S. Maria Latina Monastery

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Plan of Jerusalem before 1187. Stylized eccla latina church in the lower right quarter of Jerusalem, including the Tower of David ( turris david ).
Neo-Romanesque Church of the Redeemer in Jerusalem on the site of the Church of the Monastery of S. Maria Latina

The Monastery of S. Maria Latina was a Benedictine abbey that existed in Jerusalem before the Kingdom of Jerusalem was established in 1099 . The church and monastery also included a hospital, which became independent at the beginning of the 12th century and became the nucleus of the Order of St. John . After Saladin's conquest of Jerusalem in 1187 , the monks fled first to Acre and after the fall of Acre (1291) to S. Maria Latina in Agira in Sicily. The monastery church in Jerusalem was first converted into a mosque, and the monastery buildings became a law school. In the course of the 14th century, the buildings fell into disrepair and remained in ruins until the 19th century. From 1893 to 1898 the ruins of the monastery church in Jerusalem were rebuilt as the Protestant Church of the Redeemer using some medieval remains in the original dimensions in the neo-Romanesque style .

location

The monastery of S. Maria Latina was located within the walls of the old city of Jerusalem on the site of today's Church of the Redeemer. The name Latina (as opposed to Greco-Byzantine) comes from the fact that the church was located in the then Latin quarter of Jerusalem in the 11th century and belonged to the Latin Benedictine order. Connected to the church was a hospital that became independent at the time of the Crusaders.

history

Of the Latin monasteries documented in the Kingdom of Jerusalem (1099 to 1291), only S. Maria Latina dates back to the pre-Crusade period, the others were either newly founded after the conquest of Jerusalem (1099) and / or existing churches or shrines were founded by Latin monks to hand over.

In 1112 Pope Paschal II took the monastery of S. Maria Latina in Jerusalem under his protection and confirmed his rights or the rights of the abbots in the churches of Jerusalem and Bethlehem . He allowed the newly elected abbots to be ordained by the Patriarch of Jerusalem . In this privilege the Pope mentioned that in the times of the Saracens and Turks , before the conquest of Jerusalem by the Crusaders, S. Maria Latina was a hospicium for Latins, Italians and Lombards. At that time (11th century) the monastery was combined with a hospital. As early as 1112, the monastery and hospital were separated from each other. The Order of St. John developed from the hospital.

Another privilege comes from Pope Hadrian IV (1154–1159), which he issued on April 21, 1158 and which now also lists the individual possessions. On March 8, 1173 Pope Alexander III. a new privilege, in which the possessions of the monastery are described again.

After Saladin's conquest of Jerusalem in 1187, the monks had to leave the monastery and moved to Acre. After the conquest of Jerusalem in 1187, the monastery church was converted into a mosque, and the monastery buildings into a law school. In the 14th century, the buildings gradually fell into disrepair. However, they remained in ruins until the 19th century. The carved north portal and the apses of the church as well as the cloister have been preserved. From 1893 to 1898 it was rebuilt in its original dimensions, but on a new foundation in the neo-Romanesque style as the Church of the Redeemer.

Possessions

Very early on, the monastery received numerous donations in the Holy Land and especially in Sicily. In Germany, too, the monastery received some smaller possessions. The monastery of S. Maria Latina was one of the richest monasteries in what was then the Kingdom of Jerusalem, as evidenced by the impressive list of its properties owned by Popes Hadrian IV and Alexander III. confirmed.

In the Holy Land

  • Shops in the neighborhood of the monastery and the church of S. Maria Latina ( stationes )
  • a furnace ( furnum )
  • a palace at St. Stephen's Gate ( palacium iuxta portam sancti Stephani )
  • some houses south behind the palace ( a plaga australi, quasdam domos post illud palacium )
  • some houses near the palace on the city wall up to the second tower of the walls ( domos supra murum urbis iuxta idem palacium usque ad secundam turrem murorum )
  • St. Stephen's Church on the way from Jerusalem to Nablus, north of the palace ( ex altera parte ecclesiam sancti Stephani iuxta viam, quae ab Hierusalem duxit Neapolim )
  • a hospital on this way ( hospitale iuxta andem via )
  • a garden between the same (named) church and Jerusalem ( hortum inter eandem ecclesiam et Hyerusalem )
  • other gardens and vineyards that the monastery had in the area of ​​Jerusalem, together with the tithe ( alios hortos et vineas, quas habetis in territorio Hyerusalem cum decimis earum )
  • the Casale Belfair with its vineyards, lands and tithe ( casale Belfair cum vineis suis, terris et decimis earum )
  • half of the Casale Sancti Euthymii near Bethlehem with its lands and the tithe ( dimidium casale sancti Euthimii iuxta Bethlehem cum terris suis et cum decimis earum )
  • a casale (not named) in the Blanchegarde area, which the Count Amalrich of Askalon had given to the monastery ( casale unum in territorio Blogegarde, quod privilegio comitis Amarrici vobis est confirmatum )
  • six carrucatae land, houses and gardens in Lydda ( in Lyda sex carrucatas terrae, domos, hortos ) (carrucata is partly translated with the medieval word hooves)
  • the church of S. Maria Latina in Jaffa with houses, a garden and three carrucatae lands with the tithe ( ecclesiam Latinam in Ioppen cum domibus et uno horto et cum tribus carrucatis terrae et cum decimis earum )
  • the Casale Turris Rubea near Caesarea ( turrem Latinae in territorio Caesareae cum pertinentiis )
  • the Casale Eustachii, called Montdidier (Madd ed Deir) in later confirmations ( in eodem territorio casale, quod fuit Eustachii, cum pertinentiis suis )
  • Land in Cocto ( terram in Cocto )
  • Lands and possessions whose donation was confirmed by the Lords of Caesarea ( terras quoque et possessiones, quas privilegiis dominorum Caesarea confirmatas legitime possidetis )
  • 100 Byzantines annually in Nablus (probably from a royal donation ( centum bizantinos Neapoli singolis annis ))
  • a church in Bairut with gardens, land and tithe ( unam ecclesiam in Berito cum hortis suis, terra et decimis earum )
  • a church in Byblos and a garden ( unam ecclesiam in Gibileto et hortum )
  • a church of S. Maria Latina in Monte Peregrino with a garden, lands, vineyards and the tithe ( ecclesiam latinam in Monte peregrino cum horto uno, terris, vineis et decimis earum )
  • a field in Tripoli and an oil press ( campum unum Tripoli et materam )
  • a parish church of S. Maria Latina in Lattakia ( ecclesiam latinam parochialem in Laudicea )
  • the church of St. Nicholas with associated properties, half of the theater and gardens that lie in it ( ecclesian sancti Nicolai cum possessionibus earum, dimidiam partem theatrii et horti, qui in eo est )
  • two casals in the area of ​​Antioch, Leotreh and Soccam, with the mills nearby, the accessories, lands and the tithe ( duo casalia in territorio Antiochiae Leotreh et Soccam, cum molendinis quibusdam iuxta territoria illorum casalia et pertinentiis et terras earum cum decimis suis )
  • Latinam (?) In Antioch with a garden and the tithe from it ( Latinam in Antioch cum horto uno et decimis illius horti )
  • the church of St. John (in Antioch) with a garden and lands with the tithe ( in suo unam ecclesiam sancti Iohannis, hortum unum et terram cum decimis eorum )
  • the Casale Faxias with its possessions and tithes ( casale unum Faxias cum possessionibus suis et decimis )
  • the Casale Valcorenum with its possessions ( unum casal Valcorenum cum possessionibus suis )
  • 10 pounds of fish from fish ponds ( decem libras piscium in piscaria agresti )
  • 40 shillings a month from the port of Emme
  • two casales in the area of Sidon with accessories ( in Sidonia duo casalia cum pertinentiis suis )
  • four carrucatae land and houses in castello Arabiae / Macherunt ( in castello Arabiae quatuor carrucatas terrae et domos )
  • six carrucatae land and houses in Geram ( in Geram sex carrucatas terrae et domibus )

Italy

  • (the following possessions in Sicily) the Church of S. Philippi in Agira ( ecclesiam sancti Philippi de Argirion cum parochiali iure totius castelli et decimis territorii castelli decimas Scarpelli )
  • S. Maria Latina in Messina ( apud Messinam ecclesiam sancte Maria de Latina ) (1194)
  • the Church of St. Peter in Vacaria (near Palermo) with the city and parish rights and tithe ( ecclesiam sancti Petri de Vacaria cum villa et parochiali iure et decimis )
  • the church of St. Philippi in Capicio with the tithe and associated possessions ( ecclesiam sancti Philippi de Capicio cum decimis possessionum suarum )
  • the church and town / village of St. Peter in Rasacambra (near Syracuse) with the tithe and the affiliations ( ecclesiam et villam sancti Petri de Rasacambra cum decimis possessionum suarum )
  • the church of St. Nicholas in Sacco with the tithe and the affiliations ( ecclesiam sancti Nicolai de Sacco cum decimis possessionum suarum )
  • the Casale St. Caloiari ( casale sancti Caloiari cum pertinentiis suis )
  • (following possessions in Calabria) the Church of St. Petrus in Iazena ( ecclesiam sancti Petri de Iazena )
  • the church of St. Elias with the subordinate churches and the tithe of his possessions ( ecclesiam sancti Eliae cum obedientiis et decimis possessionum suarum )
  • the church of St. Laurentius at Licium with the tithe of the associated possessions ( ecclesian sancti Laurentii iuxta Licium cum decimis possessionum suarum )
  • the monastery of S. Sepuchri in Acquapendente ( abbatiam sancti Sepulchri Aquaependentis )

Germany

In Germany, the monastery of S. Maria Latina in Jerusalem received a donation from Count Dietrich von Werben , a son of Albrecht the Bear, before 1186 . The deed of donation itself has not been preserved, but the confirmation of the donation by Count Bernhard , Duke of Saxony and brother of Dietrich, who gave his consent to this donation. This confirmation is not received in the original either, but as a transsumpt in a document from Prince Heinrich IV of Anhalt from 1359. The date of the document is not entirely certain (1185 or 1186). According to Count Bernhard's remarks, his brother Dietrich was on a pilgrimage in the Holy Land and originally wanted to donate the church in Burgwerben that he owned to the monastery of S. Maria Latina , which he found not so suitable because of the low income. Instead, he donated the church in Haslendorf (desolate north of Aschersleben) with all accessories, forests and pastures, and the church in Erxleben (desolate near Aschersleben) with a vineyard. The monk-priest Drogo ( monacho et sacerdote nomine ecclesie Latine suscipiente ), presumably a monk from the convent in Jerusalem, who received the donation and possibly the convent monastery, which was later found in Haslendorf, was present at the confirmation of the donation on behalf of the monastery of S. Maria Latina Hazelnut should build up. The donation from Dietrich von Werben was made not only for his own salvation, but also in memory of his parents.

On February 9, 1334, Bishop Albrecht von Halberstadt finally exchanged the churches in Erxleben, Vallersleben and Daldorp (all three places in the immediate vicinity of Aschersleben, see also map from Oskar Stephan) ( Erkesleve, Vallersleve Daldorp, in districtu archydiaconatus banni Ascharie sitas .. . ) against the church and the court in Haselnorf of the priory. The Bishop of Halberstadt also approved that the chapel in Seedorf could be demolished and that the stones could be used to build the new priory church in Erxleben. Seedorf had apparently fallen desperately shortly before; it was northeast of Erxleben. However, an altar in honor of the church patron of the Seedorf Church, St. Nicholas to be consecrated. In addition, the prior of Haselnorf was allowed to build new convent buildings and a new cemetery next to the church. The Esterendorf belonging to the priory ( Esterendorp in banno Gatersleve sitam ) was to remain with the new priory in Erxleben. A total of four certificates were issued for this transaction.

List of Abbots

(after Berlière)

  • 1120, 1130 Richard
  • 1136, 1144 Soibrand
  • 1156 Amilius
  • 1160, 1161 Reginald
  • 1169 Guy / Guido
  • 1176 Ribald
  • 1178, 1195, 1199 Facundus / Facundinus
  • 1220 F., abbot (= Facundus?)
  • 1225 Paganus de Parisio
  • 1235 Robert
  • 1239 Guiscard
  • 1240, 1246, 1248 Peregrinus
  • 1267 Henricus
  • 1309 Reinerus

literature

  • Ursmer Berlière: The old Benedictine monasteries in the holy land. II. Cap. The Benedictine Order in the Holy Land during and after the Crusades. Studies and communications from the Benedictine and Cistercian orders with special consideration of the history of the order and statistics, 9: 260–272, 474–492, Brno 1888 Online at archive.org
  • Joseph Delaville de Roulx: Cartulaire général de l'Ordre des Hospitaliers de S. Jean de Jérusalem v. 3 (1260-1300). 819 p., Ernest Leroux, Paris, 1899 Online at Biblioteca Nacional Digital (hereinafter abbreviated to Delaville de Roulx, Cartulaire général, Vol. 3 with corresponding page number)
  • Walther Holtzmann: Papal, Emperor and Normans from Lower Italy. Sources and research from Italian archives and libraries, 35: 46–85, Tübingen, 1935 (hereinafter abbreviated to Holtzmann, documents from Lower Italy with the corresponding page number)
  • Max Krühne: Document book of the monasteries of the county of Mansfeld. Historical sources of the province of Saxony and neighboring areas, vol. 20, 780 p., Otto Hendel, Halle, 1888 (in the following abbreviated Krühne, document book with corresponding page number)
  • Hans Eberhard Mayer: To the possession of S. Maria Latina in Jerusalem. In: Hans Eberhard Mayer: Dioceses, monasteries and monasteries in the Kingdom of Jerusalen , pp. 215-221, Stuttgart 1977 (writings of the Monumenta Germaniae Historica, vol. 26) ISBN 3-7772-7719-3
  • Oskar Stephan: Contributions to the Askanische Volkskunde. 396 p., Inaugural dissertation to obtain a doctorate from the High Philosophical Faculty of the United Friedrichs-Universität Halle-Wittenberg, Aschersleben, 1925 (hereinafter abbreviated to Stephan, contributions with corresponding page number)
  • Stefan Terbruck: The Sicilian monasteries S. Maria in Valle Josaphat in Messina and S. Maria Latina in Agira and their Saxon remote property. In: Wolfgang Huschner, Enno Bünz, Christian Lübke (eds.): Italy - Central Germany - Poland. History and Culture in a European Context from the 10th to the 18th Century , pp. 361–384, Leipziger Universitätsverlag, Leipzig 2013 (hereinafter abbreviated to Terbruck, Sicilian Monasteries with corresponding page number).

Individual evidence

  1. ↑ Holtzmann, Urkunden aus Unteritalien, pp. 50–53.
  2. ↑ Holtzmann, Urkunden aus Unteritalien, pp. 56–9.
  3. ^ Reinhold Röhricht: Studies on medieval geography and topography of Syria. Journal of the German Palestine Association, 10: 195–345, Leipzig 1887, pp. 212–221.
  4. ↑ Reinhold Röhricht: Supplements to ZDPV. X, 195-345 et al. XI, 139-149. Journal of the German Palestine Association, 12: 33–34, Leipzig 1889.
  5. ↑ Reinhold Röhricht: On the history of the Church of S. Maria Latina in Jerusalem. New archive of the Society for Older German History for the Promotion of a Complete Edition of the Source Writings of German Histories of the Middle Ages, 15: 203–206, Hannover 1890 Online at www.archive.org
  6. ↑ Otto von Heinemann: Codex Diplomaticus Anhaltinus. 1. Part: 936-1212. 623 S., A. Desbarats, Dessau, 1867. Online at Google Books S. 475/76, document no. 648.
  7. ^ Stephan, contributions, p. 14.
  8. ^ Stephan, contributions, p. 37.
  9. ^ Stephan, contributions, map 1 in the appendix.
  10. ^ Gustav Schmidt: Document book of the Halberstadt bishopric and its bishops. III. 710 p., Verlag von S. Hirzel, Leipzig 1887 (publications from the K. Prussian State Archives, Volume 21) Online at www.archive.org , pp. 357–61, document number 2253, pp. 361–63 , Urk.Nr.2254, S. 364/64, Urk.Nr.2255, S. 367, Urk.Nr.2259.
  11. ^ Stephan, contributions, p. 40.
  12. ^ H.-François Delaborde: Chartes de Terre Sante provenant de l'Abbaye de N.-D. de Josaphat. Ernest Thorin, Paris, 1880, app, p. 124
  13. ↑ Delaville de Roulx, Cartulaire géneral, vol. 3, p. 8, document no. 2989.
  14. ↑ Terbruck, Sicilian Monasteries, p. 370

Coordinates: 31 ° 46 ′ 39.8 "  N , 35 ° 13 ′ 49.6"  E