Loan meaning
Bedeutungsentlehnung called the linguistic Entlehnungs process in which the specific meaning content of an embossed term or a complex of ideas, which then as a semantic loan are referred from one language to another without is taken takeover of the word body. An existing native word or loan word receives the semantic value of the foreign term. As a rule, during this process there is no replacement, but an expansion of the original meaning of this word.
Loan meanings are often the result of close language contact. A partial equivalence of words (extensive semantic correspondence) can lead to an analogical expansion of the scope of the term (e.g. English cut "cut; also: someone deliberately overlooked", hence German (jmd.) Cut ; Latin casual "collect; also : read ", hence German read , first only" collect ", then also" read "). As long as such borrowing processes are still going on, they can be perceived as alien neologisms.
The borrowing of meaning is particularly prominent in the history of language and often in the course of religious missions . Many German church words are taken over from Latin, these in turn from Greek, where there is often an Old Testament Hebrew word in the background. Often the original connotations persisted and had an effect on religiosity and theology. The resulting shifts in meaning to the original term on the one hand and to the everyday word on the other hand can cause considerable difficulties of understanding, cf. like justification (theology) .
Such Judeo-Christian loan term series are z. B.
- berít - diathéke - testamentum - covenant
- zedaká - dikaiosüne - iustitia - justice
- torá - nomos - lex - law
- kabód - doxa - gloria - glory
An example of expanding the meaning of an already integrated loan word is Brigade . While this initially had a military meaning in German (see brigade ), its semantics in the GDR were expanded to include one from the planned economy context (see Brigade (GDR) ). The model for this expansion of meaning was the Russian word brigada (бригада) . The same applies to the concept of norm , which is used in the planned economy - according to Russian norma (норма) .
Closely related to the meaning of the loan are various types of loan formation ; together, both are classified as loan imprints (semantic borrowing).
literature
- Hadumod Bußmann: Lexicon of Linguistics . 3rd, updated and expanded edition. Kröner, Stuttgart 2002, ISBN 3-520-45203-0 , pp. 194 (Systematic overview of foreign-language borrowings in German with examples and keyword “Lehnneeutung”.).
