Eastern Speckled White
| Eastern Speckled White | ||||||||||||
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Eastern Speckled White ( Euchloe ausonia ) |
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| Scientific name | ||||||||||||
| Euchloe ausonia | ||||||||||||
| ( Huebner , 1804) |
The Eastern Speckled White ( Euchloe ausonia ) is a butterfly ( butterflies ) from the family of the white flies ( Pieridae ). Some authors include some closely related species in the taxon and refer to them as Euchloe ausonia superspecies, Euchloe ausonia complex or Euchloe ausonia species group. Because of this different understanding of the taxon, the older literature often mentions quite different geographical distribution. Currently, most authors assume the existence of three closely related species: E. ausonia (Huebner, 1804), E. simplonia (Boisduval, 1828) and E. crameri Butler, 1869. In addition, some authors use E. naina , the von Back (1990) is considered a subspecies of E. simplonia .
features
The wingspan is 36 to 48 millimeters. The forewings are white with black tips and a black spot. The underside is characterized by black and yellow scales that create a greenish-white pattern. The female is generally darker. The two generations differ somewhat in the drawing.
The color of the caterpillar varies from yellowish to greenish to bluish. It has light side stripes. The back line and the side back line are darker than the basic color. The sides have numerous, very small, black dots.
The doll is light brown and relatively slim.
Similar species
The species can only be confused with a few species in its range. In Tuscany the distribution area overlaps with Euchloe tagis and there with the subspecies Euchloe tagis calvensis . This species is smaller on average. The black color of the rather large discoid spot changes into the fore wing cell. The anal angle of the hind wing is smaller than that of E. ausonia . In Liguria, E. ausonia also occurs as E. crameri . In this species the outer edge of the forewing is slightly concave, in E. ausonia it is slightly convex to almost straight. However, due to the variability of the two generations, it is hardly possible to make a reliable distinction. However, since the distribution areas are almost mutually exclusive, a determination of the geographical occurrence is almost always possible without any doubt.
Geographical occurrence and habitat
Euchloe ausonia occurs in Europe in central and southern Italy as well as on the Balkan Peninsula, including most of the larger Greek islands. In Europe, the northern border runs roughly through southern Austria, Hungary and southern Ukraine. In the east, the occurrence continues in the south to Israel and Jordan, in the east to northern Iraq, Iran to Afghanistan, in the north over the Caucasus to southern Kazakhstan, Tian Shan, Altai and Tibet. The species prefers rocky slopes, rocky meadows, abandoned or neglected cultivated land, open olive groves, roadsides, mountain meadows and also forest edges up to 2000 m above sea level. Nectar plants, especially cruciferous vegetables , and of course the host plants, must be frequent in the habitat .
Way of life
Usually two generations are formed, the generations overlap due to the delayed hatching of the moths. The moths fly from early March to early July. The flight time is of course also dependent on the altitude. Only one generation is formed in the mountains and in very dry areas. The moths only fly in the mountains in June / July. The male butterflies rise to the summit balz on hills and mountains. Mating often only took place there.
The eggs are laid on the flower buds of the host plants. The caterpillars feed on the flowers and young fruits of the following plants: Field mustard ( Sinapis arvensis ), woad ( Isatis tinctoria ), Isatis glauca , stone purse ( Aethionema saxatile ), evergreen candytuft ( Iberis sempervirens ), Biscutella mollis , common pod ( Biscutella laevigata) ), True serrated pods ( Bunias erucago ) and Aurinia saxatilis . The pupa hibernates, but it can "linger" for two or more years; H. spend in diapause .
Systematics
The three species Euchloe ausonia , Euchloe crameri and Euchloe simplonia are very similar. Some authors therefore speak of the Euchloe ausonia complex, superspecies or group of species. Often still is Euchloe naina included as well, whose status as a subspecies of E. simplonia is controversial or as an independent type. In the older literature in particular, information on the distribution of the species is no longer applicable. Due to the taxonomic problems, the number of subspecies and their distribution is also very uncertain and only provisional.
- Euchloe ausonia maxima Verity, 1925, Crimea
- Euchloe ausonia graeca (Verity, 1925), Greece, South Serbia
- Euchloe ausonia pulverata (Christoph, 1884), Tien Shan
- Euchloe ausonia volgensis Krulikovsky, 1897, Southern Russia
- Euchloe ausonia melisande Frühstorfer, 1908, Jordan
swell
Individual evidence
- ^ Yurii Petrovich Korshunov, Pavel Yunievich Gorbunov: Dnevnye babochki aziatskoi chasti Rossii. Spravochnik. (Butterflies of the Asian part of Russia. A handbook) . Ural University Press, Ekaterinburg 1995. (In Russian) Pieridae - English translation
- ^ A b V. V. Dubatolov, OE Kosterin: A new subspecies of the Euchloe ausonia Hubner species group from the highlands of the Dzhungarian Alatau (East Kazakhstan) (Lepidoptera, Pieridae). In: Atalanta. 25 (3/4), pp. 513-520, Würzburg
- ↑ W. Back: Taxonomic investigations within the species group around Euchloe ausonia (Hübner, 1804). In: Atalanta. 21 (3/4), pp. 187-206, Marktleuthen 1990 ISSN 0171-0079 abstract
- ↑ a b Still, 1999, p. 38.
- ↑ a b S.K. Basket: The Butterfly Fauna (Lepidoptera, Rhopalocera) of the Kungey Ala-Too Mt. Range (Northern Tien Shan). In: Entomological Review. 89 (7), pp. 793-804, 2009 doi : 10.1134 / S0013873809070057
- ↑ a b Tolman, Lewington, 1998, p. 39.
- ↑ a b Suvad Lelo: Contribution to knowledge of the fauna of butterflies in Bosnia and Hercegovina. In: Acta entomologica serbica. 207, 12 (2), pp. 73-92, Belgrade
- ^ VV Anikin: Rare and disappearing invertebrate land species of Saratov region. In: Povolzhskiy Journal of Ecology. Special Issue, 2006 (3), pp. 47-56, Saratov ISSN 1684-7318
- ↑ Ahmad Katbeh-Bader, Zuhair S. Amr, Suhail Isma'el: The butterflies of Jordan. In: Journal of Research on the Lepidoptera. 37, pp. 11-26, Amman 1998 (2003) PDF
literature
- John Still: Butterflies and Caterpillars of Europe . Mosaik Verlag, Munich 1999, ISBN 3-576-11344-4 .
- Tom Tolman, Richard Lewington: The butterflies of Europe and Northwest Africa . Franckh-Kosmos, Stuttgart 1998, ISBN 3-440-07573-7 .
