Biting force
The bite force , also called bite force, indicates how high the force of the jaw is in Newtons per square centimeter (N cm −2 ) during a bite . So it is not a question of a force , but a pressure , so it could also be called bite pressure or jaw closing pressure .
In general, the bigger the animal, the higher the bite force.
The bite force quotient ( BKQ ) is the quotient of bite force and body mass.
Values of bite force and bite force quotients
The great white shark is now considered to be the living animal with the greatest bite force of 18,216 N cm −2 , which, however, has so far only been calculated using computer models. The actually highest bite force measured so far comes from the saltwater crocodile with 16,143 N cm −2 . The black piranha is the animal with the highest bite force quotient. The basking shark megalodon , extinct 2.5 million years ago, could be the most bite-force animal that has ever lived. Calculations for the extinct crocodile Purussaurus also show an extraordinarily high bite force.
In general, a distinction must be made between the biting force in the front and rear teeth. The biting force of a great white shark weighing 3.3 t in the front dentition is only half that of the rear dentition (9,320 compared to 18,216 N cm −2 ); the same is assumed for megalodons (55,522 compared to 108,514 N cm −2 in one Weight of around 48 t). This is also important in the case of the predatory animal's killing bite , which occurs via the canine teeth. A lion with a body weight of 267 kg has a bite force of 3,388 N cm −2 for a representative of the saber-toothed cat Smilodon , which weighs 229 kg , values of 1,104 N cm −2 can be calculated. However, numerous other factors have an impact here, such as the shape of the teeth, hunting tactics adapted to them and thus variable physical activity and the like. The values in the following table are therefore only partially comparable.
| animal | Body weight in kg |
Bite force in N cm −2 |
BKQ |
|---|---|---|---|
| human | 80 | 390 | 4.88 |
| Megalodon | 47,690 | 108,514 | 2.28 |
| Basilosaurus | 16,461 | ||
| Tyrannosaurus rex | 6,800 | 30,380 | 4.47 |
| White shark | 3,300 | 18,216 | 5.52 |
| Mississippi alligator | 297 | 9,452 | 31.8 |
| hyena | 86 | 9,000 | 104.65 |
| lion | 290 | 1,768 | 6.10 |
| Marsupial lion | 160 | 1,692 | 10.58 |
| tiger | 250 | 1,525 | 6.10 |
| wolf | 60 | 593 | 9.88 |
| Tasmanian devil | 6th | 418 | 69.67 |
| Black piranha | 1.1 | 320 | 290.91 |
| Wild cat | 3 | 56 | 18.67 |
| Saltwater crocodile | 531 | 16,143 | 30.4 |
| Purussaurus | 8,424 | 69,039 | 8.2 |
swell
- Bite force comparison.
- Gregory M. Erickson, Paul M. Gignac, Scott J. Steppan, A. Kristopher Lappin, Kent A. Vliet, John D. Brueggen, Brian D. Inouye, David Kledzik, Grahame JW Webb. Insights into the Ecology and Evolutionary Success of Crocodilians Revealed through Bite-Force and Tooth-Pressure Experimentation. PLoS ONE, 2012; 7 (3): e31781 doi : 10.1371 / journal.pone.0031781
Individual evidence
- ↑ a b c d S. Wroe, DR Huber, M. Lowry, C. McHenry, K. Moreno, P. Clausen, TL Ferrara, E. Cunningham, MN Dean and AP Summers: Three-dimensional computer analysis of white shark jawmechanics : how hard can a great white bite? Journal of Zoology 276, 2008, pp. 336-342, doi: 10.1111 / j.1469-7998.2008.00494.x
- ↑ a b G. M. Erickson, PM Gignac, AK Lappin, KA Vliet, JD Brueggen and GJW Webb: A comparative analysis of ontogenetic bite-force scaling among Crocodylia. Journal of Zoology 292, 2014, pp. 48-55, doi: 10.1111 / jzo.12081
- ↑ a b Justin R. Grubich, Steve Huskey, Stephanie Crofts, Guillermo Orti and Jorge Porto: Mega-Bites: Extreme jaw forces of living and extinct piranhas (Serrasalmidae). Scientific Reports 2, 2012, p. 1009, doi: 10.1038 / srep01009
- ↑ a b Tito Aureliano, Aline M. Ghilardi, Edson Guilherme, Jonas P. Souza-Filho, Mauro Cavalcanti and Douglas Riff: Morphometry, Bite-Force, and Paleobiology of the Late Miocene Caiman Purussaurus brasiliensis. PLoS ONE 10 (2), 2015, p. E0117944, doi: 10.1371 / journal.pone.0117944
- ↑ Colin R. McHenry, Stephen Wroe, Philip D. Clausen, Karen Moreno and Eleanor Cunningham: Supermodeled sabercat, predatory behavior in Smilodon fatalis revealed by high-resolution 3D computer simulation. PNAS 104 (41), 2007, pp. 16010-16015, doi: 10.1073 / pnas.0706086104
- ↑ Eric Snively E, Julia M. Fahlke and Robert C. Welsh: Bone-Breaking Bite Force of Basilosaurus isis (Mammalia, Cetacea) from the Late Eocene of Egypt Estimated by Finite Element Analysis. PLoS ONE 10 (2), 2015, p. E0118380, doi: 10.1371 / journal.pone.0118380
- ^ Gregory M. Erickson, A. Kristopher Lappin, and Kent A. Vliet: The ontogeny of bite-force performance in American alligator (Alligator mississippiensis). Journal of Zoology 260, 2003, pp. 317-327, doi: 10.1017 / S0952836903003819
- ↑ Holekamp & Kolowski (2009), p. 245.
- ↑ a b c d e f http://chwolf.org/woelfe-kennenlernen/biologie-ethologie/merkmale/beisskraft-beissdruck-und-beisskraft-quotient