Gyalrong languages
The Gyalrong languages - other spellings rGyalrong, Gyarong, Jiarong, Gyarung, Chiarong, Jarong - form a small sub-unit of the Qiang Gyalrong languages , which belong to the Tibetan Burman languages , a primary branch of Sino- Tibetan . The three Gyalrong languages are spoken by 230,000 people in southern China in the Sichuan Province. The largest single language is Gyarong with 140,000 speakers. The other two languages of this genetic unit are Lavrung and Horpa.
Gyalrong within Sino Tibetan
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Sinotibian
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Tibeto Burmese
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Qiang Gyalrong
- Xixia-Qiang
- Gyalrong
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Qiang Gyalrong
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Tibeto Burmese
Internal classification and number of speakers
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Gyalrong
- Gyarong (rGyalrong, Gyalrong, Jiarong, Gyarung, Jarong) (140,000 speakers)
- Dialect group Sidaba: Caodeng = Dzatang, Shawu = Ribu, Tanpa
- Dialect group Situ: Cogtse, Barkham, Suomo = Somang, Tshakunao = Tshako, Lishan = Lixian, Shajin = Xiajin, Jinchuan, Heishui, Mawo, Maerkang
- Dialect Chabao = Dabang = Dazang
- Lavrung (Guanyinqiao, Zhonzhai) (50,000)
- Horpa (Horpa-Shangzai, Ergong, Daofu, Pawang) (40,000)
- Gyarong (rGyalrong, Gyalrong, Jiarong, Gyarung, Jarong) (140,000 speakers)
Classification, dialects and speaker numbers according to the given web link.
literature
Gyalrong
- Guillaume Jacques: Phonologie et morphologie du Japhug (rGyalrong). Thèse de doctorat. Université Paris VII, 2004.
- Guillaume Jacques: The inverse in Japhug Rgyalrong. In: Language & Linguistics. 11, 1, 2010, pp. 127-157.
- Jin Peng: Etude sur le Jyarung. Han hiue 汉学 3.3-4. 1949.
- Lin Youjing: Tense and Aspect morphology in the Zhuokeji rGyalrong verb. In: Cahiers de linguistique - Asie orientale. 32 (2), 2003, pp. 245-286.
- Lin Youjing: Units in Zhuokeji rGyalrong discourse; Prosody and Grammar. PhD thesis. University of California, Santa Barbara 2009.
- Yasuhiko Nagano: A Historical Study of the rGyarong Verb System. Seishido, 1984.
- Jackson T.-S. Sun: The irrealis category in rGyalrong. In: Language & Linguistics. 8 (3), 2007, pp. 797-819.
- Jackson T.-S. Sun: Verb-stem variations in Showu rGyalrong. In: Studies on Sino-Tibetan Languages. Institute of Linguistics, Academia Sinica, Taipei 2004, pp. 269-296.
- Jackson T.-S. Sun: Caodeng rGyalrong. In: Graham Thurgood, Randy J. LaPolla (Eds.): The Sino-Tibetan Languages. Routledge, London / New York 2003, pp. 490-502.
- Jackson T.-S. Sun: Stem alternations in Puxi verb inflection. In: Language & Linguistics. 1.2, 2000, pp. 211-232.
- Jackson T.-S. Sun: Parallelisms in the verb morphology of Sidaba rGyalrong and Guanyinqiao in rGyalrongic. In: Language & Linguistics. 1.1, 2000, pp. 161-190.
Tibeto Burmese
- Christopher I. Beckwith (Ed.): Medieval Tibeto-Burman Languages. Brill, Leiden / Boston / Cologne 2002.
- Paul K. Benedict: Sino-Tibetan. A Conspectus. Cambridge University Press, 1972.
- Scott DeLancey: Sino-Tibetan Languages. In: Bernard Comrie (Ed.): The World's Major Languages. Oxford University Press, 1990.
- Austin Hale: Research on Tibeto-Burman Languages. Mouton, Berlin / New York / Amsterdam 1982.
- James A. Matisoff: Handbook of Proto-Tibeto-Burman. University of California Press, 2003.
- Anju Saxena (Ed.): Himalayan Languages. Mouton de Gruyter, Berlin / New York 2004.
- Graham Thurgood, Randy J. LaPolla: The Sino-Tibetan Languages. Routledge, London 2003.
- George Van Driem: Languages of the Himalayas. Brill, Leiden 2001.
See also
Web links
- Gyalrong languages in ethnology
- Gyalrong languages in the World Atlas of Language Structures Online
- Guillaume Jacques, Phonologie et Morphologie du Japhug (rGyalrong). ( Memento of May 5, 2006 in the Internet Archive ) (PDF file, 3.39 MB, French)