Dutch grammar
The Dutch grammar dealt with in a systematic manner the properties of the Dutch language . This can be assigned to the West Germanic branch of Germanic . The Dutch grammar in this article is the grammar of the modern Dutch language.
syntax
Like all Germanic languages except English and Scots , the Dutch language has a word order with a V2 position . That is, in Dutch, the finite verb (i.e. the verb that indicates the personal forms and time level) comes second in propositional sentences; any part of the sentence can take the first position in the sentence:
sentence | translation |
---|---|
Jeroen co-opt drop. | Jeroen buys liquorice. |
In de winter Jeroen drop co- opt. | In winter Jeroen buys liquorice. |
Ondanks zijn suikerziekte koopt Jeroen dagelijks drop. | Despite his diabetes , Jeroen buys liquorice every day. |
Waarom koopt Jeroen drop? | Why does Jeroen buy liquorice? |
Drop koopt Jeroen just af en toe. | Jeroen rarely buys liquorice . |
In subordinate clauses, Dutch has two possible word positions:
Apron left bracket midfield right bracket Nachfeld main clause a. Tasman heeft Nieuw-Zeeland ontdect Tasman Has New Zealand discovered b. In 1642 ontdect Tasman Nieuw-Zeeland 1642 discovered Tasman New Zealand c. Nobody had thought dat ook maar iets zou gebeuren . Nobody would have thought that something was going to happen. 'Nobody thought anything would happen.' subordinate clause d. dat Tasman Nieuw-Zeeland heeft ontdekt that Tasman New Zealand has discovered ... 'that' Tasman discovered New Zealand. ' e. dat Tasman Nieuw-Zeeland ontdekt zou lift . that Tasman New Zealand would have discovered (more common in the northern part of the Netherlands) ... 'that Tasman would have discovered New Zealand.' f. dat Tasman Nieuw-Zeeland zou lift ontdect . that Tasman New Zealand would have discovered (more common in Belgium and the southern part of the Netherlands) ... 'that Tasman would have discovered New Zealand.'
Gender and nouns
In Dutch, there is a distinction between utrum and neuter among articles , whereby the utrum is derived from the earlier masculine and feminine.
items
Certain articles
The definite articles in Dutch are de (utr and plural) and het (neuter).
genus | Singular | Plural | translation |
---|---|---|---|
Utrum | de man | de mannen | the man |
Utrum | de vrouw | de vrouwen | the woman |
neuter | het child | de kinderen | the child |
Indefinite article
The indefinite article of Dutch is een . The pronunciation is usually [ʏn], with [e: n] the number one is meant.
genus | Singular | translation |
---|---|---|
Utrum | een man | a man |
Utrum | een vrouw | a woman |
neuter | a child | a child |
Number of nouns
Dutch distinguishes between singular (singular) and plural (plural) as numerical features.
Regular plural formation
The plural endings of the regular nouns are formed with the endings -en , -s and -eren .
The ending -en is the most common. If the vowel is pronounced briefly, the last consonant is doubled. This doubling does not occur if the final syllable ends in -el , -em , -es , -et , -ik or -it . If a word in the singular ends in -f or -s , this consonant often becomes -v or -z in the plural :
Singular | Plural | translation | annotation |
---|---|---|---|
de vlag | de vlag gen | the flag | short vowel |
het beest | de beest en | the animal | long vowel |
de man | de man nen | the man | short vowel |
de maan | de man en | the moon | long vowel |
het huis | de hui zen | the House | Singular ends in -s |
de monnik | de monnik en | The monk | End syllable on -el , -em , -es , -et , -ik or -it |
The ending -s only follows if the noun ends in an open vowel, or if the last syllable contains a schwa . For open vowels , an apostrophe is written to prevent the vowel from being read as closed :
Singular | Plural | translation | annotation |
---|---|---|---|
het café | de café s | the pub | Open vowel |
de auto | de auto 's | the car | Open vowel would be closed |
de jugging | de jongen s | boy | Schwa in the final syllable |
In Dutch, different words are formed with the so-called double plural -ere . In the diminutive plural, however, these nouns are formed with the ending -s .
If a word in the singular ends in -f or -s , this consonant sometimes becomes -v or -z in the plural . These are words whose stem originally starts with -v or -z ; However, a language rule stipulates that -f or -s is written in these cases . So not: huiz, kalv; rather: huis, kalf . So this does not apply to those words whose stem historically starts with -f or -s , e.g. B. de straf (Pl. Straffen), Ger .: penalty; de kus (pl. to kiss), Ger. Kiss.
Plural | translation | annotation | |
---|---|---|---|
het child | de kind eren | the child | |
het kalf | de kal veren | the calf | Singular ends in -f |
het huis | de hui zen | the House | Singular ends in -s |
Nouns in the diminutive form have the plural ending -s.
Singular | Plural | translation | annotation |
---|---|---|---|
het dakje | de dakje s | the little roof | |
het maantje | de maantje s | the little moon | |
het raampje | de raampje s | the little window | |
het gaatje | de gaatje s | the little hole |
Irregular plural formation
Many words with the vowels / ɑ /, / ɛ /, and / ɔ / in the stem have no doubling of the final consonant in the plural, and the vowel is pronounced long in the plural. A few words with the vowel / ɪ / also have no doubling of the final consonant; the -i is written in the plural as -e . If a word ends in -d in the singular, this consonant is pronounced as [t], but in the plural as [d].
Singular | Plural | translation | annotation |
---|---|---|---|
het dak | de dak en | the roof | [dɑk] → [da: kɛn] |
het give | de give en | the prayer | [xɛbɛt] → [xɛbeːdɛn] |
de oorlog | de oorlog en | the war | [oːrlɔx] → [oːrloːxɛn] |
het schip | de sh e p s | the ship | [sxɪp] → [sxeːpɛn] |
het pak | de pak ken | the suit | [pɑk] → [pɑkɛn] |
het bed | de bed the | the bed | [bɛt] → [bɛtɛn] |
de cop | de kop pen | the head (of an animal) | [kɔp] → [kɔpɛn] |
de kip | de kip pen | the chicken, the hen | [kɪp] → [kɪpɛn] |
Nouns that end in -heid in the singular get the ending -heden in the plural .
Singular | Plural | translation | annotation |
---|---|---|---|
de over heid | de over heden | the State | [oːvɛrɦɛɪt] → [oːvɛrɦe: dɛn] |
de zwak heid | de zwak heden | the weakness | [zʋɑkɦɛɪt] → [zʋɑkɦe: dɛn] |
For some compositions with -man , the plural is formed with -lui or -lieden :
Singular | Plural | translation | annotation |
---|---|---|---|
de work man | de work lui | the worker | |
de brandweer man | de brandweer lieden (in Flanders: de brandweerlui) | the fireman |
Keep foreign words, especially if they are rarely used in everyday language, sometimes the plural ending of the original language:
Singular | Plural | translation | annotation |
---|---|---|---|
het museum | de musea | the museum | (Latin; as many other words ending in -um) |
de musicus | de musici | the musician | (Latin; as many other "learned" words ending in -us) |
het balance | de saldi | the balance | (Italian) |
Pluralia tantum and Singularia tantum
In Dutch, different words only exist in the plural. For example “hersenen” (brain), “financiën” (finances) and diseases such as “waterpokken” (chickenpox) or “mazelen” (measles).
Many substance names such as “melk” (milk) or “kwik” (mercury), on the other hand, do not have a plural.
Diminutive
Diminutive are very strongly represented in Dutch and always neuter. The frequent use of diminutive forms is often intended to create a friendly atmosphere, but can also be meant ironically. There are also a number of lexicalized diminutives, i.e. words that have acquired their own meaning in the diminutive form. Not only nouns can be reduced in the Dutch language, but also certain adjectives, verbs, adverbs, prepositions and numerals.
noun | Diminutive | translation | annotation |
---|---|---|---|
de hand | het hand je | the little hand | + -e |
de vrouw | het vrouw tje | the little woman | End syllable on -l, -n, -w, -r, -e → + -tje |
de auto | het auto otje | the little car | End syllable on -a, -o, -u → Vowel doubling + -tje |
de kraam | het kraam pje | the little booth | Final syllable on -m |
de man de bal |
het man netje het bal letje |
the little booth | Short vowel → consonant doubling + -etje . |
There are also some irregular diminutives:
noun | Diminutive | translation | annotation |
---|---|---|---|
het glas | het gl aa s je | the little glass | |
het blad | het bl aa d je | the little leaf | |
het gat | het g aa t je | the little hole | |
de jugging | het jong etje | the little boy | |
het vat | het v aa t je | the little barrel | But: het handvat → het handvatje (the little handle) |
het schip | het sch ee p je | the little ship | |
het pad | het p aa d je | the little path |
Lexicalized diminutives with their own meaning:
Diminutive | translation | annotation |
---|---|---|
het ijs het ijsje |
the ice cream the ice cream |
|
de bon het bonnetje |
the ticket, the receipt, the receipt |
Can also be meant ironically / insultingly: "Meneer agent, geeft u mij het bonnetje maar." ↔ "Mr. Policeman, give me the ticket." |
een stel een stelletje stelletje luilakken |
a pair of a young pair of idlers! |
|
een moetje de moetjes |
Expression for a marriage under the impression of an existing (unplanned) pregnancy, literally: must-do. | Reduced verb (must). |
onder us onderonsje |
an intimate conversation between us |
Reduced personal pronoun. Can also be meant negatively: the fraud. |
great groentje |
green newbie, novice |
Noun diminished adjective. |
blauw een blauwtje (lopen) |
being rejected in blue (during a date) |
Noun diminished adjective. |
vijf vijfje |
five u. a. 5 euro banknote |
Reduced numerals. Can also be used insultingly: "Ze is hoogstens een vijfje". ↔ "It is at most a five (on a ten-point scale)." Can also be put into perspective: "Deze toets gaat een vijfje sein". ↔ "This test will be a five (but I won't care much)." |
bleek bleekjes |
pale a little pale |
Reduced adjective. |
Adjectives
Mutable adjectives
The adjective declination in Dutch depends on both the article of the noun and the preceding part of speech. After the specific articles, after demonstrative pronouns and possessive pronouns, adjectives are given the ending -e :
Part of speech | Example of use | Basic form of the adjective | translation | annotation |
---|---|---|---|---|
Definite Article (Utrum) | De saai e man | saai | The boring man | |
Definite article (neuter) | Het mooi e meisje | mooi | The beautiful girl | |
Demonstrative pronouns | De lelijk e vrouw Het lelijk e huis |
lelijk | The ugly woman The ugly house |
|
Demonstrative pronouns | De rod e auto | rood | The red car | [red] → [rodə] |
possessive pronouns | Hun nieuw e fietsen | nieuw | Your new bikes | |
possessive pronouns | Mijn grot e Laufde | groot | My great love | [ɣred] → [ɣredə] |
possessive pronouns | Onze liev e ouders | ran | Our dear parents | [f] → [v] |
In the case of factual nouns, the adjective after the indefinite article and indefinite pronoun ( geen, ieder, veel, welk, zo'n ) remains unbowed. Utrum nouns get an -e :
Part of speech | Example of use | Basic form of the adjective | translation | annotation |
---|---|---|---|---|
Indefinite article (utrum) | Een belangrijk e voorwaarde | belangrijk | An important condition | |
Indefinite article (neuter) | A great idea | wild | A great idea | |
Indefinite pronouns | Hij is geen onpatient e jongen onpatient |
lelijk | He's not an impatient boy | |
Indefinite pronouns | He is veel vervelend nieuws | verveling | There is a lot of unpleasant news |
In the predicative position after the noun, the adjective is not inflected:
Example of use | Basic form of the adjective | translation | annotation |
---|---|---|---|
De jongen rende snel | snel | The boy ran quickly | |
De vrouw heeft goed pulled | goed | The woman sang well |
Immutable adjectives
Adjectives that end in the vowels -a, -é, -i, -y, -o, -e (Schwa-Laut) or -en are not inflected. Substance adjectives and the adjectives right , left and free are not inflected either:
Example of use | Basic form of the adjective | translation | annotation |
---|---|---|---|
A cliché film | cliché | A clichéd film | Vowel on -a, -é, -i, -y, -o, -e |
Het houten been | hout | The wooden leg | Substance adjective |
Een dronken you | dronken | A drunk man | Vowel on -en |
Aan de left edge | left | On the left side | right , left , free |
Pronouns
Personal pronouns
Personal pronoun subject |
Personal pronoun (in) direct object |
translation | annotation |
---|---|---|---|
ik | mij | I, me / me | |
jij | jou | you, you / you | |
u | u | You, you / you | |
hij | hem | he, him / him | |
zij | hair | she, she / her | |
het | hem | it, it / him | |
men | - | man, - | |
wij | ons | we us | |
jullie | jullie | you, yourselves | |
zij | hen / hun | them, they / them | Accusative and after preposition: hen dative: hun |
The singular personal pronouns are hij (masculine), zij / ze (feminine) and het (neuter). In female personal pronouns, there is a difference between a stressed ( zij ) and an unstressed ( ze ) variant.
genus | Personal pronouns | example | translation |
---|---|---|---|
Masculine | hij | De auto, hij is stolen! | The car, it was stolen! |
Feminine | zij, ze | Deze vrouw, ze what al vaker here. | This woman, she's been here before. |
neuter | het | Dit child, het huilt de hele dag. | That kid, screams all day. |
possessive pronouns
possessive pronouns | translation | Instruction |
---|---|---|
mijn | my- | |
jouw | your- | |
etc. | Your- | |
zijn | be- | |
hair | her- | |
ons, onze | our- | ons (neuter) onze (utrum) |
jullie | your, your- | |
hun | her- |
The possessive pronouns other than sex are in the singular zijn (masculine and neuter), hair / d'r (feminine) and hun in the plural. In female personal pronouns, there is a difference between a stressed ( hair ) and an unstressed variant ( d'r ).
genus | possessive pronouns | example | translation |
---|---|---|---|
Masculine | zijn | De stoel state niet sea op zijn plek. | The chair is no longer in place. |
Feminine | hair | De waarheid vindt hair away wel. | The truth will find its way. |
neuter | zijn | Het advocatenkantoor heeft zijn glans lost. | The law office has lost its reputation. |
- Females who are grammatical neuter are indicated with the possessive pronoun "hair".
Adverbs
Causal adverbs
Causal adverb | Example of use | translation | annotation |
---|---|---|---|
Daarom | We provide u op de hoogte, zodra we uw results lift. Daarom we nu nog uw phone number necessary. | We will notify you as soon as we have your results. That's why we still need your phone number. | Reason |
Dus Daardoor |
Ik heb tomorrow vroeg een afspraak bij de dokter, dus ik kom een beetje later op kantoor. Ik heb tomorrow vroeg een afspraak bij de dokter, daardoor kom ik een beetje later op kantoor. |
I have a doctor's appointment in the morning. So I come to the office a little later. | Reason |
Namelijk | Kunt u een beetje slower to speak? Ik ben namelijk geen Nederlandse. | Can you speak a little more slowly, please? I'm namely no Dutch. | Reason |
Desondanks Ondanks dat Toch |
Karin gaat het wat de gezondheid concerns niet zo goed. Desondanks gaat ze naar het work. Karin gaat het wat de gezondheid concerns niet zo goed. Ondanks dat gaat ze naar het work. Karin gaat het wat de gezondheid concerns niet zo goed. Toch gaat ze naar het work. |
Karin's health is not good. Still she goes to work. | Consistency, different than expected |
Different | Kom onder mijn paraplu, different word je helemaal nat! | Come under my umbrella or you'll get all wet! | Consistency, undesirable |
You | Erik was gisteren helemaal niet op kantoor, dus hij kan dat money niet hebben stolen. | Erik wasn't here in the office yesterday, so he couldn't have stolen the money . | Logical order |
Interrogative adverbs
Interrogative adverb | Example of use | translation | annotation |
---|---|---|---|
tuber | Wanneer kom je naar huis? | When are you coming home | |
waar | Have you ever been? | Where have you been | |
waarom | Waarom heb je dat gedaan? | Why did you do that | |
hoe | Hoe gaat het met jou? | How are you | |
long | Hoelang wil jij nog blijven? | How long do you want to stay | |
hoeveel | Hoeveel money heb je bij je? | How much money do you have with you? | |
hoezo | Hoezo heb je mij niet gevraagd, of je my car like used? | Why didn't you ask me if you can use my car? | Is only used in the direct question sentence. |
Modal particle
Modal particle | Example of use | translation |
---|---|---|
al | Ah, there ever al ! | Ah, there you are already ! |
even | Kan je alsjeblieft even voor me nakijken? | Can you please times just for me look? |
maar eens | Kijk maar eens hoe hoog ik kan jump! | Look times how high I can jump! |
toch | Ik heb je toch gezegd dat ik het niet wil! | I told you but said that I do not want it! |
Pronominal adverb
Pronominal adverbs like in , why , of these are documented in several Germanic languages, but they have developed strongly in Dutch and play a major role. The relative pronouns are constantly replaced by a pronominal adverb in combination with prepositions:
- Het huis waarin ik / waar ik in born ben
- The house in which I was born (literally: "The house in / where I was born in")
pronoun | Substitute adverb |
---|---|
everyting everything) | overal (everywhere) |
dat (that that) | daar (there, there) |
dit (this-) | here here) |
het (it) | he (it) |
iets (something) | ergens (somewhere, somehow) |
niets (nothing) | nergens (nowhere, nothing) |
wat (what) | waar (where) |
Verbs and conjugation
Weak verbs
The weak verbs in Dutch are divided into two groups, verbs ending in -te (n) in the past tense, or -de (n) . After a voiceless plosive ([p], [t], [k]) or fricative ([f], [s], [x]) in the verb stem, the participle is written with -t and the past tense ends in -te (n ) . With regard to the spelling, the pronunciation rules must be observed during conjugation : single spelling of long vowels in open syllables, double spelling in closed syllables.
infinitive | 1st person singular (presence) |
2nd / 3rd Person singular (presence) |
1./2. Person plural (presence) |
1st / 2nd / 3rd Person singular (simple past) |
1st / 2nd / 3rd Person plural (simple past) |
participle | translation | annotation |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
ma k s | maak | maakt | maken | maak te | maak th | gemaak t | do | Plosive ([k]) → -te (n) |
fiet s en | fiets | fetches | fiett | fiets te | fiets th | gefiets t | to go biking | Fricative ([s]) → -te (n) |
big t s | groet | groet | groeten | groet te | groet th | grown t | burn | Plosive ([t]) → -th (n) No doubling of the T in the 2nd / 3rd Person singular in presence. |
vre z en | vrees | vreest | vrezen | vrees de | vrees the | gevrees d | to fear | - |
spe l en | speel | spits | spelen | speel de | speel the | Speel d | play | - |
bran d s | fire | brandt | brand | brand de | brand the | burned d | burn | - |
- The consonants g and ch are pronounced identically in modern Dutch, only ch is regarded as a fricative in the past tense endings.
- If the verb with the prefix loading , manufacturing , ER , ont- or comparable begins, the past participle is no overall formed.
Irregular verbs
modal verbs
infinitive | 1st person singular (presence) |
2nd person singular (presence) |
3rd person singular (presence) |
1./2. Person plural (presence) |
1st / 2nd / 3rd Person singular (simple past) |
1st / 2nd / 3rd Person plural (simple past) |
participle | translation | annotation |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
zijn, wezen | ben | needed | is | zijn | What | were | been | be, be | |
lift | heb | lifts | heeft | lift | had | hadden | had | to have | |
been | word | wordt | wordt | been | will | become | become | become | |
to zero | zal | zult | zal | to zero | - | - | - | become | "Zullen" can only be used as an auxiliary verb to form the future tense. |
Aspect modal verbs
Exceptionally for Germanic languages, Dutch uses the verbs staan, liggen and zitten (stand, lie, sit), in addition to regular strong verbs, also as a kind of auxiliary verb:
infinitive | 1st person singular (presence) |
2nd / 3rd Person singular (presence) |
1./2. Person plural (presence) |
1st / 2nd / 3rd Person singular (simple past) |
1./2. Person plural (simple past) |
participle | example | translation | annotation |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
staan | sta | Country | staan | stond | stonden | gestaan | " There are no rivets!" | Do not lie! | Imperative + Separated Infinitive Literally: Don't stand to lie! |
quakes | quoted | quoted | quakes | zat | zaten | teased | "In de tank zit nog petrol." | There is still gasoline in the tank. | |
liggen | lig | ligt | liggen | lay | lay | located | "Hij heeft zitten woke up." | He waited. | Literally: He has to sit waiting. |
Auxiliary verbs (auxiliary verbs)
infinitive | 1st person singular (presence) |
2nd person singular (presence) |
3rd person singular (presence) |
1./2. Person plural (presence) |
1st / 2nd / 3rd Person singular (simple past) |
1st / 2nd / 3rd Person plural (simple past) |
participle | translation | annotation |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
hoeven | hoef | hope | hope | hoeven | hoefde | hoefden | hoeven | need, must | Only exists in combination with a negation. |
can | can | kunt | can | can | con | condensate | customer | can | |
moeten | moet | moet | moet | moeten | moest | moesten | mooted | must, need, should | |
to like | like | like | like | to like | likes | would like | liked | may, like | |
sake | wil | wil (t) | wil | sake | wou, wild | wou, wild | wouden, wild | want | |
to zero | zal | zult | zal | to zero | zou | zouden | - | should be | “Zullen” has no participle. |
Strong verbs
The conjugation endings in the present tense are the same for strong verbs and irregular verbs, with the exception of hebben , zijn , zullen and willen . The strong verbs, with long open and long closed vowels, get a double spelling of the long vowel in the singular.
infinitive | 1st person singular | 2nd / 3rd person singular | 1st / 2nd / 3rd Person plural | translation | annotation |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
lopen | loop | loop t | lop en | to run | Strong verb, double spelling of the long vowel due to closed syllable. |
gaan | ga | gaa t | gaa n | go | Strong verb, simple spelling of the long vowel because of the open syllable. |
eten | eet | eet | et en | eat | Strong verb, double spelling of the long vowel due to closed syllable. The ending -t is with verbs with stem on -t not even added the second and third person singular. |
- If the 2nd person singular is placed after the present tense, the ending -t is omitted .
In the past tense there is a difference between the singular and the plural in the conjugation endings, whereby the vowel in the past tense and participle changes according to its verb class.
Verb class | infinitive | Simple past (singular) | Past tense (plural) | participle | translation | Other verbs in this class (selection) | Consonant Change (IPA) |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
1. | r ij den | r ee d | r e the | ger e the | drive | bezwijken, bijten, blijken, blijven, drijven, glijden, grijpen, hijsen, kijken, kijven, knijpen, krijgen, krijsen, krijten, kwijten, lijden, lijken, mijden, nijgen, nijpen, prijzen, rijgen, rijten schijnen, schijten, schrijden, schrijven, slijpen, slijten, smijten, snijden, spijten, splijten, stijgen, stijven, strijden, strijken, (aan) tijgen, verdwijnen, vijzen, vrijen, wijken, wijten, wijzen, wrijten, wrijten , between | [ɛɪ] → [e] → [e] → [e] |
2a. | vr ie zen | vr oo r | vr o ren | gevr o ren | freeze | bedriegen, bieden, riveting, gieten, kiezen, klieven, lying, rieken, schieten, betriegen, lost, vlieden, viegen, vlieten, zieden | [i] → [ɔː] → [ɔː] → [ɔː] |
2 B. | sl ui th | sl oo t | sl o th | GESL o th | conclude | buigen, druipen, duiken, fluiten, fuiven, kluiven, kruien, kruipen, (ont) luiken, pluizen, ruiken, schuilen, schuiven, sluiken, sluipen, snuiten, snuiven, spruiten, spuiten, stuiven, tuigen, wuiven, zuigen, zuipen | [ay] → [ɔː] → [ɔː] → [o] |
3a. | b i ligands | b o nd | b o ligands | give o ends | tie | begin, blink, (af) things, penetrate, drink, dwingen, glimmer, clink, latch, crimp, ontginnen, schrikken, slink, spin, jump, stink, sink, twist, find, wind, win, wring, pinch, tine , pinnacles | [ɪ] → [ɔ] → [ɔ] → [ɔ] |
3b. | b e rgen | b o rg | b o rgen | give o rgen | to recover | delven, gelden, kerven, milking, schelden, donate, give, smelt, meet, trek, vechten, vlechten, dwarf, Zwellen, zwelten, pinch, donate | [ɛ] → [ɔ] → [ɔ] → [ɔ] |
3c. | h e lpen | h he lp | h he lpen | go o lpen | help | (be) derven, sterven, werpen, werven, zwerven | [ɛ] → [i] → [i] → [ɔ] |
4a. | st e len | st a l | st a len | d o len | steal | bevelen, breken, komen, nemen, spreken, steken | [e] → [ɑ] → [a] → [o] |
4b. | sch e ren | sch oo r | sch o ren | est o ren | shave, scissors | because of, zweren | [e] → [ɔ:] → [ɔ:] → [ɔ:] |
5a. | g e ven | g a f | g a ven | geg e ven | give | eten, genezen, lezen, meten, treden, vreten, vergeten, weven | [e] → [ɑ] → [a] → [e] |
5b. | l i ggen | l a g | l a gen | gel e gen | lie | bidden, liggen, zitten | [ɪ] → [ɑ] → [a] → [e] |
6th | gr a ven | gr oe f | gr oe ven | gr a ven | dig | varen, dragen | [a] → [u] → [u] → [a] |
7a. | l a th | l ie t | l ie th | gel a th | to let | blaze, slap, bike | [a] → [i] → [i] → [a] |
7b. | v a ll | v ie l | v ie len | v a len | fall | - | [ɑ] → [i] → [i] → [ɑ] |
7c. | v a ngen | v i ng | v i ngen | gev a nts | to catch | hang | [ɑ] → [ɪ] → [ɪ] → [ɑ] |
7d. | l o pen | l ie p | l ie pen | gel o pen | to run | - | [o] → [i] → [i] → [o] |
7e. | r oe pen | r ie p | r ie pen | ger oe pen | call | - | [u] → [i] → [i] → [u] |
7f. | h ou den | h he ld | h he lden | go ou the | hold | houwen | [au] → [i] → [i] → [au] |
Subjunctive, perfect, past perfect and progressive present tense
The subjunctive I is formed in Dutch with "zou / zouden" (past tense of "zullen") + infinitive. The subjunctive II can also be formed with “had / hadden” (past tense of “hebben”) at certain points.
example | translation | annotation |
---|---|---|
Hij zou de loterij hebben won. | He would have won the lottery. | Literally: he would have won the lottery. |
Had ik dat weten, had ik het niet. | If I knew that, I would not have done it. | Literally: if I had that conscience, I hadn't done it. |
The perfect is formed by the respective personal form of zijn or hebben in the present tense and the participle:
example | translation |
---|---|
Ik ben geweest | I have been |
Jij lifts gehad | You have had |
Wij zijn come | We have come |
Jullie hebben speeld | You played |
Hij is started | He started it |
We lift ontmoet | We met |
The past perfect is formed by the corresponding personal form of zijn or hebben in the past tense and the participle:
example | translation |
---|---|
Ik was geweest | I had been |
Wij zijn geweest | We had been |
Hij had had | He had had |
Wij hadden gehad | We have had |
The progressive present tense in Dutch refers to a form that indicates that an activity is currently taking place. It is formed by a structure with the corresponding form of zijn in the present tense, the preposition "aan", the article "het" and an infinitive:
example | translation | annotation |
---|---|---|
Ik was mijn handen | I wash my hands | presence |
Ik ben mijn handen aan het water | I'm washing my hands right now | Progressive presence |
- A similar construction is formed with the aspect modal verbs, the preposition te ("to") and an infinitive.
Individual evidence
- ↑ A few hundreds with the vowel / ɑ /, a few dozen with the vowel / ɛ / or / ɔ /