Breakdown voltage

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The breakdown voltage , and the breakdown voltage , withstand voltage or withstand voltage called, referred to in the electrical engineering , the voltage which will be exceeded, in order for a dielectric breakdown by a material or a substance (eg. As an insulator is performed).

The breakdown voltage is the characterizing parameter of spark gaps and gas-filled surge arresters . While these have to withstand exceeding the breakdown voltage for a short time, capacitors , insulation and insulators can be damaged if the breakdown voltage is exceeded even if the voltage breakdown does not immediately lead to a short circuit .

Depending on the material, the breakdown voltage is more or less proportional to the distance through the insulator. The dielectric strength of the insulator, the temperature , the frequency and the shape of the adjacent electrical conductor are decisive for the level of the breakdown voltage in solid bodies . Pointed conductors and air gaps lead to reduced breakdown voltages per section, there are pre-discharges that ionize the air, damage the material and thus initiate the actual breakdown. In addition, especially in the case of gases and liquids , the breakdown voltage increases with increasing pressure and also depends, among other things, on the moisture or the water content and the particle content of the substances.
Insulation materials are characterized by the breakdown field strength (breakdown voltage per insulator thickness, usually in
kV per mm).

In semiconductors , the breakdown voltage is referred to as the breakdown voltage or reverse voltage ; it does not necessarily lead to destruction here (see also Zener effect , avalanche breakdown ).

Literature / individual references

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  2. Insulation measurements. Retrieved June 22, 2016 .
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