Ghoulat

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As a ghulāt ( Arabic غلاة, DMG ġulāt  'exaggerator', singular: Ghālin ) those Shiite groups are referred to in Islamic doxography that go so far in the worship of the imams that they attribute divine properties to them. This kind of worship is called Ghulūw ( ġulūw ).

The founder of the Ghoulūw tradition is Abdallāh ibn Saba ' , who is said to have believed Alī ibn Abī Tālib to be God. After that, such ideas were further cultivated , especially among the Kaisānīya . Among the most important ghulāt theorists of the 8th century were al-Mughīra ibn Saʿīd (d. 737), Abū Mansūr al-ʿIdschlī and Abū l-Chattāb . Some ghoulat theorists have also given very intense thought to the form of God. For example, al-Mughīra taught that God is in the form of a man of light, that there is a crown of light on his head, that wisdom springs from his heart, and that his limbs correspond to the letters of the Arabic alphabet . The groups that still exist today and are assigned to the Ghulāt include the Nusairians in Syria and Turkey, the Ahl-e Haqq in Iran and the Shabak in Iraq. Ghulāt ideas have also been preserved in the area of ​​the Twelve Shia .

Related to the Ghulāt were the groups referred to in Shiite heresiography as Mufauwida (" delegators "). They were so called because they thought God delegated his power to the imams.

literature

  • T. Bayhom-Dauo: The Second Century Shiʿi Ghulāt: Were they really Gnostic? In: Journal of Arabic and Islamic Studies. Volume 5 (2003/04), pp. 13-60.
  • Heinz Halm : The Islamic Gnosis. The extreme Schia and the ʿAlawites. Artemis-Verlag, Zurich et al. 1982, ISBN 3-7608-4530-4 .
  • Heinz Halm: Ḡolāt . In: Encyclopædia Iranica .
  • Marshall GS Hodgson : GHULĀT. In: Encyclopaedia of Islam. New edition, 2nd reprint. Volume 2: C - G. Brill Academic Publishers, Leiden et al. 1983, ISBN 90-04-07026-5 , pp. 1093-1095.
  • Michel M. Mazzaoui: The origins of the Ṣafawids: Šīʿism, Ṣūfism, and the Ġulāt. Steiner, Wiesbaden 1972. Digitized
  • Matti Moosa : Extremist Shiites. The Ghulat Sects. Syracuse University Press, Syracuse NY 1988, ISBN 0-8156-2411-5 .
  • Colin P. Turner: The “Tradition of Mufaḍḍal” and the doctrine of the rajʿa: evidence of ghuluww in the eschatology of Twelver Shiʿism? In: Iran: Journal of the British Institute of Persian Studies. Volume 44 (2006), pp. 175-195.

Web links

Individual evidence

  1. ↑ See Hossein Modarressi: Crisis and Consolidation in the formative period of Shiʿite Islam. Abū Jaʿfar ibn Qiba al-Rāzī and his contribution to Imāmite Shīʿite thought. Darwin Press, Princeton NJ 1993, ISBN 0-87850-095-2 , pp. 21-29.