Concrete pipe
Concrete pipes are pipes made of concrete which are mainly used as precast concrete parts in civil engineering for sewage disposal . But there are also applications in building construction .
Concrete pipes are usually installed horizontally; when installed vertically, they can serve as a control shaft, for example .
history
There are no precise dates for the manufacture and processing of concrete pipelines. Most publications refer to the sewage system of the " Cloaca Maxima " in Rome, whereby the Romans used large natural stone blocks - later bricks - which they built up in layers with " opus caementitium " (Roman concrete). "Roman concrete" was also used for the drinking water supply and for the construction of aqueducts. Early sewage systems are also known from other cities, such as B. from Cologne, where in April 2005 the opening of the Roman sewer into the Roman Rhine port was found during the construction of the underground. They were built from blocks of tuff or from “opus caementitium” with a shell made of greywacke .
Since around 1850, concrete and the reinforced concrete that was later developed from it have been used systematically and specifically for concrete pipes. According to reports in the "Deutsche Bauzeitung" on January 13, 1883, an article entitled "About Canal Construction Materials" reports on the use of concrete sewers in various cities. The oldest reference comes from the city of Basel: “ Since 1863 until today, approx. 5,766 m of concrete channels 300 to 600/900 mm in size have been built in the soft landscape of our city. The canals are used to receive sewage and faeces from houses; The drains of a large-scale brewery also flow into one of these. All of them have held up very well so far, have not given rise to any repairs and are entirely in line with their purpose, so that if the sewers are still needed, a material other than cement-concrete will hardly be chosen . "
And further: “ Quite similar to the examples given here are the reports from other cities such as Aachen, Mainz, Cologne, Nuremberg, Stettin, etc. More specifically communicated is what we got from London through the well-known engineer Grant, a specialist in this Areas, learned. Mr. Grant wrote to us that the first concrete sewer was made in London in 1865; further concrete channel designs will soon follow . "
In Frankfurt a. M. cement-concrete base pieces and inlet pieces as well as cement inlet pieces have been used since 1875. In Darmstadt, " round and egg-shaped cement pipes up to 600/900 mm in size have been built in since 1871 to drain off street water, sewage from houses, breweries, urinals, etc." Investigations showed that the tubes were not damaged at any point, but rather had attained a thoroughly uniform, very significant hardness ”.
Concrete industry
The manufacture of concrete pipes began in Germany around 1850 immediately after the first cement factories began production. Initially, they were "cement pouring tubes" cast in wooden or masonry forms. Concrete pipes compacted with hand rammers followed. This manual compaction was quickly replaced by machine tamping. In the course of the following decades, pressing, centrifuging, vibrating and combined process technologies for compacting the concrete prevailed.
Initially, round and egg-shaped tubes with and without a foot were made. Most often, the egg-shaped tube was made with a variety of different profiles. On the occasion of the world exhibition in Vienna in 1873, a representative cross-section of the pipe profiles produced was shown on the stand of a company. The entire production program was expanded to include other shapes and flow cross-sections. There were even pipes with a square shape. The company Hüser & Co., Bonn-Oberkassel, manufactured wedge pipes in 1905, also known as "Atlas pipes", which were reinforced in the vertex to absorb higher loads.
The beginning of reinforced concrete construction is connected with the patent application of the Frenchman Joseph Monier , a gardener. He received his first patent in 1867 and in 1868 the additional patent "Application of the construction principle (reinforced concrete) of the parent patent to the production of tubes for all diameters and lengths". In Germany in 1886 “cement pipes with iron inserts” were used for a service water line in the Harz mining industry. The Actien-Gesellschaft für Monier-Bauten manufactured circular and egg-shaped Monier tubes in Neckarau around 1890 using the Zisseler method.
Spun concrete pipes
The oldest German method for the production of spun concrete pipes (SBR) by the Deutsche Schleuderröhren-Werke Otto & Schlosser, Meißen, based on patents from 1907, was taken over by the Dyckerhoff & Widmann KG company around 1910. The Ed company began in 1910 with the production of pre-stressed pipes using the Swiss Siegwart process. Züblin & Cie and took over the Italian Vianini centrifugal process in 1923, which was also used by Carstenjen & Cie. produced. The “Züblin type” spun concrete prestressing pipe was created by combining the two processes.
In the years that followed, manufacturing and compaction techniques were continuously developed and improved at home and abroad. These include B. the vacuum process, the production of sheet metal, rolled concrete, vibrated pressed concrete, centrifugally pressed concrete, centrifugally rolled concrete and radial pressed concrete pipes. Some methods also allow the use of synthetic resin concrete.
standardization
In 1898 the cement goods and artificial stone factories as well as concrete construction entrepreneurs founded the Deutsche Beton-Verein e. V. This elaborated regulations for the testing of concrete cubes and the production of stamped concrete. A tube committee was set up as early as 1899. This committee should establish a regulation for the testing of concrete pipes. In 1906 the "Guidelines for the Execution of Cement Pipes" and in 1909 the "Guidelines for the Testing of Cement Pipes" were drawn up.
With the participation of the German Concrete Association and the associations of the cement goods and artificial stone industry in various parts of Germany, the Bund der Deutschen Zementwaren- und Kunststein-Industrie e. V. founded. This association - in 1925 in the Bund der Deutschen Betonwerke e. V., 1952 in Bundesverband der Betonsteinindustrie e. V. and finally in 1964 in the Federal Association of German Concrete and Precast Industry e. V. (BDB) renamed - began work on standardizing cement products. The standards for concrete pipes were drawn up together with the German Concrete Association.
Even today, several revised versions of standards exist that were drawn up for some concrete products in the first years of the standards committee's existence. The first standard for concrete pipes was DIN 1201 (February 1923) “Sewer pipes ; Concrete ”published. This standard was already a measure and quality standard back then. It contained dimensional specifications for clear dimensions and foot widths for circular and egg-shaped tubes with feet. In addition, the breaking load values assigned to the clear diameters were specified.
With advancing technological development, production technology and pipeline construction, the revised third edition of DIN 4032 “Pipes and fittings made of concrete; Dimensions, manufacturing and quality regulations, testing "published. In sheet 2 “Technical delivery conditions”, minimum wall thicknesses and groove and rebate dimensions were specified. The development towards higher load-bearing capacities led to the development of the "Preliminary guidelines for concrete pipes with increased wall thicknesses" (February 1965). These later went into the revised DIN 4032 (July 1973) “Concrete pipes and fittings; Dimensions, technical delivery conditions "with over. Three standards have been published for reinforced concrete pipes and reinforced concrete pressure pipes: DIN 4035, DIN 4036 and DIN 4037, all issued in May 1939. In DIN 4035 (December 1968), above all the load-bearing capacity calculation according to DIN 1045 and the test for water tightness were added. In addition, the DVGW worksheet W 316 “Use of pipes made of prestressed concrete and reinforced concrete in the drinking water supply” was created in 1967. On the basis of DIN 1045 (January 1972), DIN 4035 (September 1976) was revised. After further revisions of DIN 4035 in July 1990 and May 1995, this national standard was withdrawn in April 2003 and replaced by European standards . DIN 4036 and 4037 have been invalid for a long time.
The following standards are valid in Germany:
- DIN EN 639
- General requirements for concrete pressure pipes, including pipe joints and fittings; current edition 12.1994
- DIN EN 640
- Reinforced concrete pressure pipes and concrete pressure pipes with distributed reinforcement (without sheet metal jacket); current edition 12.1994
- DIN EN 1916
- Pipes and fittings made of concrete, steel fiber concrete and reinforced concrete; current edition 4.2003
- DIN V 1201
- Pipes and fittings made of concrete, steel fiber reinforced concrete and reinforced concrete for sewers and sewers - Type 1 and Type 2 - Requirements, testing and evaluation of conformity; Pre-standard, current edition 8.2004
connection
The development of the pipe connections also adapted to the increased demands on the load-bearing capacity and tightness of the pipes and pipelines. In general, it was common practice to seal the pipe connections with cement mortar for pipes with rabbets and grooves. In the "Guidelines for the Execution of Cement Pipelines" published in 1906, the method of cement mortar sealing for pipes with pointed and butt socket was described in detail. It was later abandoned. In addition to casting compounds, plastic sealants in the form of putties and tapes were used from 1951. Mortise seals were used especially in penstocks. Sealing rings made of rubber have been known in reinforced concrete pressure pipelines since the 1930s. Today, sealants for socket connections in concrete, reinforced concrete and prestressed concrete pipes have established themselves.
With seals, which nowadays mostly consist of SBR, a general distinction is made between integrated seals and loose seals. In the case of concrete and reinforced concrete pipes with integrated seals, a distinction is made between BL-T (for deep socket) - as is common with Haba-Beton and Grafe-Beton - and BL-R seals. BL-R seals in the nominal sizes DN 300 and DN 400 are again between (V) - z. B. Berding and Hume - and (N) - z. B. at Steinbach - differentiated. From nominal size 500, (V) and (N) are identical. The decisive factor is the spigot end dimension "d³". With nominal widths of 700 or more, round concrete pipes generally have the same spigot end size, only the depth differs. There are also various loose seals. Eg wedge-slide seals (KD) at Haba. However, some pipe manufacturers rely on double sleeves, such as the pipes from Müller-Beton.
Special construction
" The Health Engineer " reported in 1916 about a three-story line made of reinforced concrete. To prevent the Quequechan River in the Mill District of Fall River, Massachusetts, USA, from endangering the health of the population, a three-story sewer with separate canals was planned. The “Engineering Record” from New York wrote in 1915: “ The sewer plan includes a main sewer to supply the mills with water, a system of sanitary sewers to discharge the wastewater and a system of surface water drainage to relieve the existing sewers. The main channel provides for a complete separation of hot and cold water. The base of the main channel is wide and strong to withstand possible and upward pressure . "
Although not the same, but similar constructions, today in the construction of water pressure-tight district heating ducts, drinking water ducts, cooling water ducts in power plant construction, etc. Ä. used.
literature
- Deutsche Bauzeitung, announcement of the Association of German Architects and Engineers, 17th year 1883, Kommissions-Verlag, Berlin
- Communications from the Royal Technical Research Centers in Berlin, 1902, Julius Springer Publishing House, Berlin
- Health engineer magazine for the entire urban hygiene, 1916, Verlag R. Oldenbourg, Berlin and Munich
- Opus Caementitium Bautechnik der Römer, H.-O. Lamprecht, 1985, Beton-Verlag, Düsseldorf
- Concrete components for the environment and supply, 1998, Information Center for Concrete Components, Bonn
- Technical manual, 1998, FBS-Fachvereinigung Betonrohre und Stahlbetonrohre e. V., Bonn
- Manual for pipes made of concrete, reinforced concrete, prestressed concrete, 1978, Bauverlag GmbH, Wiesbaden
- Maintenance of sewer systems, Stein / Niederehe, 2nd edition 1992, Verlag Ernst & Sohn, Berlin
- Krolkiewicz, Hans Jürgen: "History of building materials", building materials technology, issues 7/2001 to 12/2004, Gert Wohlfarth publishing house, Duisburg
