Tomb of the Crusader Kings
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The burial place of the Crusader Kings was in the Church of the Holy Sepulcher in Jerusalem, below the Golgothafelsens. Contemporary sources prove that the Crusaders set up an area in the Church of the Holy Sepulcher as a royal burial place. It was reserved for male rulers; no queen was buried in the Church of the Holy Sepulcher.
Cenotaphs Gottfried of Bouillons and Balduins I.
These two monuments are best known from descriptions by later visitors of their location, appearance and inscriptions. According to the sources of the 12th century, Gottfried was buried "below the place of the skull" and Baldwin next to his brother "under the calvary, at the place called Golgotha." In the forecourt of the Adam's chapel, within a walled area, cenotaphs from until 1808 Godfrey of Bouillon and Baldwin I .
Balduin I.
The cenotaph had a roof-like structure that rested on six short columns. A cross was engraved on the gable end. On the cover plate was a metrically shaped inscription:
"+ REX BALDEWINVS: IVDAS ALTER MACHABAEVS *
SPES PATRI (A) E VIGOR ECCL (ES) I (A) E VIRT (VS) VTRIVSQ (VE) *
QVEM FORMIDABANT CVI DONA TRIBVTA FEREBANT
CEDAR & EGYPT (VS) DAN AC HOMCVS +
PROH DOLOR IN MODICO CLAVDITUR HOC TVM (V) LO "
"King Baldwin, a second Judas Maccabaeus ,
hope of the fatherland, strength of the Church and strength of both,
before the terrified and tribute brought by
Kedar, Egypt, Dan and the murderous Damascus,
is, unfortunately, locked in this narrow tomb."
Godfrey of Bouillon
The cenotaph was like his brother's; the inscription on the cover plate read:
"+ HIC IACET INCLITVS DVX GODE
FRIDVS DE BVLION: QVI TOTAM IS
TAM: TERRAM: A (C) QVISIVIT CVL
TVI: (CH) RI (ST) IANO: CVI (VS) ANIMA: REGNET
CVM (CH) R (IST) O: AMEN: "
“This is where the glorious Duke Gottfried von Bouillon rests,
who won this whole country
for the Christian religion.
May his soul rule
with Christ. Amen."
More royal tombs
The statement by contemporary chroniclers, according to which the rulers were buried “ante locum, qui dicitur Golgatha” (in front of the place called Golgotha), would like to grant the kings a resting place in this symbolically significant place and is therefore not to be taken literally. Because there was not enough space at the graves of Gottfried and Baldwin I. Therefore, the phrase “before Golgotha” was interpreted elastically.
In fact, they were on the south side of what was then the canon choir (now the Katholikon). Baldwin II was buried near the anointing stone , Fulko to the west and Baldwin III to the east . , Amalric , Baldwin IV. , And Baldwin V .
Cornelis de Bruyn toured Palestine in 1681. He wrote that, stepping out of the Adam's Chapel, opposite the church door, lined up on the wall of the choir, he saw three tombs "made of very beautiful marble". He was told that the Duke of Florence and his son were buried here; the one buried in the third grave is unknown. Since he heard from another side that a King Baldwin and his wife were buried here, he copied an inscription with the help of other travelers:
"Septimus in tumulo puer isto Rex tumulatus
Est Baldewinus, Regum de Sanguine natus,
Quem tulit è mundo sors prime conditionis,
Et Paradisiacae loca possideat regionis."
At the beginning of the 18th century, Elzearius Horn saw four damaged and broken royal tombs, which were erected north of the cenotaphs of Gottfried and Baldwin I, near the anointing stone. Of these, Baldwin V's sarcophagus, which he copied, is the most beautiful.
destruction
In August 1244, Khorezmian mercenaries attacked the poorly defended Jerusalem. Among other things, they plundered the tombs of kings and tore out their bones. According to this, (at least) the tombs for Baldwin I and Gottfried von Bouillon are cenotaphs.
Since the burial place of the Crusader kings stood for the time of Latin rule, which was hated by other denominations, and the graves could have established a claim by the Roman Catholic Church ( Custody of the Holy Land ) to the Adam's Chapel and the Katholikon, all tombs were removed or destroyed:
- In 1778 several graves on the Katholikon were mentioned for the last time;
- In 1800 there was only Baldwin's grave on the Katholikon;
- In 1806, two years before the great fire, the graves of Gottfried and Baldwin in front of the Adam's Chapel were mentioned for the last time.
It is generally believed that the remnants of the funerary monuments were completely cleared away during the renovation work after the fire of 1808, which was carried out under the direction of the Greek Orthodox Church. "A new stone of the anointing is coming to the present place within the main portals, while the graves of the kf-kings there were removed."
Fragments
Remnants of the sarcophagi still exist. Several pieces of the richly decorated sarcophagus of Baldwin V and a piece of another sarcophagus decorated in a similar style (possibly the sarcophagus of Baldwin IV, who died just 18 months before him) have become known. The Greek Orthodox Patriarchate of Jerusalem owns, among other things, a marble slab (71.1 × 40 × 6 cm) from the sarcophagus of Baldwin V, decorated with tendrils, which was exhibited in the Metropolitan Museum . Zehava Jacoby's proposal to reconstruct the sarcophagus is on display in the Museum of the Patriarchate.
Queen Melisende's tomb
Queen Melisende was not buried in the tomb of the Crusader kings, but in the monastery of S. Maria in the Josaphat valley . Her grave was part of the Crusader-era staircase that leads down to the Marian tomb: a niche on the left (western) side of the stairs, now the Greek Orthodox chapel of Saints Joachim and Anna. The queen's sarcophagus was probably removed from this chapel in the 14th century and moved to the lower right-hand end of the stairs, where it was last seen by Felix Fabri .
literature
- Alexis Guillaume Charles Prosper Hody: Description of the tombeaux de Godefroid de Bouillon et des rois latins de Jérusalem jadis existant dans l'église du Saint-Sépulcre ou de la Resurrection . Brussels 1855.
- Zehava Jacoby: The Tomb of Baldwin V, King of Jerusalem (1185-1186), and the Workshop of the Temple Area . In: Gesta 18, No. 2 (1979), pp. 3-14
- Titus Tobler : Third migration to Palestine in 1857: Riding through Philistia, traveling on foot in the mountains of Judea and gleaning in Jerusalem . Gotha 1859. pp. 276-283.
- Johann Nepomuk Sepp : Jerusalem and the Holy Land: Pilgrims' Book to Palestine, Syria and Egypt , Volume 1. Schaffhausen 1863. P. 356–358.
- Max Küchler : Jerusalem. A handbook and study guide to the Holy City. Vandenhoeck & Ruprecht, Göttingen 2007, ISBN 978-3-525-50170-2 .
Web links
- University of Haifa: fragments of the sarcophagus of Baldwin V owned by the Greek Orthodox Patriarchate ( photo collection by Zehava Jacoby )
Individual evidence
- ^ Titus Tobler: Third hike . S. 277 .
- ^ Titus Tobler: Third hike . S. 278 .
- ^ Hody: Description of the tombeaux . S. 469 .
- ↑ a b Elzearius Horn: Ichnographiae locorum, Volume II. In: Bibliotheca Apostolica Vaticana. Retrieved July 21, 2018 .
- ^ Hody: Description of the tombeaux . S. 461 .
- ^ Titus Tobler: Third hike . S. 282 .
- ↑ Cornelis de Bruyn: REIZEN Van CORNELIS de BRUYN, Door de vermaardste Deelen van KLEIN ASIA, De Eylanden SCIO, RHODUS, CYPRUS, METELINO, STANCHIO, & c. Mitsgaders de voornaamste Steden van EGYPT, SYRIA en PALESTINA . Delft 1698, p. 288 .
- ↑ Dirk Reitz: The Crusades of Ludwig IX. of France 1248/1270 . LIT Verlag, Münster, ISBN 3-8258-7068-5 , p. 109 .
- ↑ Max Küchler: Jerusalem . S. 457 .
- ↑ Denys Pringle: The City of Jerusalem . In: The Churches of the Crusader Kingdom of Jerusalem . tape 3 . Cambridge University Press, 2007, ISBN 978-0-521-39038-5 , pp. 64-65 .
- ↑ Elements from a Tomb in the Holy Sepulcher. Retrieved July 23, 2018 .
- ^ Titus Tobler: Third hike . S. 278-279 .
- ↑ Max Küchler: Jerusalem . S. 694-695 .