings every notch and joint to fit in the wood, so he (Attakullakulla) could get all of his views to fill their place in the political machine of his nation and fit in. Attakullakulla was also an excellent house builder, which could also have led to its name.

Childhood and early years

Attakullakulla is believed to be born in the Overhill Cherokee area of what is now eastern Tennessee in the early 1700s. However, his son Turtle-at-Home said he was born in an Algonquin-speaking Nipissing tribe in the north near Lake Superior and was kidnapped as a toddler. His parents were killed in the raid and the child was adopted by a Cherokee in Tennessee and raised as a Cherokee. He married Nionne Ollie , also an adopted child of the Natchez , the daughter of his cousin Oconostota . The wedding was possible because they both belonged to different clans, Attakullakulaa was from the Wolf Clan, Nonnie Ollie was from the Paint Clan.

Attakullakulaa was a member of the Cherokee delegation that traveled to England in 1730 . In 1736 he turned down offers from the French who had sent ambassadors to the Overhill Cherokee. Three or four years later he was kidnapped by the Ottawa and held captive in Quebec until 1748. When he returned, he became one of the leading diplomats of the Cherokee and was adviser to the leader ( Beloved One ) Old Hop of Chota , his maternal uncle.

Cherokee warrior

In the 1750s, Attakullakulla worked to provide his people with a steady supply of trade goods. When the Franco-Indian War began, Cherokee traveled to the Pennsylvania frontier to assist British troops in attacking French and Indian bases. On the way back, Cherokee were murdered by settlers from Virginia . Attakullakulla traveled to Williamsburg and Charles Town and secured promises of trade in reparation. However, this was not enough for the younger warriors, they sought blood revenge and at the same time wanted to increase their social status. During 1758 and 1759 the Cherokee carried out a series of retaliatory attacks on the southern border. Hoping the cause could be forgiven, Attakullakulla led a group of warriors against the French Fort Massiac and tried to negotiate peace with the British, but the efforts were unsuccessful.

In late 1759 traveled to Charles Town to negotiate peace with the South Carolina provincial authorities . Governor William Henry Lyttetton took the ambassadors hostage and demanded that the white settlers' murderers be extradited. He raised an expeditionary force of 1,700 men and moved them and the hostages to Fort Prince George and arrived there on December 9, 1759. Attakullakulla was forced to sign a contract and consent to hand over the Cherokee who carried out the raids.

Attakullakulla returned to the fort in the spring of 1760 and tried to negotiate terms for his release, but to no avail. When peaceful negotiations failed, Oconostota lured officer Richard Coytmore from the fort and led him in an ambush. The Cherokee hidden in the forest killed Coytmore. The fort's crew retaliated, killing any remaining hostages, and the Cherokee launched an offensive against the settlements in the southern border region. Many Cherokees blamed Attakullakulla for the deaths of the hostages. Later in 1760, while Attakullakulla was working to bring peace to his people, troops from the British and South Carolina invaded the Cherokee's Lower and Middle Towns . They were forced to back down and Fort Loudon fell to the Cherokee. Attakullakulla tried again to negotiate peace, but that was not possible until the British and South Carolina militias carried out a punitive expedition against the Middle and Lower Towns in 1761 . Attakullakulla signed the terms of peace in Charles Town on December 18, 1761, but was ambushed and robbed by angry settlers on his way home. Throughout the 1760s he worked to stop white settlement and was a frequent visitor to Charles Town and Williamsburg.

Contributions as a diplomat

Attakullakulla dominated Cherokee diplomacy during the 1750s and 1760s. Although he mostly preferred the British, he was an accomplished diplomat who always sought peaceful solutions to problems and always acted in the best interests of the Cherokee. When Connecorte died, he left power to Attakullakulla, the diplomat, and Oconostota, the warrior; with shared power, the two led the Cherokee for a generation.

On June 2, 1760, Attakullakulla left the fort and was expelled from the Cherokee Council . He chose to live in the woods because it seemed unwise to live among those who had lost or were among the victors of the Cherokee War of 1760. In June 1761, the British, under Jeffery Amhearst and James Grant, devastated the Cherokee villages in the Carolinas. After the Cherokee failed to secure French support, they brought Attakullakulla back to the council to begin peace negotiations with the British. Attakullakulla also influenced the selection of John Stuart as superintendent of Indian affairs in the south.

In 1772 Attakullakulla leased land to the Watauga Association , a settler- formed government in what is now the upper-eastern corner of Tennessee. In 1775 he supported the so-called Colony of Transsylvania for which Richard Henderson, a Colonal from North Carolina, bought around 81 thousand square kilometers of land in Kentucky and central Tennessee. In the Treaty of Broad River of 1756, Attakullakulla consented to the cession of Cherokee land in exchange for the British building forts to protect the Cherokee women and children while the men were out waging war. While Attakullakulla advocated upholding the terms of the treaty, some of the Cherokee disagreed. Nevertheless, he played the colonies of Soth Carolina and Virginia off against each other in order to secure fair trading conditions for his people.

Family and death

Although little is known about his parents, Attakullakulla's family produced a number of leaders. Connecotre ( Old Hop ), leader of the Cherokee during the 1750s, was his maternal uncle. His son Dragging Canoe led the resistance against the United States in the 1780s. During the American Revolution, Attakullakulla was part of a Cherokee group that ceded land to Virginia against the wishes of a younger warrior. Dragging Canoe, leader of the Chickamauga Cherokee during the Cherokee Wars, separated from his father at that time. Attakullakullas niece Nancy Ward was a Beloved Woman (dt. Beloved wife) who was allowed to speak in the Council and was able to free prisoners of war.

After the Cherokee raided Fort Loudoun, Attakullkulla noticed that Captain Stuart, a colonial government agent for Indian affairs, had survived the attack. Attakullakulla bought Stuart from the Indians who had captured him and gave him his weapon, his clothes and everything he had with him. According to Cherokee traditions, this made Stuart Attakullakulla's eldest brother. The lifelong friendship between the two turned out to be beneficial for the British. When his friend's life was in danger again because Stuart refused to take part in negotiations to reduce the garrison at Fort Prince George, Attakullakulla decided to save him, or to die trying. He told his companions that he intended to go hunting with Stuart and eat the game with him. With this excuse, Attakullakulla was able to get Stuart out of the reach of those who were chasing the Cherokee. They traveled through the woods for nine days and nights before encountering a group of rangers patrolling the colonial borders. This brought them to safety in the settlements. It is believed that Attakullakulla died in 1777. His successor as First Beloved Man of the Cherokee was Oconostota.

literature

  • Colin G. Calloway: The American Revolution in Indian Country: Crisis and Diversity in Native American Communities Cambridge University Press, 1995. ISBN 978-0-5214-7569-3 (English)
  • Gerald Schroedl: Attakullakulla , Tennessee Encyclopedia of History and Culture, Tennessee Historical Society, Retrieved July 16, 2020
  • James C. Kelly: Notable Persons in Cherokee History: Attakullakulla. Journal of Cherokee Studies 3 Issue 1, Winter 1978, pp. 2–34.
  • Daniel J. Tortora: Carolina in Crisis: Cherokees, Colonists, and Slaves in the American Southeast, 1756–1763 University of North Carolina Press, 2015, ISBN 1-469-62122-3 (English)
  • Paul Finkelman, Tim Alan Garrison Encyclopedia of United States Indian Policy and Law , 2008, ISBN 978-1-9331-1698-3 (English)
  • Spencer C. Tucker, James R. Arnold, Roberta Wiener: The Encyclopedia of North American Indian Wars, 1607-1890: A Political, Social, and Military History ABC-CLIO, 2011. ISBN 978-1-85109-697-8 ( English)
  • Henry Thompson Malone: Cherokees of the Old South The University of Georgia Press, 2010 (reprinted 1956) ISBN 9-780-8203-3542-1 (English)

Web links

  • DH Corkran: Attakullakulla 1979, NCpedia (English). Retrieved July 18, 2020

Individual evidence

  1. ^ A b Henry Thompson Malone: Cherokees of the Old South The University of Georgia Press, 2010 (reprint from 1956) ISBN 9-780-8203-3542-1 (English) p. 4
  2. ^ William Bartram: Travels through North Carolina, Georgia, East and West Florida, The Cherokee Country James & Johnson, 1791 (English) p. 485.
  3. ^ Felix Walker: Narrative of a Kentucky Adventure in 1775. Edited by Samuel R. Walker. DeBow's Review Number 16, February 1854 (English) pp. 150-55.
  4. ↑ as a white carpenter could make every notch and joint fit in wood, so he could bring all his views to fill and fit their places in the political machinery of his nation ” Izumi Ishii: Oxford Dictionary of National Biography Oxford University Press, 2004 ( English)
  5. ↑ Isaac Kimber, Edward Kimber (ed.): London magazine, or, Gentleman's monthly intelligencer, 1747-1783 London issue 29, March 1760 (English) p. 87
  6. ↑ Gerald Schroedl: Attakullakulla , Tennessee Encyclopedia of History and Culture, Tennessee Historical Society, (English) Retrieved July 16, 2020
  7. ^ Karl Klink, James Talman (ed.): The Journal of Major John Norton Champlain Society, 1970. (English) p. 42
  8. ^ Daniel J. Tortora: Carolina in Crisis: Cherokees, Colonists, and Slaves in the American Southeast, 1756–1763 University of North Carolina Press, 2015, ISBN 1-469-62122-3 (English) pp. 17-22
  9. ↑ Spencer C. Tucker, James R. Arnold, Roberta Wiener: The Encyclopedia of North American Indian Wars, 1607-1890: A Political, Social, and Military History , ABC-CLIO, 2011. ISBN 978-1-85109-697- 8th
  10. ↑ Daniel J. Tortora: Carolina in Crisis: Cherokees, Colonists, and Slaves in the American Southeast, 1756–1763 University of North Carolina Press, 2015, ISBN 1-469-62122-3 (English) pp. 57–58, 60 , 63-64, 68.
  11. ^ Daniel J. Tortora: Carolina in Crisis: Cherokees, Colonists, and Slaves in the American Southeast, 1756–1763 University of North Carolina Press, 2015, ISBN 1-469-62122-3 (English) pp. 77–80.
  12. ↑ J. Oliphant: Peace and War on the Anglo-Cherokee Frontier , Palgrave Macmillan, 2014, ISBN 978-1-3494-1792-6 pp. 72-78
  13. ↑ Daniel J. Tortora: Carolina in Crisis: Cherokees, Colonists, and Slaves in the American Southeast, 1756–1763 University of North Carolina Press, 2015, ISBN 1-469-62122-3 (English) pp. 166–67.
  14. ^ Paul Finkelman, Tim Alan Garrison: Encyclopedia of United States Indian Policy and Law CQ Press, 2008, ISBN 978-1-9331-1698-3 (English) p. 2
  15. ↑ Spencer C. Tucker, James R. Arnold, Roberta Wiener: The Encyclopedia of North American Indian Wars, 1607-1890: A Political, Social, and Military History, ABC-CLIO, 2011. ISBN 978-1-85109-697- 8th
  16. ↑ a b c d James C. Kelly: Notable Persons in Cherokee History: Attakullakulla. Journal of Cherokee Studies 3 Issue 1, Winter 1978, pp. 2–34.
  17. ↑ Spencer C. Tucker, James R. Arnold, Roberta Wiener: The Encyclopedia of North American Indian Wars, 1607-1890: A Political, Social, and Military History, ABC-CLIO, 2011. ISBN 978-1-85109-697- 8 (English) p. 2
  18. ↑ James C. Kelly: Notable Persons in Cherokee History: Attakullakulla. Journal of Cherokee Studies 3 Issue 1, Winter 1978, pp. 2–34.
  19. ↑ Colin G. Calloway: The American Revolution in Indian Country: Crisis and Diversity in Native American Communities Cambridge University Press, 1995. ISBN 978-0-5214-7569-3 (English) pp. 182-212.
  20. ↑ Izumi Ishii: Oxford Dictionary of National Biography
  21. ↑ Spencer C. Tucker, James R. Arnold, Roberta Wiener: The Encyclopedia of North American Indian Wars, 1607-1890: A Political, Social, and Military History , ABC-CLIO, 2011. ISBN 978-1-85109-697- 8 (English) p. 41
  22. ↑ The American Monthly Magazine and Critical Review (1817-1819), Volume 4, Issue 2, December 1818 (English)
personal data
SURNAME Attakullakulla
ALTERNATIVE NAMES Ata-gul 'kalu; Little Carpenter
BRIEF DESCRIPTION Diplomat and chief of the Cherokee
DATE OF BIRTH around 1708
PLACE OF BIRTH Sevier Island, Tennessee River
DATE OF DEATH between 1777 and 1785