Chinook (software)
Chinook is a computer program that plays the English version of checkers . It was developed around 1989 at the University of Alberta under the direction of Jonathan Schaeffer . Staff were Rob Lake , Paul Lu , Martin Bryant and Norman Treloar . In July 2007, Chinook became so strong that it can no longer lose.
Human-to-machine world champion
Chinook is the first computer program to win the world title fighting humans. In 1990 it won the right to compete in the world championship by taking second place in the USA championship after Marion Tinsley . Initially, the American Checkers Federation and the English Drafts Association opposed the participation of a computer in a human championship. When Tinsley surrendered his title in protest, both organizations created the new human-versus-machine world championship. Tinsley won four times against Chinook in 1992, Chinook only twice, 33 games ended in a draw.
In 1994 there was a new title fight between Tinsley and Chinook. After six draws, Tinsley had to withdraw because of pancreatic cancer, so Chinook won the title without a win over Tinsley, by far the best checkers player of all time.
In 1995 Chinook defended his human-to-machine world championship title against Don Lafferty in 32 games, one of which Chinook won while the others ended in a draw. After that, Jonathan Schaeffer decided not to let Chinook play in tournaments anymore, but instead solved checkers. Chinook had a ranking score of 2814.
algorithm
Chinook's program algorithm includes an opening book, a library of opening moves from Grandmaster games, a depth-first search algorithm, a good position evaluation function and an endgame database for all positions with eight or fewer stones. The linear handwritten position evaluation function takes into account various board properties including the number of stones, number of women, captured women, who is to move, unblocked ways to create women and other minor factors. All of Chinook's knowledge was programmed by its creators, not learned with artificial intelligence .
Timetable
Jonathan Schaeffer wrote One Jump Ahead: Challenging Human Supremacy in Checkers on Chinook in 1997 . An improved version was reissued in November 2008.
On May 24th 2003 the Chinook database was ready for 10 stones with 5 stones per side.
On August 2, 2004 the Chinook team published that the opening Weißer Doktor (10-14 22-18 12-16) has been proven to be a draw.
On January 18, 2006 the Chinook team published that the opening 09-13 21-17 05-09 was proven to be a draw.
On April 18, 2006 the Chinook team published that the opening 09-13 22-17 13-22 was proven to be a draw.
On March 10, 2007, Jonathan Schaeffer (at the ACM - SIGCSE conference) announced the complete solution from Dame within 3 to 5 months.
On July 19, 2007, Science magazine published the article by Schaeffer's Team Checkers Is Solved , which proved that the best result of a Chinook opponent can only be a tie.
Web links
Individual evidence
- ↑ Computer Checkers Program Is Invincible . In: New York Times
- ↑ Games Chinook-Tinsley from 1994 ( Memento from August 29, 2006 in the Internet Archive )
- ↑ Details of the Human-to-Machine World Championship 1995
- ↑ Jonathan Schaeffer: One Jump Ahead: Challenging Human Supremacy in Checkers . Springer, 1997, ISBN 978-0-387-94930-7 .
- ↑ Chinook home page, June 24, 2003 ( Memento of June 24, 2003 in the Internet Archive )
- ↑ Chinook home page, September 30, 2004 ( Memento from September 30, 2004 in the Internet Archive )
- ^ Schaeffer et al .: Checkers Is Solved . In: Science , doi: 10.1126 / science.1144079