El Sol
El Sol ('The Sun') was a liberal Spanish newspaper from Madrid that appeared from 1917 until the Spanish Civil War . Your most prominent collaborator was José Ortega y Gasset .
The newspaper was founded on December 1, 1917 by the Basque paper manufacturer Nicolás María de Urgoiti . Her focus was on reporting from business, culture and politics. She supported the reform movement of regeneracionismo for the spiritual revitalization of the country. For El Sol , José Ortega y Gasset gave up working on El Imparcial and became the inspiring force and journalistic figurehead of the new newspaper.
During the First World War , the newspaper was considered entente- friendly. On March 4, 1918, she reported on the relations between the German embassy and the anarchist Miguel Pascual in a large format and printed a letter as evidence in which a legation secretary of the embassy promised Pascual to cover the costs of printing a leaflet. In an interview published at the same time, Pascual claimed that the German embassy contributed to the August unrest of 1917. The affair caused a sensation in Spain. In a subsequent process, El Sol was forced to make a declaration of honor in favor of the German embassy. However, diplomatic correspondence between the embassy and the Federal Foreign Office shows that it actually had contacts with Pascual.
El Sol propagated a reform program as it was represented by sections of the bourgeoisie and the intellectuals, and was thus close to the magazine España (1915-1924), another mouthpiece of Ortega y Gassets. The newspaper also sympathized with the labor movement insofar as it was open to reforms. El Sol not only reported in detail on Catalanism and Basque nationalism , but also gave an unusually large space to events in the other provinces. The foreign coverage was also more extensive than was usual in Spanish newspapers at the time. From 1919 onwards , like most Spanish newspapers, El Sol supported the government's Morocco policy because it hoped it would provide a stimulus for the renewal of the country. On the other hand, El Sol did without topics such as lotteries or bullfighting and only went into criminal cases and scandal stories as much as necessary.
The editors included some of the best Spanish journalists of the day. The chief editor was initially Félix Lorenzo , who later became known under his pseudonym Heliófilo . He was replaced on September 14, 1918 by Manuel Aznar , a Basque nationalist who joined the Falange movement much later ; he stayed until March 28, 1922. One of the editors was the writer Ramón J. Sender . The newspaper was also known for the cartoons by Luis Bagaría .
El Sol was initially eight pages long, later twelve pages, and cost twice as much as a normal newspaper. In her advertisement she stated, “El Sol does not accept subsidies of any kind or repayable government loans. The paper required for each edition of El Sol costs more than 5 céntimos . Since the only income that El Sol expects are the proceeds on which any serious, independent company is based, this newspaper costs 10 céntimos throughout Spain. ”However, economic and political independence would not be without them close connection to La Papelera Española , the parent company of the Urgoiti Group, was possible. In 1920 Urgoiti started yet another daily evening paper, La Voz , which was designed more closely to the people.
In 1931, government pressure forced Urgoiti to sell his shares to a group of monarchists led by the Count of Barbate and the Count of Gamazo. The immediate cause was an article by Ortega y Gasset with the title " El error Berenguer ". On March 25, 1931, the last edition appeared under the old owner. Most of the editors and employees - among them Félix Lorenzo, Ortega and Bagaría - left the paper and switched to a start-up Urgoitis, Crisol .
As a result, the newspaper took a monarchist turn, then suddenly supported the republican system again with the beginning of the republic - one of the new owners, the Count of Barbate, was dependent on the government for a concession to fish tuna . In 1932 there were some later founders of the Falange among the staff in the cultural section , such as Pedro Mourlane Michelena , Eugenio Montes , José María Alfaro and Ernesto Giménez Caballero .
A new owner, the shipowner Luis Miquel , gave his shares to the Compañía Editorial Española in June 1934 , and Paulino Massip was the new editor-in-chief . With employees such as José Moreno Villa , Enrique Díez-Canedo , Antonio Espina , Luis de Zulueta and the cartoonist Luis Bagaría, the newspaper tried to reconnect with the old, glamorous times. In 1935, well-known intellectuals such as Antonio Machado , Juan Ramón Jiménez , Benjamín Jarnés , Corpus Barga and José Bergamín published here again .
After the civil war, the Falangist weekly Arriba was printed in the printing house .
Other newspapers under the title El Sol
In 1937 and 1938 a daily morning newspaper, the organ of the Communist Party of Spain , was published under the title El Sol , and from 1938 to 1939 a daily newspaper as the “organ of the expression of national democracy”, both published in Madrid. A Mexican newspaper was also called El Sol from 1821 to 1832, the organ of the Socialist Party in Uruguay from 1927 to 1939 and a Sunday newspaper in Guatemala in 1919/20. From 1990 to 1992 a daily newspaper El Sol appeared again in Spain , which explicitly referred to its famous predecessor.
Web links
Individual evidence
- ↑ Jens Albes: Words like weapons. German propaganda in Spain during the First World War . Klartext, Essen 1996, pp. 349–351.
- ↑ “El Sol no admite subvenciones de ninguna especie, ni anticipos reintegrables del Gobierno. El papel que se emplea en cada número de El Sol cuesta más de 5 céntimos. Como los únicos ingresos con que cuenta El Sol son los lícitos y confesables en que se basa toda empresa seria e independiente, este periódico, que necesita ocho páginas diarias para dar cabida a sus aplísimas y exclusivas informaciones, se vende en tio de todo 10 céntimos. " Repeated advertising by the publisher, here El Sol from June 29, 1918.