Cyclorama
In the USA and parts of Australia, the cyclorama is used to describe the circular painting shown in a panorama or the special cylindrical building for the presentation of the circular painting.
In Germany, Cyclorama or Cyklorama was the common name for a moving panorama. In English, the term “moving panoramas” is used in this case. Similar to the pleoramaThe variant of the panorama, in which beach areas were shown as they appeared to those who sailed past, showed visitors “usually large rivers with their nearer or distant bank from the source to the outflow and with the occasional change in the lighting at different times of the day”. In the case of the cyclorama a screen was pulled past the visitors and thus simulated, for example, a train or boat trip. The strip of canvas ran from one roller to another. In its 14th edition (1894–1896), the Brockhaus speaks of the fact that these exhibitions owe their popularity to the "increased enjoyment of the natural beauties of southern and northern regions thanks to the relief in travel."
River trips
The large river cyclorames by Samuel Hudson were known in the USA . The canvas of his “moving panoramas” of the Ohio and Mississippi was three meters high and 1,257.9 meters long. A copy of this cyclorama was shown in the Hamburg Tonhalle in 1850 . Another cyclorama from the Mississippi was performed by the American Henry Lewis in the years from 1849 to the mid-1850s , and in the years 1849/1850 by the French-American Leon Pomarede , and also by John Rowson Smith (1810–1864) and Samuel B. Stockwell (1813-1854). An early German cyclorama entrepreneur was HG Crombach. This showed a river trip from New York to Baltimore at the rifle festival in Emden in 1855; In 1863 the widow Topfstädt presented a 2300-mile river journey from Pittsburg to New Orleans in a cyclorama, both apparently based on Hudson's cyclorama.
"Ride on the Trans-Siberian Railway"
The technical effort with which these "illusory worlds" were staged is shown by the "Journey on the Trans-Siberian Railway", one of the cycloramas shown at the 1900 World Exhibition in Paris.
The visitors to this “moving panorama” sat in three wagons as they should be used on this route. Canvases painted with city and landscape views were drawn past the compartment windows. But it was not left with the apparent movement, i.e. the effect that occurs when an observer sees a moving scene and thereby gives him the impression that he himself is moving. Rather, it was not just a canvas, but four strips that were drawn past the compartment windows at different distances and at different speeds. The “railroad embankment” - a tape on which stones and sand were stuck on - moved past the “travelers” the fastest at 300 meters per minute. On the second level, bushes and shrubs passed on a belt at a speed of 120 meters per minute, as is common on paths and roads. Behind it, even more slowly, a band with houses and trees. The fourth screen in the background with city views and typical landscape formations with a length of 220 meters and a height of 8 meters only moved past the windows at a speed of 5 meters per minute during the 45-minute "journey".
Further developments
“In 1853, Kahleis presented 3000 years of world history in a large cyclorama , ie a chronologically arranged representation of all main structures from the oldest times to the present.” Towards the end of the 1870s, cycloramas were more and more integrated into the programs of mechanical theaters and therefore no longer announced separately by advertisement. Morieux's Mechanical Theater, for example, which had stood on the Boulevard du Temple in Paris for 22 years , presented, among numerous other attractions, a cyclorama with diverse sceneries painted by H. Howard in 1865, and one that showed motifs from Europe in 1876: The Journey from London after Paris was followed by the Venice Carnival . In 1896 the Morieux theater showed a cyclorama for the opening of the Kaiser Wilhelm Canal , and in 1900 one for the World Exhibition in Paris.
Individual evidence
- ^ Meyers Konversationslexikon, Leipzig and Vienna, Fourth Edition, 1885-1892 Vol. 12, p. 656.
- ^ Brockhaus' Konversationslexikon, Leipzig, Berlin and Vienna 14th edition, 1894-1896, Vol. 12, p. 846.
- ↑ a b http://www.massenmedien.de/lichtbilderlichtspiele/laterna/laterna.htm
- ↑ La Nature. Revue des Sciences 1900, Les Panoramas de l'Exposition I, Le Stéréorama - Le Transsibérien, Vol. 1, pp. 399–403.
- ^ Meyers Konversationslexikon, Leipzig and Vienna, Fourth Edition, 1885-1892 Vol. 12, p. 656.
- ↑ http://users.telenet.be/thomasweynants/theatre.mecanique-morieux.html
- ↑ http://www.arts-forains.com/index.php?pages=actualites/dreamlands