Narrative analysis Jakob

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The Jakob narrative analysis is a qualitative research tool for everyday narratives such as B. occur in counseling and psychotherapy discussions. These narratives are conceived as dramaturgically structured linguistic productions and analyzed and interpreted with regard to the unconscious conflict material contained therein. The analysis and interpretation is based on psychoanalytic criteria and aims at a clinical conflict diagnosis.

Jacob is an anagram and describes the central carriers of meaning in a narrative, the characters and their actions, or in the terminology of the anagram: the actions and objects.

Theoretical background

Storytelling relates to events from the past, but is at the same time a means of linguistic staging in the present. The narrator directs, equips the scene with props and backdrops and designs both his own role and that of the other actors in the service of linguistic staging. In doing so, he creates tension and leads the listener in a specific way from an initial situation to a result situation. Narration thus fulfills four different modeling functions:

  • It updates the past and connects to the current situation.
  • It fulfills a social integration function when the audience is emotionally involved in the narration and takes on the narrator's perspective.
  • It reorganizes what has been experienced, overcomes fear and enables control and
  • restitutes what has been experienced by linguistically re-enacting the past in the sense of a wish-fulfillment.

Formally, narratives in the sense of Jakob's narrative analysis are linguistic sequences that are self-contained and have a clearly recognizable structure with a beginning, middle and end. In the story, the conflicts are symbolized and translated into language. The narrator deals with words. The linguistic expression is used to understand how he deals with words. Here the lexical choice of words fulfills an important function in that it can subtly depict hidden motives and intentions ( lexical choice ).

Origin and history

In 1989, Brigitte Boothe laid the foundation for a hermeneutic procedure for the diagnostic evaluation of initial interview and therapy protocols against the background of psychoanalysis and narrative theory . The procedure, later named Narrative Analysis Jakob, was developed and applied from 1989 to 2013 at the Department of Clinical Psychology, Psychotherapy and Psychoanalysis at the University of Zurich .

Technical literature documents Jakob's narrative analysis with theoretical discussions and practical application and case studies up to 2013. Another publication describes a psychotherapeutic clarification through a multi-perspective approach. Different dimensions of a patient's concerns are worked out with five qualitative methods: content analysis , credit analysis, Jakob narrative analysis, conversation analysis and operationalized psychodynamic diagnostics (OPD). With their specific findings, the five different methods contribute to a deeper understanding of the patient's concerns through methodical triangulation .

application

The Jakob narrative analysis enables narrative individual case analyzes on the background of psychodynamic and psychoanalytic theories. The following sketchy summary is intended to illustrate the practical process of an analysis: The conversation to be examined is recorded in advance and then completely transcribed. In the next step, the narratives in the transcript are determined according to the criteria in the manual. Once you have found a narrative, it is copied from the transcript and broken down into segments. Segments are individual sentences, defined here as simple subject-predicate connections, i.e. H. as a representation of an action and one or more objects. One segment answers the question "who does what how?" or «what happens in relation to whom / what how?». A lexical analysis of the vocabulary and the repertoire of characters lead to categories (for verbs and nouns). The narrative structure is characterized by different phases (start - development - result) and by the differentiation of core and frame segments.

The hypothetical development possibilities of the narrative in the initial phase lead to the formulation of hypothetical scenarios (rules of the game) of the optimal development or the development towards a catastrophe (target and anti-target); these are contrasted with the actual outcome of the narrative (being). Finally, hypotheses on conflict dynamics are formulated as the quintessence of all these steps , which can be deduced from the narrative and which is understood as a compromise between the interplay of prototypical desired topics, fear motives and defensive movements (conflict diagnosis).

Jacob Lexicon

The coding and evaluation of the narratives was supported by the publicly accessible web-based analysis tool AutoJakob until 2013. The bases for the coding of the vocabulary in the narratives were provided by the Jakob-Lexikon, an electronic lexicon accessible via the Internet. As part of an interdisciplinary project at the University of Zurich (psychology and computational linguistics) from 2007, the Jakob Lexicon was re-implemented in OLIF format. The lexicon provides linguistic information (syntactic, semantic and pragmatic background knowledge in terms of construction grammar ). The Jakob Lexicon is still accessible on the Internet; The main focus is on verbs and their utility models ( verb patterns in the sense of Patrick Hanks). Verb patterns are considered constructions; each verb pattern theoretically has a unique meaning in a specific context.

literature

  • Lina Arboleda et al. : Brief instructions for narrative analysis JAKOB. Version 10/10. , Zurich 2010.
  • Brigitte Boothe: The patient as a narrator in psychotherapy. Vandenhoeck & Ruprecht, Göttingen 1994, ISBN 978-3-8980-6336-4 .
  • Brigitte Boothe: The narrative. Biographical storytelling in the psychotherapeutic process. Schattauer, Stuttgart 2011, ISBN 978-3-7945-2801-1 .
  • Brigitte Boothe et al. : JAKOB Narrative Analysis: The psychodynamic conflict as a narrative model. In: Psychotherapy Research. 20, No. 5 2010, pp. 511-525.
  • Marc Luder and Kathrin Schnell: The narrative analysis JAKOB. Development and application 1989 to 2012. BOD, Norderstedt 2013, ISBN 978-3-8482-2753-2 .

Web links

Individual evidence

  1. ↑ Brigitte Boothe: The patient as a narrator in psychotherapy. Vandenhoeck & Ruprecht, Göttingen 1994, ISBN 978-3-8980-6336-4 .
  2. ↑ Donald P. Spence: Lawfulness in lexical choice: a natural experiment. In: Journal of the American Psychoanalytic Association. 28 1980, pp. 115-132.
  3. ↑ Brigitte Boothe: On psychoanalytic conflict diagnostics. Development of a hermeneutic procedure for the diagnostic evaluation of initial interview and therapy protocols. Peter Lang, Bern 1989, ISBN 3-261-03990-6 .
  4. ↑ Marc Luder and Kathrin Schnell: The narrative analysis JAKOB. Development and application 1989 to 2012. BOD, Norderstedt 2013, ISBN 978-3-8482-2753-2 .
  5. ↑ Hanspeter Mathys et al. : Alexandra - a multi-perspective, qualitative individual case study on the concerns of patients in the first psychodynamic interview. In: Forum Qualitative Social Research / Forum: Qualitative Social Research. 14, No. 2 2013 online .
  6. ↑ Lina Arboleda et al. : Brief instructions for narrative analysis JAKOB. Version 10/10. , Zurich 2010.
  7. ↑ Marc Luder: German Verb Patterns and Their Implementation in an Electronic Dictionary. Proceedings of the Eight International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation (LREC'12). European Language Resources Association (ELRA), Istanbul, Turkey 2012, ISBN 978-2-9517-4087-7 , pp. 693-697.
  8. ^ Patrick Hanks: Lexical Patterns. From Hornby to Hunston and beyond. In: Elisenda Bernal and Janet DeCesaris (eds.). Proceedings of the XIII. Euralex International Congress. , Barcelona 2008, ISBN 978-8-4967-4267-3 , pp. 89-129.