Deportation of Jews from Nuremberg

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During the National Socialist dictatorship, Jews were also deported from Nuremberg to the east for extermination. These deportations covered almost all Jews in and around Nuremberg. They lasted from 1941 to 1944; most of the people were deported in 1941 and 1942. The deportations ended directly or indirectly at extermination sites. Of the Jews living in Nuremberg around 1835 in 1941, around 40 survived in the “ City of the Reich Party Rallies ” and around 70 in the camps; the others around 1725 were murdered.

The deportations of the Nuremberg Jews were organized in cooperation with the police (Dr. Benno Martin ), city administration ( Willy Liebel ) and the Gestapo with the Deutsche Reichsbahn . They were prepared for propaganda by the former NSDAP Gauleiter Julius Streicher .

In the summer of 1933 there were 7502 Jews in Nuremberg. At the beginning of the deportations in autumn 1941, 1835 Jews were registered in Nuremberg in accordance with the Nuremberg Laws .

Chronology of the deportations

On November 29, 1941, 1,008 Jews, including Nuremberg, 512 via a stopover in a barracks at the Nazi Party Rally Grounds from Bahnhof Nürnberg-March Field on Reichsparteitagsgelände under the train number DA32 to Riga deported; 16 of the 512 Nuremberg citizens survived the deportation, 496 were murdered. On March 24, 1942, the second train with deportees left Nuremberg under the number Da36, this time to the Izbica ghetto near Lublin. Among the 1,000 deportees were 426 Jews from Nuremberg. All those deported on this transport were murdered.

19 Jews from Nuremberg, who were scheduled for the second deportation train on March 24, 1942, but had not been deported at the time for various reasons, were brought to Bamberg on April 25, 1942 on the Da49 deportation train coming from Würzburg. This train went to Krasnystaw , about 18 km from Izbica, where it arrived on the evening of April 28, 1942. Nobody survived this transport with a total strength of 955 people. Almost all of the younger Nuremberg Jews were deported and 99 percent murdered.

Most of the Jews still remaining in Nuremberg were old people of both sexes and children. Among the men were participants in the First World War, including war invalids and decorated. At the end of August 1942, they were grouped together in three old people's homes, including the old people's home at Johannisstrasse 17 (“Lazarus and Bertha Schwarz'sche Altersversorgungsanstalt”). On September 10, 1942, 533 old Nuremberg Jews were deported to the Theresienstadt concentration camp in northern Bohemia, which was temporarily used as a model concentration camp, but mainly served as a transit camp to the extermination sites .
The transport under the Reichsbahn identification Da512 again comprised a total of 1000 people. The train consisted of 20 passenger cars and six freight cars. This is remarkable insofar as deportation trains from the so-called Altreich generally consisted of passenger cars for reasons of concealing the process ; the well-known type of deportation with freight wagons took place mainly in the east and south of the National Socialist sphere of influence. Those who survived Theresienstadt were deported to Auschwitz concentration camp in 1943 and 1944 . Of these 533 Nuremberg Jews, 27 survived the deportation.

After these three mass deportations, around 345 Jews remained in Nuremberg. Most of them were forcibly banished to the neighboring city of Fürth in the autumn of 1942, so that Liebel was able to report to Berlin that Nuremberg was "free of Jews".

On September 23, 1942, the deportation train Da518 originally planned for Nuremberg went from Würzburg main station to Theresienstadt. The departure station was relocated at short notice because there were no longer enough Jews to be deported in Nuremberg. A total of 680 Jews were deported in the 20 passenger cars, 566 of them from the Gestapo district of Nuremberg-Fürth (which also included Würzburg). It is not exactly known how many of these 566 people came from Nuremberg itself. It can be assumed that most of them came from Würzburg and Mainfranken . Deportees who survived Theresienstadt were deported to Auschwitz in 1943 and 1944. Nothing is known of any survivors.

With the sixth deportation, 36 Nuremberg Jews were deported to Theresienstadt on June 16, 1943 in a passenger car attached to a regular train. Nothing is known about the further fate of these people. The next day, 73 people from the Nuremberg-Fürth district, including probably 16 Nuremberg Jews, were deported to Auschwitz in a passenger car attached to a regular train. All 73 people in this seventh deportation from Nuremberg were murdered.

On January 17, 1944, with the eighth and final deportation from Nuremberg, ten Nuremberg Jews whose non-Jewish mixed spouses had died or had been divorced were deported to the Theresienstadt concentration camp. Nothing is known about their fate.

Conclusion

The 40 or so people who remained in Nuremberg, who were considered Jews or “ half-Jews ” according to the Nuremberg Laws , all lived in so-called privileged mixed marriages, which was the reason why they were postponed from the deportations. In contrast to other German cities, these 40 or so people were ultimately no longer deported. A reason for this is not known. It may have something to do with the loss of files by the Gestapo due to air raids . Of the Jews deported from Nuremberg in at least 1542 (plus the unknown number from the fifth deportation train; a total of probably 1631) a total of 68 survived, 37 of them in Theresienstadt. Of the approximately 200 children among the deportees, two survived.

See also

List of stumbling blocks in Nuremberg

Individual evidence

  1. ↑ Most of the deportation trains from the German Reich to the extermination camps were marked with the abbreviation “Da” by the Deutsche Reichsbahn ; see: Michael Diefenbacher, Wiltrud Fischer-Pache (Hrsg.): Memorial book for the Nuremberg victims of the Shoah. Edelmann, Nuremberg 1998, ISBN 3-87191-249-2 . However, it is unclear whether the abbreviation stands for “David” in an ironic way or whether the “a” stands for “emigrants”, cf. Raul Hilberg : Sonderzüge nach Auschwitz , paperback edition, Ullstein, Berlin / Frankfurt 1987, ISBN 3-548-33085-1 , p. 257
  2. ^ Alfred Gottwald, Diana Schulle: The 'Deportations of Jews' from the German Reich 1941-1945. Marix, Wiesbaden 2005, ISBN 3-86539-059-5 , p. 122.
  3. ↑ Gottwald, Schulle: The 'Deportations of Jews' from the German Reich 1941-1945. 2005, p. 185 f.
  4. ↑ Gottwald, Schulle: The 'Deportations of Jews' from the German Reich 1941-1945. 2005, p. 200.
  5. ↑ Gottwald, Schulle: The 'Deportations of Jews' from the German Reich 1941-1945. 2005, p. 323 ff.
  6. ↑ Gottwald, Schulle: The 'Deportations of Jews' from the German Reich 1941-1945. 2005, p. 331 ff.
  7. ↑ In contrast to Gottwald, Schulle, the date June 17, 1943 is also mentioned, In: Utho Grieser: Himmlers Mann in Nürnberg - The case of Benno Martin: A study on the structure of the Third Reich in the 'City of the Reich Party Rallies'. (Volume 13 of the series of publications by the Nuremberg City Archives). 1974, ISBN 3-87432-025-1 , p. 264.
  8. ↑ Gottwald, Schulle: The 'Deportations of Jews' from the German Reich 1941-1945. 2005, p. 360.
  9. ↑ Gottwald, Schulle: The 'Deportations of Jews' from the German Reich 1941-1945. 2005, p. 421.
  10. ↑ Bernhard Kolb: The Jews in Nuremberg 1849-1945. Self-published, Nuremberg City Archives, signature F 5 No. 404 b, p. 100.
  11. ↑ For all information in this paragraph: Bernhard Kolb: Die Juden in Nürnberg 1849-1945. Self-published, Nuremberg City Archives Signature F 5 No. 404 b, p. 100 ff.