Car pool
A car pool is a group of two or more people , one of whom takes the other on a ride in a car .
term
In everyday language and in the German Research of the car pool concept is typically used for groups of commuters used, which at regular intervals one or more cars for the working path sharing. Often the group members take turns driving and providing a car, so that they effectively share the effort and costs of commuting.
However, carpooling can have other characteristics as well. They can also be carried out in other types of vehicle (e.g. minibuses), for private purposes, in a changing composition, at irregular times or with other forms of cost sharing. Carpooling can be organized through private arrangements (planned or spontaneous, see hitchhiking ), via notice boards or via carpooling agencies - in the latter case they can be associated with the concept of carpooling .
history
The movement towards the formation of car pools began in Germany in 1973 with the oil crisis and the car-free days prescribed in some countries . Carpooling had previously been promoted, especially in the United States, through private and public efforts (see also the history of the carpooling agencies ).
Carpooling is supported by a number of organizations. These include the VCD and VCÖ traffic clubs .
motivation
The motivation to set up a car pool or to take part in it can be justified for different reasons. In general, the following reasons can be given (see also motivation for using a car pool ):
- Lack of your own vehicle or a driver's license.
- Share travel costs (e.g. fuel, toll).
- If the driver alternates in the car pool: comfort for the individual involved, who does not have to drive himself every time.
- Savings potential for traffic and the associated side effects (e.g. emissions, traffic jams, noise).
- Other people's company can be perceived as pleasant.
- Possibility of using special infrastructure such as car pool lanes .
liability
Those involved in a job-related carpool have the same insurance coverage on the way there and back as it applies to employees who drive alone to the place of work .
- In the event of an accident, the insurance of the person causing the accident will cover the damage incurred.
- If the driver is not at fault (e.g. blown tires), the insurance company pays anyway since the reform of the tort law in 2002.
- All passengers in a car pool are covered by the vehicle owner's motor vehicle liability insurance and by statutory accident insurance for journeys to and from work.
- Damage that is not covered by motor vehicle liability is limited by a liability limitation of the passengers towards the driver.
- The financial participation should be determined based on the specific costs. There must be no intention to make a profit.
If an employed person drives a child to kindergarten or school, the same insurance cover exists according to Section 8 (2) SGB VII as in the case of a carpool of employed persons to the workplace, provided that their own commute is linked to the child's commute. In this case, the insurance cover also exists during a detour required for this. This applies to taking your own children with you, as well as other children.
Tax consideration
In the case of a reciprocal car pool, employees can deduct expenses for journeys between home and work above the normally applicable maximum limit of € 4,500 as business expenses : For all days on which an employee rides in a car pool, he can deduct a maximum of € 4,500; for those days on which he takes passengers in the vehicle, he can also deduct an unlimited amount of these trips; However, the detour route to pick up the other participants is not included in the distance flat rate.
literature
- Masabumi Furuhata, Maged Dessouky, Fernando Ordóñez, Marc-Etienne Brunet, Xiaoqing Wang, Sven Koenig (2013), Ridesharing: The State-of-the-art and Future directions , in: Transportation Research Part B: Methodological, vol. 57, No. 3, pp. 28-46.
- Nelson D. Chan, Susan A. Shaheen (2012), Ridesharing in North America, Past, Present, and Future , in: Transport Reviews, Vol. 32, No. 1, pp. 93-112.
- Jianling Li, Patrick Embry, Stephen P. Mattingly, Kaveh Farokhi Sadabadi, Isaradatta Rasmidatta, and Mark W. Burris (2007), Who Chooses to Carpool and Why? Examination of Texas Carpoolers , in: Transportation Research Record: Journal of the Transportation Research Board, No. 2021, pp. 110-117.
- Maximilian Lukesch (2019), Sharing Economy in Logistics: A Theory-Based Concept for Online Ridesharing , Wiesbaden: SpringerGabler, ISBN 978-3-658-27416-0 . At the same time dissertation at the University of Regensburg .
- Volkmar Reinke (1985), Carpooling in commuter traffic: Possibilities and limits of funding , in: Institute for spatial planning (ed.), Dortmund contributions to spatial planning, Bamberg: Schadel, ISBN 3-88211-050-3 .
- Roger F. Teal (1987), Carpooling: Who, how and why , in: Transportation Research Part A: General, Vol. 43, No. 3, pp. 203-214.
- Lars Olsson, Raphaela Maier, Margareta Friman (2019), Why Do They Ride with Others? Meta-Analysis of Factors Influencing Travelers to Carpool , in: Sustainability, 11 (8): 2414, Basel April 2019. Online , (PDF)
See also
- Accompanying traffic
- car sharing
- High-occupancy vehicle lane
- Carpooling
- Car pool agency
- Commuter network
- Red Dot Action
- Shared taxi
Web links
Individual evidence
- ↑ See e.g. B. Reinke (1985).
- ↑ See Lukesch (2019), pp. 50–51.
- ↑ See Chan / Shaheen (2012), pp. 94-95, and Lukesch (2019), p. 51.
- ↑ See Reinke (1985).
- ↑ See e.g. B. Li et al. (2007), Lukesch (2019), pp. 6/10 / 50-51, and Teal (1987).
- ↑ Information on motor vehicle liability insurance in general and for car pools. (No longer available online.) Archived from the original on March 4, 2016 ; accessed on January 10, 2015 . Info: The archive link was inserted automatically and has not yet been checked. Please check the original and archive link according to the instructions and then remove this notice.
- ^ Reform of tort law passed. Retrieved January 10, 2015 .
- ↑ Who is liable in the event of a car pool accident? ADAC-Mitfahrclub.de Services. Retrieved April 12, 2017 .
- ↑ If the child has to go to school - insurance cover for trips with children. (No longer available online.) Formerly in the original ; Retrieved April 21, 2009 . ( Page no longer available , search in web archives ) Info: The link was automatically marked as defective. Please check the link according to the instructions and then remove this notice.
- ↑ BMF letter of December 11, 2006, AZ: IV C 5 - S 2351 - 60/06. (PDF) (No longer available online.) Archived from the original on March 7, 2010 ; Retrieved April 21, 2009 . Info: The archive link was inserted automatically and has not yet been checked. Please check the original and archive link according to the instructions and then remove this notice.
