S. Maria Monastery in the Josaphat Valley

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Plan of Jerusalem before 1187. Stylized church on the left edge of the picture eccla ste marie sepult vallis iosaphat in the middle of the upper half of the city.
Entrance area to the crypt of the Marian tomb. Facade from the 30s of the 12th century

The monastery of S. Maria im Tal Josaphat or S. Maria in Valle Josaphat was a Benedictine monastery during the Latin Kingdom of Jerusalem and later in Messina ( Sicily ). It was originally located to the east of today's Old City of Jerusalem in the Kidron Valley near Mary's tomb . It was probably converted from a simple priestly position into a monastery around 1110. Shortly after its foundation, the monastery also received property and income in southern Italy and Germany. After the conquest of Jerusalem by the Muslims in 1187, the abbot and the convent fled to Antioch (1197), later to Tripoli (until 1269) and finally to Acre (until 1289). After the conquest of Acon in 1291, the monks finally moved to Messina in their local settlement S. Maria Maddalena, which from March 4, 1292 on became the main monastery and seat of the abbot. The monastery buildings including the church (with the exception of the older crypt and the entrance area to the crypt) in front of the walls of the old city of Jerusalem were completely destroyed shortly after the conquest of Jerusalem, and the stones were used for the construction of the fortifications. In the older literature, the monastery or the monastery group is often incorrectly referred to as Josaphatorden or Order of the Josaphat Valley .

Melisende's burial chamber in the crypt

Location of the monastery

The monastery was to the east and outside the walls of the old city of Jerusalem, near the Marian tomb. The monks were the keepers of the tomb. The entrance area to the crypt, dating from the time of the Kingdom of Jerusalem, and the crypt itself were spared from the destruction after the conquest of Jerusalem in 1187.

history

As early as the 4th century, there is said to have been a monastery of virgins at Mary's grave, who lead (and) very strict lives. Later monks settled near the tomb.

Shortly before or during the First Crusade, the small church near or above Mary's grave was destroyed. The crypt, however, remained intact. Around 1110 King Baldwin I founded a monastery for Benedictine monks in the Josaphat valley. The story often found in literature that Godfrey von Bouillon had already founded the monastery and occupied it with monks who accompanied him on the crusade is probably legend. However, Godfrey of Bouillon had probably given the priesthood ( pastor ) to a Benedictine monk or a Latin priest. A hospital was also connected to the monastery.

Shortly after its foundation, the monastery received its first donations, in addition to donations in the Holy Land, also in southern Italy and Germany. According to Hamilton, the monastery in the Holy Land had a priory and 13 churches. In Sicily, Apulia and Calabria, the monastery had a total of four priories and 33 churches

Real estate in the Crusader States

In 1126 (after mid-October) the monastery received the Casalien Ioacheth, Oessi and Gnassia and two Carracuae Landes in Toprakkale in the hands of Abbot Gelduin in the area of ​​Mamistra .

In 1140, at the request of Abbot Guido from S. Maria de Valle Josaphat, Innocent II took the church of Ligiones, the tithe in Thanis and in Sicily the churches of S. Maria and S. Maria Magdalena in Paternò under his protection.

In the privilege of 1155, Pope Hadrian IV protected the monastery and its convent from excommunication and interdicts by diocesan bishops (supplemented with some later acquisitions).

The ownership of the monastery can be well reconstructed from numerous original documents as well as from the work of E Rey Les Colonies Franques de Syrie aux XIIme et XIIIme siècles from 1883 and the confirmations of ownership by various popes. T. are difficult to bring into cover. Therefore are named at sources. An identification with today's place names in Israel, Lebanon and Jordan was not attempted.

According to the document of Pope Anastasius IV of March 11, 1154, the monastery had the following possessions in the Crusader states:

(Almost literal) Transsumpt of the document of Patriarch Stephen from 1129

  • Tithes of the Gardens and Mills of Siloe ( decimas ortorum et molendinorumque Siloe )
  • the lands and vineyards belonging to this church (Siloe) ( terrarum quoque et vinearum eidem ecclesie pertinentium, que sunt in eodem territorio )
  • (further) the tithes of two carrucae (farms), one has Guido de Milly, the other Balean d'Ibelin ( preterea decimas duarum carucarum, quarum una fuit Guidonis de Miliaco, altera Baleani )
  • the tithes of the Casalia Ascar and Bether / Bytiri / Bythiri in the area of ​​Nablus ( in territorio Neapolitano decimas duorum casalium Ascar et Bytiri ), given in 1115 by King Baldwin I.
  • the tithe in Casale Casera in the area of ​​Acre ( in territorio Acon decimam casalis, quod dicitur Casera, et quatuor carrucarum terre )
  • Olive groves and accessories for the Casale des Hubert de Pazi ( oliuarumque ad eas pertinentium apud casale Huberti de Paceo )
  • half of the tenth mediatatem quoque decime Baliani de Bitiri et
  • terre Beroaldi, que sita in monte
  • et totam decimam trium casalium Balduini Ramatensis, quorum nomina hec sunt: ​​Gemail, Serra, Bethezim
  • Casale Cavee, Casale Tarphin, Zehnten ( necnon et decimam duorum casalium Cauee et Tarphin, que fuerunt Gumfredi de Turri )
  • de concessione prioris et canonicorum dominici Sepulchri furnum unum in Jerusalem
  • decimam terre Plate Petre e
  • decimam casalis, quod uovatur Darchiboam
  • de donis quoque episcoporum in territorio Cesariensi decimam casalis, quod uocatur Betalla
  • mediam partem decime, que de proprio laboratories monachorum uel eis subditorum procedet in territorio Cayphe,
  • et casalis cui nomine Galgala,
  • in Galilea ecclesiam Ligionis cum parrochia et omnem decimationem ipsius
  • decimationis alterius casalis, quod dicitur Thanis
  • ecclesiam sancti Georgii, que super Tyberiadem sita est
  • in territorio Ramatensi casale unum nomine Saphiria et mediam partem decimationis ipsius
  • in Ioppe unam ecclesiam
  • in Ptolomaida aliam (ecclesiam)
  • in Caypha aliam (ecclesiam)
  • in Tyro aliam (ecclesiam)
  • iuxta sydonem aliam (ecclesiam)
  • in casale Betalla unam capellam
  • in Saphiria aliam capellam

after the diploma of King Baldwin in 1130

  • de donis Gotefredi et regum Ierusalem et baronum eiusdem terre infra muros, Ierusalem furnum unum, molendina, domos, ortos et balneum,
  • extra uero in eius territorio terras, vineas, fontem Syloe et molendina, fossam et ortos et
  • duas partes de casali Bethsau et
  • casale dicitur Dargerboam
  • in territorio Neapolis casale unum, quod dicitur Ascar
  • et aliud quod dicitur Bytiri
  • et aliud quod dicitur Saphe
  • in territorio Ioppe duas carrucatas terre
  • terre que fuit Framerici
  • in territorio Cayphe casale unum, quod dicitur Tymini
  • in eodem castro nomine Cayphas domos, furnum et terras intus et extra
  • in Territorio Ebron casale unum nomine Iamaruara
  • iuxta Sydonem casale unum nomine Capharabra et uiridarium et terras
  • in Baruth, domos, furnum, molendinum et viridarium
  • (in Baruth) extra duas carrucatas terre
  • in Ptolemaida domos duas
  • in montanis casale unum nomine Casara
  • in territorio Cesariensi casale unum nomine Betalla
  • (in territorio Cesariensi) intra ciuitatem domum unum
  • (in territorio Cesariensi) iuxta uiam que ducit ad flumen
  • casale unum quod dicitur Meschium
  • trans flumen Iordanis casale unum, quod dicitur Bethsura
  • in terra Ligionis quatuor carrucatas terre et domos in casali
  • in territorio Toroni casale unum nomine Corath
  • in territorio Tiberiadis casale unum quod dicitur Casrielme
  • in terra Sueti casale unum, quod dicitur Zebezeb
  • (in terra Sueti) aliud quod dicitur Sanctus Georgius de Chaman
  • (in terra Sueti) aliud quod dicitur Sanctus Iob cum omnibus pertinentiis eorum
  • casale quod dicitur Suesme
  • in territorio Gor casale nomine Ierraz
  • in casale Huberti de Paci quatuor carrucatas terre et oliuetum et infra casale domum unum et extra ortum
  • in territorio Tyri casale unum nomine Bethfella
  • (in territorio Tyri) aliud nomine Sardanas
  • (in territorio Tyri) infra ciuitatem domos, viridarium et ortum
  • in territorio Ascalonis casale unum nomine Machoz cum omnibus pertinentiis suis
  • (in territorio Ascalonis) maiorem machomeriam in eadem ciuitate et unum de melioribus viridariis
  • iterum trans flumen Iordanis duo casalia Bethsura et La
  • in omni portu Ierusalem terre sine nauali exactione libere intrare et exire cum nauibus et omnibus rebus uestris et intrare in civitatem Ptolomaidam et exire cum omnibus rebus uestris sine aliqua tributali consuetudine

after Rey and Röhricht, the monastery of S. Maria in the Josaphat valley had the following possessions in the crusader states:

Principality of Antioch

  • Casale Anadi, was transferred to the monastery by Robert de Laitot in 1114
  • Casale Burio, donated to the monastery by Robert de Vieux-Pont in 1114.
  • Casale Merdic, donated to the monastery in 1114 by a knight Robert
  • Casale Oschi, donated to the monastery by G. Chevrier in 1114.
  • Casale Saint-Paul, donated to the monastery by G. Chevrier in 1114.

Jerusalem and Hebron Region (Royal Domain)

  • Casale Bethamar / Bethomar ( Beit-Oummar ), was a gift from Guy de Milly (before 1130)
  • Casale Bethsau / Bethsan ( in territorio Ierusalem partes duas de casali Bethsau ), two parts of the tithe, transferred to the monastery in 1123 by the patriarch Warmund
  • Casale Dalphin or Daltim, in the Jerusalem area
  • Casale Jamarvara ( Djamrourah ) in the Hebron area
  • Casale Mezera or Mezerech ( El Mezraa ), near Jerusalem, tenth
  • Casale Meschium ( Mesket ), on the way from Jerusalem to Jericho, given by Peselle, Viscount of Jerusalem
  • Casale Siph ( Ziph ), four carrucae (courtyards), belonged to Hubert de Pazi / Ubertus de Pazeo, and later Letard, Viscount of Jerusalem, the four courtyards were donated to the monastery before 1130

East of the Jordan

  • Casale Bethsura, east of the Jordan, before 1130 by Raymond du Puy
  • Casale La, east of the Jordan, before 1130 by Raymond du Puy

Jaffa and Ascalon region

  • Casale Assir or Serra, half of the tithe went to the monastery ( et totam decimam trium casalium Balduini Ramatensis, quorum nomina hec sunt: ​​Gemail, Serra, Bethezim )
  • Beithbezin ( Bethbesan ), tithes ( et totam decimam trium casalium Balduini Ramatensis, quorum nomina hec sunt: ​​Gemail, Serra, Bethezim )
  • Casale Cala, between Ramlah and Mirabel, the desolate village of Deir-el-Kalat
  • Casale Caphyria or Sapharia ( Kefirah ), near Ramlah
  • Casale Cephrie (desolate, Scheprieh ), near Saint-Georges de Lydda, to the monastery, 1148
  • Casale Darchiboam (Daryeboam)
  • Casale Gemail, tithe
  • Jaffa, the Sainte-Croix and St. Laurent chapels
  • Casale Machoz ( Makkous ), very close to Ascalon, given to the monastery by Hugo, Count of Jaffa and Ascalon
  • Casale Tarphim, tithe

In the area of ​​Caesarea

  • Casale Bathalla, near Caesarea, owned by the abbey as early as 1115

In the Nablus area

  • Casale Aschar, 1115 by King Baldwin I.
  • Casale Bether / Bytir ( Et Tyreh ), donated to the monastery by Baldwin II in 1130
  • Casale Casracos, near Aschar, donated by King Baudoin II on March 13, 1159
  • Casale Saphet / Saphe, in the area of ​​Nablus, tithe, before 1130 to the monastery

Reign of Caypha (Carmel)

  • Casale Anna ( Hannaneh )
  • Casale Tymini or Galgala, Gift of Tranced (before 1120)

Galilee and east of the Jordan

  • Casale Casrielme, donated to the abbey in 1119
  • Casale Jerraz, donated to the abbey in 1115
  • Casale Saint-Georges de Chaman ( Aioun Shaman )
  • Casale Saint-Job, donated to the monastery in 1129
  • Casale Thanis or Tannoch ( Ta'anouk )
  • Casale Zebezeb, donated to the monastery by Theobald de Nigelle in 1115.

Territory of Acre and Tire

  • Casale Bethfella or Beffele
  • Casale Cassera ( Kesra ), tenth
  • Casale Chorat or Lichorat, in the mountains near the Toron fortress, to the abbey in 1115
  • Casale Sardenas, owned by the monastery before 1130

Reign of Sagette

  • Casale Sapharabra

From 1241 to 1244 the monastery is said to have had a priory in Jerusalem.

Italy

The monastery in southern Italy received numerous donations very early on, which were confirmed by Pope Pascal II as early as 1112. In 1140 Pope Innocent II reaffirmed the possessions of the monastery of S. Maria in the Josaphat valley in Sicily, Apulia and Calabria.

  • S. Maria Maddalena in Messina, originally a priory, became an abbey in 1292, the abbot of the monastery of S. Maria in the Josaphat valley moved there after the fall of Acre (1291). The monastery was united with the monastery of San Placido in Calonerò in the 15th century .
  • S. Maria Maddalena in Paternò (on the southern slope of Mount Etna), priory
  • S. Maria de Valle Josaphat in Palermo , Priory
  • S. Maria de Josaphat near S. Mauro north of Rossano in Calabria, priory

Constantinople

In 1205 Abbot Amatus received the church in Taranit (in what was then Constantinople, now Istanbul ). However, it will not be mentioned later.

In Germany

In Germany, the S. Maria monastery in the Josaphat valley had an important base in the Klostermansfeld priory. According to Karl Wimmer, Count Hoier III. von Mansfeld traveled to the Holy Land with Heinrich the Lion in 1172 and, on his return, brought a new colony of brothers from the monastery of S. Maria in the Josaphat Valley with them to Germany. Since it was a dependent monastery, Klostermansfeld had no abbot, but only one prior. The respective prior had to get his confirmation from the Patriarch of Jerusalem. This means that the donation or transfer from Klostermansfeld to the S. Maria monastery in the Josaphat valley must have been made well before 1172. Krühne calls the monastery community ordinis Benedicti de valle Josaphat or Mansfeld Monastery under the Josaphatordens-Kloster Mansfeld

  • Klostermansfeld monastery church
  • Klein-Wulferstedt (fallen desolately southwest of Wulferstedt ). In 1277 Count Heinrich von Regenstein gave the Servite Convent in Hasselfelde a farm with 2½ hooves in Klein-Wulferstedt (fallen desolate southwest of Wulferstedt), which the brothers from the Josaphat valley had previously owned and which had given up again. It is not known why the monastery returned this property.
  • Hornere , is Groß- or Burgörner between Hettstedt and Klostermansfeld Hornere originally belonged to the monastery of S. Maria Latina , and is mentioned in the papal document of Coelestin IV. From 1115. At a later date, the Mansfeld Monastery had patronage over the church.

The forgery of documents of the monastery S. Maria in the valley Josaphat

Even before 1900 it was recognized that a number of documents from the monastery of S. Maria in the Josaphat valley were forged. The forgeries from the first decades of the 13th century seem to have been made by a person in the writing workshop of the monastery of S. Maria Magdalena in Messina. He had the original documents. He imitated the lettering of the original, the text essentially follows the originals. Mostly they are not complete forgeries, i. H. The monastery did not acquire possessions that it did not already have, rather the monastery granted itself better and more extensive rights in the forgeries. The monastery had already been granted tax exemption from Wilhelm II for certain goods that were shipped from the port of Messina to the Holy Land. For example, in the forged document of Queen Konstanze from 1196, in which she confirmed the document of Wilhelm II, the tax exemption is extended to all ports of Sicily and Calabria and to all goods.

Special habit

According to Schoonebeek, the monks of the monastery of S. Maria in the Josaphat valley, unlike the other Benedictines, wore a black robe with a large, wide red cap. They also used to have long beards.

List of Abbots

The list of abbots was essentially based on Ursmer Berlière, with minor additions from other works.

  • 1112, 1117 Hugo
  • 1120 ( abbates electus ) to 1130 Gilduin
  • 1135, 1138 Robert
  • 1140-1154 Guido
  • 1156/57 P ...
  • 1158, 1160 Wilhelm
  • 1170, 1176 Peter
  • 1178 John
  • 1195, 1197, 1205 to 1212 Amatus / Amicus, stayed in Sicily in 1203/04.
  • before 1220 an abbot Q.
  • October 1, 1220, 1230, 1235 Raoul
  • 1244 unknown abbot, killed near Gaza
  • 1248 Heinrich
  • 1264, 1267 Jacobus
  • 1289, 1291 Wilhelm, Abt

literature

  • Ursmer Berlière: The old Benedictine monasteries in the holy land. II. Cap. The Benedictine Order in the Holy Land during and after the Crusades. Studies and communications from the Benedictine and Cistercian orders with special consideration of the history of the order and statistics, 9: 260–272, 474–492, Brno 1888 (hereinafter abbreviated to Berlière, Benedictine monasteries with corresponding page number)
  • Rudolf Hiestand: Papal documents for churches in the Holy Land. Vandenhoeck & Ruprecht, Göttingen 1985, ISBN 3-525-82417-3 (hereinafter abbreviated to Hiestand, Papal documents with the corresponding page number and document number)
  • Nadia Jamil, Jeremy Johns: An original Arabic document from crusader Antioch (1213 AD). In: D. Donald Sidney Richards, Chase F. Robinson (eds.): Texts, documents, and artefacts: Islamic studies in Honor of DS Richards , pp. 157-190, Leiden 2003 (Islamic History and Civilization. Studies and Texts 45 ) incomplete preview on Google Books
  • Paul Kehr: About the papal documents for S. Maria de Valle Josaphat. News of the Royal Society of Sciences in Göttingen, Philological-Historical Class, 1899: 338-368, Göttingen 1899 (in the following abbreviated Kehr, Papal documents with corresponding page number)
  • Theo Kölzer: News about the S. Maria de Valle Josaphat forgery complex. German Archive for Research into the Middle Ages, 37: 140–161, Cologne & Vienna, 1981.
  • Charles Kohler: Chartes de l'abbaye de Notre Dame de la Vallée de Josaphat en Terre Sainte. Revue de l'Orient Latin, 7: 108–222, Paris, 1899 (hereinafter abbreviated to Kohler, Chartes with corresponding page number)
  • Max Krühne: Document book of the monasteries of the county of Mansfeld. Historical sources of the province of Saxony and neighboring areas, vol. 20, 780 p., Otto Hendel, Halle, 1888 (in the following abbreviated Krühne, document book with corresponding page number)
  • Hans Eberhard Mayer: The crusader rule Montréal (Šōbak): Jordan in the 12th century. Limited preview on Google Books p. 223.
  • E. Rey: Les colonies franques de Syrie aux XIIme et XIIIme siècles. Alphons Picard, Paris 1883 (hereinafter abbreviated as Rey, Colonies franques de Syrie with corresponding page number)
  • Gustav Schmidt: Document book of the city of Halberstadt. First part. 594 p., Verlag von Otto Hendel, Halle, 1878 (historical sources of the province of Saxony and adjacent areas, 7th volume, first part) (hereinafter abbreviated to Schmidt, deed book of the city of Halberstadt, vol. 1 with the corresponding page number and document number)
  • Stefan Terbruck: The Sicilian monasteries S. Maria in Valle Josaphat in Messina and S. Maria Latina in Agira and their Saxon remote property. In: Wolfgang Huschner, Enno Bünz, Christian Lübke (eds.): Italy - Central Germany - Poland. History and culture in a European context from the 10th to the 18th century, pp. 361–384, Leipziger Universitätsverlag, Leipzig 2013.

Individual evidence

  1. ↑ a b Berlière, Benedictine monasteries in the holy land, p. 266 ( online at archive.org )
  2. ↑ Hans Eberhard Mayer: On the history of the monastery S. Maria in Val Josaphat. In: Hans Eberhard Mayer: Dioceses, monasteries and monasteries in the Kingdom of Jerusalen , pp. 258–371, Stuttgart 1977 (writings of the Monumenta Germaniae Historica, vol. 26), ISBN 3-7772-7719-3
  3. ^ A b Bernard Hamilton: The Latin Church in the Crusader States: The Secular Church. X + Variorum Publ., London 1980, ISBN 0-86078-072-4 Preview on Google Books (the digitized copy is without pagination)
  4. ↑ Hans Eberhard Mayer: The chancellery of the Latin kings of Jerusalem. Volume 2. Hahn, Hanover, 1996, ISBN 3-7752-5741-1 (also Monumenta Germaniae historica, volume 40), snippets from Google Books , p. 889.
  5. ^ Kehr, Papal Documents, p. 364.
  6. ↑ a b c d Hiestand, pp. 205–208, document no. 70
  7. ^ A b Reinhold Röhricht: Studies on medieval geography and topography of Syria. Journal of the German Palestine Association, 10: 195–345, Leipzig 1887, pp. 212–221.
  8. ↑ a b Rey, Colonies franques de Syrie, p. 425, online at www.archive.org
  9. ↑ Rey, Colonies Franques de Syrie, p 325, online at www.archive.org
  10. ↑ Rey, Colonies franques de Syrie, p. 334, online at www.archive.org
  11. ↑ Rey, Colonies Franques de Syrie, p 347, online at www.archive.org
  12. ↑ Rey, Colonies franques de Syrie, p. 348, online at www.archive.org
  13. ↑ Rey, Colonies Franques de Syrie, p 352, online at www.archive.org
  14. ↑ a b Rey, Colonies franques de Syrie, p. 379, online at www.archive.org
  15. ↑ Rey, Colonies Franques de Syrie, p 381, online at www.archive.org
  16. ↑ Rey, Colonies Franques de Syrie, p 386, online at www.archive.org
  17. ↑ a b Rey, Colonies franques de Syrie, p. 388, online at www.archive.org
  18. ↑ Rey, Colonies Franques de Syrie, p 391, online at www.archive.org
  19. ↑ a b Rey, Colonies franques de Syrie, p. 401, online at www.archive.org
  20. ↑ Rey, Colonies Franques de Syrie, p 405, online at www.archive.org
  21. ↑ a b Rey, Colonies franques de Syrie, p. 406, online at www.archive.org
  22. ↑ a b Rey, Colonies franques de Syrie, p. 407, online at www.archive.org
  23. ↑ Rey, Colonies franques de Syrie, p. 409, online at www.archive.org
  24. ↑ Rey, Colonies Franques de Syrie, p 411, online at www.archive.org
  25. ↑ Rey, Colonies Franques de Syrie, p 412, online at www.archive.org
  26. ↑ Rey, Colonies Franques de Syrie, p 414, online at www.archive.org
  27. ↑ Rey, Colonies Franques de Syrie, p 415, online at www.archive.org
  28. ↑ a b Rey, Colonies franques de Syrie, p. 426, online at www.archive.org
  29. ↑ Rey, Colonies Franques de Syrie, p 429, online at www.archive.org
  30. ↑ Rey, Colonies Franques de Syrie, p 432, online at www.archive.org
  31. ↑ Rey, Colonies Franques de Syrie, p 438, online at www.archive.org
  32. ↑ Rey, Colonies franques de Syrie, p. 441, online at www.archive.org
  33. ↑ Rey, Colonies Franques de Syrie, p 444, online at www.archive.org
  34. ↑ Rey, Colonies Franques de Syrie, p 445, online at www.archive.org
  35. ↑ a b Rey, Colonies franques de Syrie, p. 447, online at www.archive.org
  36. ↑ Rey, Colonies Franques de Syrie, p 474, online at www.archive.org
  37. ↑ Rey, Colonies Franques de Syrie, p 478, online at www.archive.org
  38. ↑ Rey, Colonies Franques de Syrie, p 479, online at www.archive.org
  39. ↑ Rey, Colonies Franques de Syrie, p 495, online at www.archive.org
  40. ↑ Rey, Colonies Franques de Syrie, p 520, online at www.archive.org
  41. ^ Jean Richard: The Crusades: c. 1071 - c. 1291. XIV, 516 pp. Cambridge Univ. Press, Cambridge 1999, ISBN 0-521-62369-3 , p. 396.
  42. ↑ Berlière, Benedictine Monasteries in the Holy Land, p. 479.
  43. ^ Karl Limmer: Draft of a documented pragmatic history of the Marggrafthum Osterland. Not regent, but national history; with explanatory and corrective considerations for the entire Saxon and German history. First volume. Verlag Friedrich Weber, Ronneburg, 1834, online at Google Books , p. 294.
  44. ^ Krühne, Urkundenbuch, p. 325
  45. ^ Krühne, Urkundenbuch, p. 319
  46. ^ Schmidt, document book of the city of Halberstadt, vol. 1, p. 126/27, document no. 147 Online at archive.org
  47. ^ Karl Andreas Kehr: The documents of the Norman-Sicilian kings. A diplomatic inquiry. Fifth chapter. Fakes. X. Maria de Valle Josaphat. Inaugural dissertation to obtain a doctorate from the Friedrich-Wilhelms-Universität in Berlin, 33 pages, Verlag der Wagner'schen Universitäts-Buchhandlung, Innsbruck.
  48. ↑ Adriaan Schoonebeek: Brief and thorough Histori, of the origin of the Spiritual Orders, translated from French into German. Including accompanying actual presentations of their religious dresses. Lorentz Kroniger & Gottlieb Göbels seel. Erben, Augsburg 1702 Online at Google Books , p. XXXIX
  49. ^ Kohler: Chartes, p. 195 Online at www.gallica.fr.

Coordinates: 31 ° 46 ′ 48.4 "  N , 35 ° 14 ′ 22.7"  E