Celâlzâde Mustafa Çelebi

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Celâlzâde Mustafa Çelebi (جلال زاده مصطفى چلبی / Celāl-zāde Muṣṭafā Çelebi ) or Muṣṭafā b. Celāl , also known by his nickname Ḳoca Nişancı (قوجه نشانجی / 'The Great Chancellor') (born around 1490 in Tosya , died 1567 in Istanbul ) was Sultan Suleyman I's seal keeper (nişancı), a high government official of the Ottoman Empire and an important historian of the 16th century.

Life

Mustafa was the eldest son of ḳāḍī Celâl (eddin) from the northern Anatolian city of Tosya. At the instigation of the Grand Vizier Pīrī Mehmed Pasha he became a clerk at the Sultan's court in 1516 and served the Grand Viziers Pīrī Pasha (1518–1523) and İbrāhīm Pasha (1523–1536) as private secretary. From 1525 to 1534 he headed the writing office as chief secretary (reʾīsü 'l-küttāb) , from 1534–1556 and 1566–1567 he held the influential government office of nişancı , the “keeper of the seals ” or head of the imperial chancellery and member of the Ottoman imperial council (dīvān-ı hümāyūn) .

Celâlzâde Mustafa's life and professional career ran almost simultaneously to the life and reign of Suleyman I, from whose accession to the throne on September 30, 1520 he wrote in his work Ṭabaḳātü 'l-Memālik ve Derecātü' l-Mesālik ('The classes of the empires and the degrees der Ways'), which is divided into 30 classes (ṭabaḳāt) and 365 degrees (derecāt) . In May 1521 he accompanied Pīrī Pasha as secretary on the campaign against the Kingdom of Hungary, which initiated the Ottoman expansion into Central Europe with the successful siege of Belgrade (1521) . He took part in the siege of Rhodes (1522) , the detailed description of which in Ṭabaḳāt is one of the most important historical sources for this event.

In 1523 Mustafa's patron Pīrī Pasha lost his office. With İbrāhīm Pasha, Suleyman's new Grand Vizier became a close confidante on June 23, 1523, Mustafa became his private secretary and remained so until the execution of İbrāhīm in 1536. Celâlzâde Mustafa's tasks included writing the official reports of victory ( fetiḥ-nāme , including the fetiḥnosme ), which found widespread use and played a decisive role in the construction of Süleyman's image as a skilful battle leader. Celâlzâde Mustafa takes the Ottoman victory against the Kingdom of Hungary in the Battle of Mohács (1526) as an opportunity to refer to his sultan as "Messiah of the end times" (mehdī-yi āḫiru 'z-zamān) and "Lord of the favorable star conjunction " (ṣaḥib-ḳırān) ) . With these terms originating from Timurid tradition, he formulates the Ottoman claim to universal rule in the context of Islamic political concepts of rule and contrasts these with the similarly universal claim of the Holy Roman Empire .

1529 commissioned Süleyman Mustafa with the creation of a document ( berāt ) , which İbrāhīm Pasha appointed as commander-in-chief (serʿasker) with extensive powers. For the first time, Suleyman I shared power, which had previously been in the hands of the Sultan, with his highest administrative officer; Mustafa justifies this with the enormous gain of territory of the empire and the necessity of its efficient administration. K. Şahin (2013) draws a parallel to the Holy Roman Empire, where at the same time Archduke Ferdinand played a comparable role to Emperor Charles V as "Sacre Caesare [...] in Imperio Locumtenens generalis" (translated as ser-leşker in Ottoman documents ) held. The conflict between Charles V and Suleyman I over universal rule, which took place in Hungary, came to a temporary end with the unsuccessful siege of Vienna (1529) .

After the death of his mentor Seydi Bey, Celâlzâde Mustafa was appointed nişancı in 1534 . Until about 1550 he had the task of writing letters for the sultan, supervising the allocation of the Tımar fiefs, working out the sultan's law (ḳānūn) and developing the Ottoman bureaucracy. In May 1555 he wrote the Amasya Peace Treaty , which ended the Ottoman-Safavid War (1532–1555) and finally established the spheres of influence of the Ottoman and Safavid empires.

In 1556 Celâlzâde Mustafa retired; Süleyman awarded him the honorary title of müteferriḳa-başı . During this time his historical writings were written. In 1566 he accompanied Suleyman on his last campaign . In the same year he was again appointed nişancı by Süleyman's son and successor Selim II and held the office until his death in 1567.

meaning

In addition to Şeyhülislam Mehmed Ebussuud Efendi , Celâlzâde Mustafa was one of the closest and most influential collaborators of Suleyman the Magnificent. Under his leadership, an independent Ottoman bureaucracy (ḳalemiyye) and the administrative structure of the early modern Ottoman Empire developed. The codification of secular Ottoman law (ḳānūn) also served to legitimize Ottoman rule, as did the Şeyhülislam responsible for training the “Ottoman-Hanafite” school of law .

Through his works on history and ethics, Celâlzâde Mustafa made a decisive contribution to the development of an Ottoman understanding of politics as a universal power. As an eyewitness, he reports - from an Ottoman and Sunni-Muslim perspective - of the conflicts with the Habsburg Monarchy in the Turkish War of the 16th century and the Persian Safavid Empire in the Ottoman-Safavid War (1532–1555).

Works

  • Fetiḥnāme-ı Rodos , Book of Victory in Rhodes
    • Modern edition: Celālzāde Muṣṭafā: Celalzâde'nin Rodos Fetihnamesi . Ed .: Murat Yıldız. Libra Kitap, Istanbul 2013, ISBN 978-6-05432681-5 .
  • Tabakâtü'l-Memâlik ve Derecâtü'l-Mesâlik , History of the government of Suleyman I from 1520 to 1557.
    • Manuscripts: Berlin, State Library of Prussian Cultural Heritage, Ms. or. quart 1961; Vienna, National Library HO41; Istanbul, Ayasofya 3206, Fatih 4423, Universite Ktph. TY 5997.
    • Facsimile edition: Petra Kappert (ed.): History of Sultan Süleymān Ḳānūnīs from 1520 to 1557 or Tabaḳāt ül-Memālik ve Derecat ül-Mesālik - called Ḳoca Nişānci by Celālzāde Muṣṭafā. Steiner Verlag, Wiesbaden, 1981, ISBN 978-3-515-02911-7 .
  • Me'aricü'n-Nübüvve , Turkish translation of the story of the prophets of Mu'inü'l-Miskin
    • Manuscripts: Süleymaniye Ktp., Fatih, No. 4289, Serez, No. 1813; Millet Ktp., Ali Emiri Efendi. No. 1131
  • Mevâhibü'l-Hallâk fî Merâtibi'l-Ahlâk , on Islamic ethics.
    • Manuscripts: Süleymaniye Ktp., Hamidiye, No. 706; Harvard University, Houghton Library Ms. Turk 29 Digitized
  • Enîsü's-Selâtîn ve Celîsü'l-Havâkîn
  • Selimnâme , description of Selim I's services to religion and the state.
    • Modern edition: Celālzāde Muṣṭafā: Selim-nāme . Ed .: Ahmed Uğur, Mustafa Çuhadar. Isis, Istanbul 1995, ISBN 978-975-428-077-7 .

literature

  • Kaya Şahin: Empire and power in the reign of Süleyman. Narrating the sixteenth-century Ottoman world . Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, UK 2013, ISBN 978-1-107-52988-5 .
  • Mehmet Şakir Yilmaz: "Koca Nişancı" of kanuni: Celalzade Mustafa Çelebi, bureaucracy and "kanun" in the reign of Suleyman the Magnificent (1520–1566) . Ph.D. dissertation, Bilkent University of Ankara, 2006 ( edu.tr [PDF; accessed October 4, 2017]).

Individual evidence

  1. ↑ Ménage, VL: “Djalālzāde Muṣṭafā Čelebi” . In: P. Bearman, Th. Bianquis, CE Bosworth, E. van Donzel, WP Heinrichs (eds.): Encyclopaedia of Islam, Second Edition . Brill, Leiden 2012, ISBN 978-90-04-16121-4 .
  2. ↑ Tabakât 25a – 72a, quoted from Şahin (2013), p. 38.
  3. ↑ Şahin (2013), pp. 37–40
  4. ↑ Tabakât 67a – 104a, quoted from Şahin (2013), pp. 42–45
  5. ↑ Tabakât 110b – 111b, after Şahin (2013), pp. 45–47
  6. ↑ Şahin (2013), p. 49.
  7. ↑ Tabakât 134b – 135a, according to Şahin (2013), p. 61.
  8. ↑ Şahin (2013), pp. 61–68
  9. ↑ Tabakât 179ab – 181b, based on Şahin (2013), pp. 75–76
  10. ↑ Şahin (2013), p. 76.
  11. ↑ Tabakât 494b – 497a, according to Şahin (2013), p. 134.
  12. ↑ Yilmaz (2006), pp. 2-3
  13. ↑ Halil İnalcık : Sultan Süleyman: The Man and The Statesman . In: Gilles Veinstein (ed.): Soliman le magnifique et son temps . Paris 1992, ISBN 978-2-11-002540-1 , pp. 89-103, here p. 96 .
  14. ↑ Yilmaz (2006), pp. III – IV
  15. ↑ Guy Burak: The second formation of Islamic Law. The Hanafi School in the Early Modern Ottoman Empire . Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, UK 2015, ISBN 978-1-107-09027-9 , pp. 21-64 .
personal data
SURNAME Mustafa Çelebi, Celâlzâde
ALTERNATIVE NAMES Ibn-Celāl, Muṣṭafā
BRIEF DESCRIPTION High administrative officer in the early modern Ottoman Empire
DATE OF BIRTH 1490
PLACE OF BIRTH Tosya
DATE OF DEATH 1567
Place of death Istanbul