Chonnonton

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Map on parchment of Ontario between Georgian Bay in the north ("Partie du Grand Lac des Hurons") and Lake Ontario in the south, from Lake Huron in the west to Lake Simcoe in the east ("Lac Oventarenk"). The map was first dated to 1631 and later to 1651. Conrad E. Heidenreich assumed that the map was essentially created between 1639 and 1648 and was drawn by Jean de Brébeuf (1593–1649). Above all, the situation of the Jesuit missions should be made clear.

The name “ Chonnonton ” goes back to Samuel de Champlain (1567–1635), who probably referred to an indigenous group in southern Ontario that was no longer identifiable as “e qui chonnonton” on a map. He was referring to a group that kept red deer , although animal husbandry, apart from dogs, does not occur with the North American Indians . Otherwise, only the Mowachaht on the Pacific coast of Canada were referred to as "People of the deer", as it is called in English .

The approximate area of ​​the Seneca within the five nations of the Iroquois around 1650. For a long time they were considered to be Chonnonton, but speculation about the neutrals was just as fruitless.

The identification of this term recorded on a map with one of the tribes has never been successful since then. Conrad E. Heidenreich equated the "Chonnonton" in 1976 in Explorations and mapping of Samuel de Champlain, 1603–1632 with the Iroquois Seneca who lived in what is now the United States, and he calls this equation "almost certain" designated.

In 1985 Wm. C. Noble in Tsouharissen's chiefdom: an early historic 17th century neutral Iroquoian ranked society , who described the map of 1612 as "strikingly accurate", also weighed in on such security . But their accuracy was later questioned.

Frances L. Stewart and William D. Finlayson went back to the actual source in 2000. They found that the said Champlains map was by no means as precise as many postulated, but that a number of names could no longer be assigned at all. They also found that there was no evidence of keeping deer related to the neutrals . According to William C. Noble, there is also no analogous term to the English word to tend in the Wyandot language . Therefore, John Steckley preferred the term "people of the deer". The only reference to the neutrals remains the aforementioned designation on the Champlains map next to the six longhouses drawn there, which are roughly drawn in the area of ​​the neutrals.

But the now outdated or at least uncertain assumptions are still spread in the academic field. So in his non-historical qualification work, Justin Miller associated the Chonnonton with Long Point .

The Elora Gorge

The 1988 print version of the Canadian Encyclopedia assumed that the Chonnonton were a group of neutrals; in the regularly updated online version, most recently in 2016, the controversial opinions are presented. Pat Montague still assumes this is on his website The Wampum Keeper , who sets them on the Niagara Peninsula near the Elora Gorge. His historical novel The Wampum Keeper , set in 1651, also added to the confusion around the term. This has been the case until recently.

Since indigenous groups increasingly reject the tribal designations used by European colonial powers, the actual or alleged self-designation is often used. In 2014, for example, there was an article in Chattanoogan on the origin of the Cherokee , stating that the Chonnonton had also contributed to their culture, just as in 2016, when the Chonnontan were equated with the neutrals there. Today's tribes in the region also refer to the Chonnonton in public, about 2013, on the occasion of a land occupation, they wrote of the “traditional territory of the Chonnonton people”.

Remarks

  1. ^ Charles F. Hayes, Connie Cox Bodner, Lorraine P. Saunders: Proceedings of the 1992 People to People Conference. Selected Papers , 1994, p. 26 refer to Wm. C. Noble and Jacqueline EM Crerar, 1985, p. 21.
  2. ↑ James H. Marsh: The Canadian encyclopedia , 2nd ed., Hurtig, Edmonton 1988, p. 1799.
  3. ^ Conrad Heidenreich: Explorations and mapping of Samuel de Champlain, 1603-1632 , Gutsell, 1976, p. 82.
  4. ↑ Wm. C. Noble Tsouharissen's chiefdom: an early historic 17th century neutral Iroquoian ranked society , in: Canadian Journal of Archeology 9.2 (1985) 131-146.
  5. ↑ Frances L. Stewart, William D. Finlayson: Subsistence at the Irving-Johnston village and the question of deer tending by the neutrals , in: Canadian Journal of Archeology 24.1 (2000) 17-40.
  6. ^ Charles Garrad: Petun to Wyandot. The Ontario Petun from the Sixteenth Century , University of Ottawa Press, 2014, p. 37.
  7. ↑ Justin Miller: Access and Alteration Rules Related to Significant Wetlands in Long Point, Ontario , The University of Guelph, 2012. Miller completed his Master of Science degree in Rural Planning and Development with this thesis .
  8. ↑ He was referring to HB Barrett: Lore and Legends of Long Point , Burns and MacEachern Limited, Don Mills, Ontario 1977.
  9. ↑ William C. Noble; Michelle Filice: The Neutral Confederacy ( English, French ) In: The Canadian Encyclopedia . March 16, 2016. Retrieved September 13, 2019.
  10. ↑ Section The High Chief Tsouharissen ( Memento from July 18, 2012 in the web archive archive.today ).
  11. ↑ Pat Montague: The Wampum Keeper , Double Dragon, Markham 2002. See Canadian Book Review Annual, 2003, p. 175.
  12. ↑ Rick Sapp: Native Americans. State by State , Chartwell Books, New York 2018, p. 244.
  13. ↑ Chuck Hamilton: Origin of the Cherokee , Part 4, in: Chattanoogan, December 2, 2014.
  14. ↑ Chuck Hamilton: Lost Nation of the Erie Part 1 .
  15. ↑ rabble, approx .