Electric (weather satellites)

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Electric ( Russian Электро ) or GOMS (short for геостационарный оперативный метеорологический спутник "geostationary operational meteorological satellite") is since 2011 under construction constellation of five geostationary Russian weather satellite . Elektro complements the Russian Meteor-M weather satellites, which are positioned in much lower polar orbits . Meteor-M delivers more accurate data due to its proximity to the earth, while Elektro ensures constant coverage of the entire observation area.

history

Plans for the GOMS satellite constellation go back to the year 1972, industrial military-as the Commission of the Russian Federation (Военно-промышленная комиссия Российской Федерации, shortly VPK) the development of new generation weather satellite Elektro was in order. The first of three planned electric satellites was put into orbit on October 31, 1994 , but did not work as planned and was abandoned in 1998.

The second attempt in the 2010s with the new Elektro-L satellite type was initially plagued by problems; Therefore, some technical improvements have been made to the second Elektro-L 2 .

technology

Satellite bus

The electric-L satellites are based on the Navigator - Bus of the Russian aerospace company Lavochkin . The Russian space agency Roskosmos stated its mass after reaching the target orbit as 1740 kg, 462 kg of which is attributable to the instrumentation. The satellites are designed for a service life of at least 10 years.

Instruments

The satellites are designed to simultaneously provide images in three visible spectral ranges or in near infrared and seven infrared spectral ranges. The cameras of the main instrument MSU-GS deliver an image every 30 minutes (in urgent cases every 15 minutes) with a resolution of 1 km per pixel in the visible range and 4 km per pixel in the infrared range. The three channels in the VNIR spectrum (0.5 to 0.65 µm, from 0.65 to 0.8 µm, from 0.8 to 0.9 µm) provide estimates of cloud cover, the four microwave / infrared channels (3rd , 5 to 4.0 µm, 5.7 to 7.0 µm, 7.5 to 8.5 µm, 8.2 to 9.2 µm) should deliver night images and water vapor measurements, the three thermal infrared channels (9.2 to 10.2 µm, 10.2 to 11.2 µm, 11.2 to 12.5 µm) data on water surface temperature and water vapor measurements. In addition, further instruments are integrated with GGAK-E, SKIF-6, SKL-E and a COSPAS-SARSAT system.

The GGAK-E, which weighs around 50 kg, is a system of seven space weather sensors that measure the number of particles and the energy distribution of protons, electrons and alpha particles as well as X-rays and magnetic fields. The instrument's data are used to monitor and predict solar activity, radiation and magnetic dynamics in near-Earth space, as well as to conduct studies of the magnetosphere, ionosphere and upper atmosphere. They provide data on space weather and radiation levels in space.

SKIF-6 examines incoming electrons and protons in a wide energy range. For energies from 0.05 to 20 keV, the device saves one measurement per second and delivers an energy spectrum every 10 to 40 seconds depending on the operating mode. For high-energy electrons between 0.15 to 1 MeV and protons between 0.85 and 70 MeV, the device collects flux density measurements once per second.

The SKL-E spectrometer also examines the flow of electrons and protons from the sun from an energy of 0.2 MeV for electrons and from 3.6 to 100 MeV for protons. GALS-E - a detector for galactic cosmic rays - examines the proton flux density in three energy ranges from 600 to 1,200 MeV.

ISP-2M is a sensor for measuring the solar constant . The device measures the incoming radiation in a wide infrared range from 0.2 to 100 µm and a dynamic range from 700 to 1500 watts per square meter, while VUSS-E (a UV radiation sensor) measures the radiation intensity in the characteristic 121.6 nm HL line measures. The X-ray radiation from the sun is measured by the DIR-E sensor in an energy range from 3.0 to 10.0 keV.

The magnetometer called FM-E measures the three components of the magnetic field vector and the magnetic field strength. It achieves a relative accuracy of 0.01% and collects 16 field measurements per second. The collected data is transmitted to earth in the X-band at 7.5 GHz with a data rate of 2.56 to 15.36 Mbit / s. COSPAS-SARSAT signals received are transmitted to earth at 1.54 GHz with 4 watts of power.

List of satellites

As of January 30, 2020

Surname Start date ( UTC ) Launch site Launcher Operating
position 		Cospar ID Remarks
Electric Oct 31, 1994 Baikonur proton 76 ° East 1994-069A faulty, out of order since 1998
Elektro-L 1 Jan. 20, 2011 Baikonur Zenit-3F 12.4 ° West 2011-001A limited functionality
Elektro-L 2 Dec 11, 2015 Baikonur Zenit-3F 76 ° East 2015-074A
Elektro-L 3 December 24, 2019 Baikonur proton 165.8 ° East 2019-095A
Elektro-L 4 2022Template: future / in 2 years Baikonur proton ? planned
Elektro-L 5 Baikonur proton ? planned

Sources: Encyclopedia Astronautica (Elektro), Russian Space Web and Gunter's Space Page (Elektro-L)

Web links

Individual evidence

  1. ↑ a b Ведутся работы по созданию метеорологического космического комплекса «Электро». Roscosmos, September 18, 2006, archived from the original on February 20, 2009 ; Retrieved September 19, 2019 (Russian).
  2. ↑ Elektro in the Encyclopedia Astronautica , accessed on September 19, 2019 (English).
  3. ↑ a b c d e f Elektro-L | Spacecraft & Satellites spaceflight101.com; accessed on September 19, 2019
  4. ↑ Запуск метеорологического спутника "Электро-Л" отложили на год RIA Novosti, January 30, 2020 (Russian).