Cremastinae
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Cremastinae when mating |
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| Scientific name | ||||||||||||
| Cremastinae | ||||||||||||
| Forester, 1869 |
Crema Tinae is a relatively small sub-family of parasitic wasps with about 840 species in 36 genera (see below and). Of a relatively large number of genera, only one or a few species are known, the genera Cremastus, Temelucha and Pristomerus are species-rich. The subfamily is found worldwide, but most species are found in the tropics and subtropics.
morphology
The Cremastinae parasitic wasps are small to medium-sized, the front wings are 3 to 14 mm long. The veins in the fore wing are more or less reduced, the pentagonal cell (areola) is mostly open, the stigma is short and often triangular. The clypeus is convex and separated from the face by a furrow. The face is mostly light.
Way of life
Like all parasitic wasps, the Cremastinae are parasitoids . Their hosts are mostly butterflies, more rarely beetles, whose larvae live hidden in stems, leaf rolls or galls. In the native species, butterflies are always parasitized. The eggs are laid in the caterpillars (larvae), where they develop endoparasitic. The adult host larvae are killed before (or shortly after) pupation.
Systematics
Within the Ichneumonidae, the Cremastinae with the subfamilies Anomaloninae, Campopleginae, Nesomesochorinae and Ophioninae should represent a phylogenetic group. There is no phylogenetic study of the subfamily, but it is considered monophyletic.
Genera
According to Taxapad there are the following genera:
- Acourtia Cockerell, 192: 1 species Acourtia perplexa, Europe
- Belesica Waterston, 1929: 2 species, Afrotropis
- Celor Kokujev, 1901: 3 species, Eastern Palaearctic
- Creagrura Townes, 1971: 1 species, Neotropic
- Cremastus Gravenhorst, 1829: approx. 130 species, worldwide
- Dimophora Förster, 1869: 17 species, Palearctic , Neotropical, Nearctic
- Dolichopselephus Ashmead, 1890: 5 species, Nearctic
- Eiphosoma Cresson, 1865: 57 species, Nearctic, Neotropical
- Eucremastoides Kolarov, 1980: 1 species, Bulgaria, Turkey
- Eucremastus Szépligeti, 1905: 12 species, Afrotropic, Palaearctic
- Eurygenys Townes, 1971: 5 species, Madagascar, South Africa
- Eutanygaster Cameron, 1911: 3 species, Neotropic
- Fafana Rousse, Villemant & Seyrig, 2011: 1 Art, Madagascar
- Gahus Gauld, 1984: 1 Art, Australia
- Hanauella Enderlein, 1921: 1 Art, Brazil
- Kasparyania Narolsky, 1990: 1 species, Eastern Palaearctic
- Mecotes Townes, 1971: 1 Art, Indonesia
- Narolskyia Koçak & Kemal, 2009: 1 Art, Armenia, Georgia
- Neleothymus Förster, 1869: 9 species, Neotropic, Nearctic
- Nothocremastus Dasch, 1979: 20 species, Holarctic
- Noxocremastus Narolsky, 1990: 5 species, Afrotropis, East Palaearctic
- Pharetrophora Narolsky, 1994: 13 species, Palaearctic
- Pimplomorpha Cameron, 1906: 6 species, South Africa, Madagascar
- Polyconus Townes, 1971: 1 Art, Peru
- Pristomerus Curtis, 1836: 140 species, worldwide distribution, especially many species in the tropics, the hosts (small lepidoptera )are oftenimportant pests on useful plants.
- Pseuderipternus Viereck, 1917: 2 species, Nearktis
- Pseudocremastus Szépligeti, 1905: 1 species, Palaearctic
- Ptilobaptus Townes, 1971: 4 species, Neotropis
- Pycnoflatsor Narolsky & Schönitzer, 2001: 2 species, Palearctic
- Ricrena Cameron, 1906: 1 Art, South Africa
- Sustenus Townes, 1971: 1 Art, China
- Tanychela Townes, 1971: 2 species, Nearctic, Neotropical
- Temelucha Förster, 1869: 236 species, 47 of them in the Western Palaearctic, worldwide distribution
- Tersoakus Narolsky, 2002: 1 species, Eastern Palaearctic
- Trathala Cameron, 1899: 101 species, worldwide distribution
- Xiphosomella Szépligeti, 1905: 55 species, Neotropic, including 2 species in the Nearctic
Web links
Individual evidence
- ^ A b c Yu, DS, Van Achterberg, C. & Horstmann, K .: Taxapad 2012, Ichneumonoidea 2011. Database on flash-drive . In: taxapad.com . Ottawa, Ontario 2012.
- ^ A b K. Schmidt & F. Zmudzinski: Contributions to the knowledge of the Baden parasitic wasp fauna (Hymenoptera, Ichneumonidae). 7. Subfamilies Anomalinae, Banchinae (except Banchini), Cremastinae, Diplazontinae . In: carolinea . tape 67 . Karlsruhe 2009, p. 133-155 .
- ↑ H. Goulet & JT Huber: Hymenoptera of the World: An identification guide to families . Ottawa 1993, ISBN 0-660-14933-8 , pp. 439 .
- ↑ subfamily Crema Tinae - BugGuide.Net. Retrieved June 15, 2020 .
- ^ I. Gauld & B. Bolton: The Hymenoptera . Oxford Univ. Press, 1988, ISBN 0-19-858521-7 , pp. 207 .
- ↑ Andrew MR Bennett, Sophie Cardinal, Ian D. Gauld, David B. Wahl: Phylogeny of the subfamilies of Ichneumonidae (Hymenoptera) . In: J. Hymenoptera Res. Band 71 , 2019, p. 1-156 .
- ↑ a b Pascal Rousse & Simon van Noort: Revision of the Afrotropical species of Pristomerus (Ichneumonidae: Cremastinae), with descriptions of 31 new species . In: European Journal of Taxonomy . tape 124 , 2015, p. 1–129 ( europeanjournaloftaxonomy.eu ).
- ↑ Melo, IF., Onody, HC & Penteado-Dias, AM: New species of the Eiphosoma dentator (Fabricius, 1804) species-group (Hymenoptera, Ichneumonidae, Cremastinae) from Brazil . In: Braz. J. Biol. Volume 72 , no. 2 , 2012, p. 389-391 .
- ↑ Nikolai Narolsky, Klaus Schönitzer: A New Palearctic Genus of Cremastine Wasps from the Flats of the Danube Delta (Hymenoptera: Ichneumonidae, Cremastinae) . In: Entomofauna . tape 22 , no. 8 . Ansfelden September 29, 2001, p. 197–204 ( PDF on ZOBODAT ).
- ↑ Z. Vas: A new species of Temelucha Förster from Malta with an updated and revised identification key to the Western Palaearctic Temelucha species (Hymenoptera, Ichneumonidae, Cremastinae) . In: J. Hymenopt. Res. Band 48 , 2016, p. 67-84 , doi : 10.3897 / YEAR 48.7094 .
- ↑ Jin-Kyung Choi, Janko Kolarov, Gyu-Won Kang, Jong-Wook Lee: Review of the Palaearctic Trathala Species (Hymenoptera: Ichneumonidae: Cremastinae) . In: Anim. Syst. Evol. Divers. tape 30 , no. 4 , 2014, p. 327–333 , doi : 10.5635 / ASED.2014.30.4.327 .