Five civilized tribes

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Portraits of various tribesmen from the five civilized nations

The term of the Five Civilized Tribes ( english Five Civilized Tribes ) refers to the five Indian nations of the Cherokee , Chickasaw , Choctaw , Muskogee and Seminole . Around 1820, these tribes established a system of government with a chief , Senate and House of Representatives based on the US model . The members of the tribes tried to adapt to the society of the European immigrants. The Cherokee Sequoyah introduced a rapidly spreading script , Christian missionaries were welcomed, and black slaves were also owned .

The tribes were expelled from their ancestral lands east of the Mississippi after the Indian Removal Act passed in 1830 and settled in Indian territory (about today's US state Oklahoma ). This deportation is known as the Path of Tears . The Civil War divided these societies because no decision could be made as to which side to support. The Cherokee even broke out a civil war within their own tribe. The Chickasaw and Choctaw, however, joined the southern states . Militarily, their area was controlled by the Confederation. This weakened the position of the Indians in relation to the Union government after the end of the war.

When the tribes were resettled again, the US government promised them that their lands would not be colonized by whites. Nevertheless, some settlers violated these agreements. In 1889, the western half of the country was finally released for settlement by the government with the Oklahoma Land Run . After the project to convert the remaining Indian territories into the state of Sequoyah had failed, the tribal areas were combined with the (white) Oklahoma Territory to form the State of Oklahoma in 1907 . This ended the sovereignty of the tribal governments in their respective territories.

literature

  • Kent Carter: The Dawes Commission and the allotment of the Five Civilized Tribes, 1893-1914. Ancestry Publishing, 1999, ISBN 091648985X .
  • Angie Debo: And Still the Waters Run: The Betrayal of the Five Civilized Tribes. Princeton University Press, Princeton 1973, ISBN 978-0-691-00578-2 .
  • Grant Foreman: The Five Civilized Tribes; Cherokee, Chickasaw, Choctaw, Creek, Seminole. University of Oklahoma Press, 1934, ISBN 0806109238 .
  • Grant Foreman, Angie Debo (Eds.): Indian Removal: The Emigration of the Five Civilized Tribes of Indians. University of Oklahoma Press, 1985, ISBN 0806111720 .

Individual evidence

  1. ↑ a b Kent Carter: The Dawes Commission and the allotment of the Five Civilized Tribes, 1893-1914. Ancestry Publishing, 1999, ISBN 091648985X , pp. 1-3
  2. ↑ Michael Chiorazzi, Marguerite Most: Prestatehood Legal Materials: A Fifty-State Research Guide, Including New York City and the District of Columbia. Volume 1, Routledge, 2006, ISBN 0789020564 , pp. 910-913
  3. ^ John Noble Wilford, "Carvings From Cherokee Script's Dawn." In: New York Times, June 22, 2009
  4. ^ Howard Zinn: A People's History of the United States , Harper Perennial, 2005, p. 137 ISBN 0-06-083865-5
  5. ↑ See Grant Foreman, Angie Debo (ed.): Indian Removal: The Emigration of the Five Civilized Tribes of Indians. University of Oklahoma Press, 1985, ISBN 0806111720
  6. ↑ Clarissa Confer: The Cherokee Nation in the Civil War. University of Oklahoma Press, 2007, ISBN 0806138033
  7. ^ Edward F. Dolan: The American Indian Wars. Twenty-First Century Books, 2003, ISBN 0761319689 , pp. 55-57
  8. ^ Arrell Morgan Gibson: Oklahoma, a history of five centuries. University of Oklahoma Press, 1981, ISBN 0806117583 , pp. 191-210

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