Big glass snail

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Big glass snail
Large glass snail (Phenacolimax major)

Large glass snail ( Phenacolimax major )

Systematics
Subordination : Land snails (Stylommatophora)
Superfamily : Limacoidea
Family : Glass snails (Vitrinidae)
Subfamily : Plutoniinae
Genre : Phenacolimax
Type : Big glass snail
Scientific name
Phenacolimax major
( A. Férussac , 1807)

The large glass snail ( Phenacolimax major ) is a "half-nudibranch" from the family of glass snails (Vitrinidae), which is counted among the land snails (Stylommatophora). The animals can no longer completely withdraw into the small housing.

features

The right-hand wound housing is flat-conical. The thread is only slightly raised in the side view. It is 5 to 7 mm wide and up to 3.5 mm high. The casing has 2½ to 3½ turns that increase rapidly and regularly. The embryonic casing takes up 1¼ turns. The top of the turns is slightly arched, the seam is moderately deep. The last turn is greatly widened and takes up about half of the maximum housing width. The mouth is transversely elliptical when viewed from above, if one disregards the section through the previous turn. The mouth is 4.5 mm wide and 3.7 mm high. The mouth edge is straight and sharp, but it is only slightly trimmed. Only in the spindle area is the mouth edge slightly turned over at the approach to the previous turn. The seam of the skin on the underside of the turn is short and narrow and does not reach the spindle. There is no navel.

The shell is thin and fragile. They are pale greenish in color and translucent. The embryonic shell is milky. The surface of the Teleoconch is very shiny. The surface has slightly deepened, fine longitudinal grooves.

The soft body is medium to dark gray. The mantle lobe usually extends to the apex. The mantle is well developed and has a large shell lobe. The animals can no longer withdraw into the housing in the adult stage. This is still possible in the juvenile stage, even severely dehydrated animals can just retreat into the housing.

In the male part of the hermaphroditic genital system, the penis is moderately long and thick. The short sperm duct (vas deferens) opens into the penis approximately in the middle of its length. The penile retractor muscle attaches apically. There is a pilaster structure inside the penis. In the female part, the free fallopian tube is much shorter than the vagina. The upper part of the vagina is rounded and thickened. This part is surrounded by a gland and is made up of thick muscular tissue. The thickened part narrows down to a small opening that continues into the lower part of the vagina in a vaginal papilla. The atrium is short.

The soft body is light gray, yellowish to black-brown on the sides, and darker in color on the back and the upper head area. The whitish sole is divided into three parts lengthways. The animal's dark gray coat extends far forward to almost the base of the eye bearers. The dirty white coat covers almost the entire thread of the housing. The breathing opening in the mantle is gap-shaped. The coat ends in a point towards the breath opening.

Similar species

The shell is similar to the spherical glass snail ( Vitrina pellucida ), but is more flattened. The last turn is a little wider (in relation to the total diameter). The mouth is more flattened elliptical.

Distribution of the species in Europe (according to Welter-Schultes, 2012)

Geographical distribution and habitat

The distribution area extends from north-eastern Spain, France, western Switzerland, Luxembourg, Belgium to the Netherlands and western Germany and southern England.

The animals live in predominantly warm, sheltered, damp places on meadows, between rocks, in damp forests and hedges under the leaf litter and under dead wood. In Switzerland they rise to 1700 m above sea level; However, the animals are rare above 1000 m above sea level. In southern England it is considered an indicator of primary forests.

Way of life

Reproduction takes place from September to October. During nocturnal copulation, the atria and the penes bulge out towards each other. The sperm packets are transferred externally and attached to the tip of the everted vaginal papilla. The eggs with a diameter of 0.3 mm are laid as clutches of 8 to 15 eggs and attached to stones and plants. The slightly reddish colored young animals hatched after 15 to 20 days. As they grow, they turn gray. Sexual maturity is reached after 8 to 10 months.

Taxonomy

The taxon was described in 1807 by André Étienne d'Audebert de Férussac as Helico-Limax major . He referred to a description in Draparnaud who had wrongly determined Vitrina pellucida . The taxon is widely recognized and is the type species of Phenacolimax Stabile, 1859.

Danger

According to Vollrath Wiese, the species is not endangered in Germany. However, it is considered threatened with extinction in Lower Saxony and Rhineland-Palatinate. It is considered endangered in Bavaria and Switzerland. Stocks are falling in southern England and South Wales. The IUCN has assessed the species as near threatened.

literature

  • Rosina Fechter, Gerhard Falkner: Mollusks. 287 p., Mosaik-Verlag, Munich 1990 (Steinbach's Nature Guide 10) ISBN 3-570-03414-3 , p. 174.
  • Michael P. Kerney, RAD Cameron, Jürgen H. Jungbluth: The land snails of Northern and Central Europe. 384 pp., Paul Parey, Hamburg & Berlin 1983, ISBN 3-490-17918-8 , p. 154.
  • Václav Pfleger: Mollusks. 192 p., Artia-Verlag, Prague 1984, p. 156.

Individual evidence

  1. ↑ Jürgen H. Jungbluth, Dietrich von Knorre: Trivial names of land and fresh water mollusks in Germany (Gastropoda et Bivalvia). Mollusca, 26 (1): 105-156, Dresden 2008 ISSN  1864-5127 , p. 124.
  2. ↑ Lothar Forcart: Monograph of the Swiss Vitrinidae (Moll. Pulm.). Revue Suisse de Zoologie, 51: 629-678, 1944 Online at Biodiversity Heritage Library , pp. 648-652.
  3. ↑ Folco Giusti, Viviana Fiorentino, Andrea Benocci, Giuseppe Manganelli: A Survey of Vitrinid Land Snails (Gastropoda: Pulmonata: Limacoidea). Malacologia, 53 (2): 279-363, 2011 doi : 10.4002 / 040.053.0206 Academia.edu
  4. ↑ Anatolij A. Schileyko: Treatise on Recent Terrestrial Pulmonate Molluscs Part 11 Trigonochlamydidae, Papillodermidae, Vitrinidae, Limacidae, Bielziidae, Agriolimacidae, Boettgerillidae, Camaenidae. Ruthenica, Supplement 2 (11): 1467-1626, Moscow 2003 ISSN  0136-0027 , p. 1478.
  5. ↑ a b c Francisco W. Welter-Schultes: European non-marine molluscs, a guide for species identification = identification book for European land and freshwater mollusks. A1-A3 S., 679 S., Q1-Q78 S., Göttingen, Planet Poster Ed., 2012 ISBN 3-933922-75-5 , ISBN 978-3-933922-75-5 (S. 427)
  6. ↑ Lothar Forcart: The erection of the copulatory organs and the copulatory mode of Phenacolimax major (Fer.). Archive for Molluscology, 77: 115-119, Frankfurt / Main 1949.
  7. ↑ Jean Baptiste Louis d'Audebert de Férussac, André Étienne d'Audebert de Férussac: Essai d'une méthode conchyliologique appliquée aux mollusques fluviatiles et terrestres d'après la considération de l'animal et de son test, par M. Daudebard de Férussac . Nouvelle édition augmentée d'une synonymie des espèces les plus remarquables, d'une table de concordance systématique de celles qui ont été décrites par Géoffroy, Poiret et Draparnaud, avec Müller et Linné, et terminée par un catalog d'espèces observées en diverse lieux de la France, by J. Daudebard fils. S. I-XVI (= 1-16), 1-142. Delance, Paris, 1807 Göttingen Digitization Center (p. 43).
  8. ↑ AnimalBase: Phenacolimax major (A. Férussac, 1807)
  9. ↑ Fauna Europaea: Phenacolimax major (A. Férussac, 1807)
  10. ↑ MolluscaBase: Phenacolimax major (Férussac, 1807)
  11. ↑ a b Vollrath Wiese: The land snails of Germany. 352 pp., Quelle & Meyer, Wiebelsheim 2014, ISBN 978-3-494-01551-4 (p. 229)
  12. ↑ The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species: Phenacolimax major