unemployment
Everyone between the ages of 15 and 74 is deemed to be unemployed who has not been gainfully employed within a defined period but is actively looking for a job.
Germany
In addition to the registered unemployed , the Federal Statistical Office of Germany also publishes the number of unemployed . A telephone survey is used to ask about the criteria of the International Labor Organization (ILO) unemployment. To differentiate the figures from the Federal Employment Agency , the term unemployed is used here.
The monthly unemployment statistics follow the labor force concept of the International Labor Organization (ILO), which enables international comparisons of labor markets. Anyone who is in a formal employment relationship that he has only temporarily not exercised during the reporting period is considered to be gainfully employed. People of working age who are neither employed nor unemployed are considered to be inactive.
The definition of unemployment according to ILO criteria, which is decisive for international comparisons, differs from the definition of unemployed according to the Social Security Code (SGB). For example, the SGB requires registration with an employment agency or a local authority and the search for employment of at least 15 hours per week in order to be recorded as unemployed. On the other hand, according to the SGB, an employment of less than 15 hours can be exercised as an additional earning opportunity despite registered unemployment. The monthly unemployment statistics based on the ILO concept therefore contain people who are not counted as unemployed by the Federal Employment Agency. On the other hand, people are also considered unemployed who are not unemployed according to the definition of the ILO.
The total number of unemployed is extrapolated using a sample. This means that the hidden reserve is automatically recorded, but those unwilling to work who have registered as unemployed solely to receive unemployment benefit are excluded. The number of unemployed at the Federal Statistical Office is mostly around one million below the number published by the Federal Employment Agency (unemployed in January 2005: 3.99 million, unemployed 5.04 million).
Unemployment protests
As a political consequence of massive unemployment articulated repeatedly unemployed protests . These defended themselves against exclusion from the working society, their demands ranged from state job creation, as it was first implemented in Paris with the 1848 revolution, or from economic stimulus programs, such as the German social democracy demanded in the global economic crisis in 1929. Not infrequently, however, the unemployed also articulated socialist or anti-capitalist demands. In the context of the euro crisis since 2007, particularly in the crisis countries Greece, Italy and Spain, new unemployment protests emerged, which turned against the policy of austerity in the EU.
Demarcation
Unemployment and unemployment are not synonyms . In the labor market statistics according to the Third Book of the Social Security Code and the statistics according to the ILO employment status concept, those people are considered unemployed or unemployed who are unemployed, available to the labor market and looking for work ( Section 138 (1) SGB III). The fact that unemployment in the SGB labor market statistics is higher than the unemployment in the ILO employment status concept is due to the fact that the conceptual features are defined differently and are collected using different methods. The differences can be seen in particular in the age limits , active job search , availability, the one-hour criterion and participation in an active labor market policy measure . The one-hour criterion alone clearly shows the differences. While the ILO counts everyone as employed and therefore not as unemployed who has been employed for at least one hour per week, the threshold of SGB III is more than 15 hours per week (Section 138 (3) SGB III). These differences lead to different odds. So was in September 2016 in Germany the unemployment rate at 3.8%, while the unemployment rate reached 5.9%.
See also
Employment , unemployment , unemployment statistics , underemployment
literature
- Jan Sauermann, Registered Unemployment or Unemployment: Is There a Better Measurement Concept? , Wirtschaft im Wandel 4/2005, pages 104–108, Halle Institute for Economic Research (IWH), Halle.
- Voss, G. Günter & Wetzel, Martin, Occupational and Qualification Structure . In: Steffen Mau & Nadine M. Schöneck (eds.): Concise dictionary of the German society, Wiesbaden: VS-Verlag, 2013. ISBN 978-3-531-18929-1
- Philipp Reick: A Poor People's Movement ?, Unemployment protests in Berlin and New York in the early 1930s , in: Yearbook for Research on the History of the Labor Movement , Issue I / 2015.
Web links
- Institute for Economic Research in Halle , PDF, 621 kB
Individual evidence
- ↑ Federal Statistical Office, August 3, 2012: Monthly unemployment statistics according to the ILO concept. Federal Statistical Office Wiesbaden 2012
- ↑ See Philipp Reick: A Poor People's Movement ?, unemployment protests in Berlin and New York in the early 1930s , in: Yearbook for Research on the History of the Labor Movement , Issue I / 2015.
- ↑ Federal Employment Agency of February 28, 2012, Unemployment and Joblessness