Halime Sultan

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Halime Sultan's tomb is located in the Türbe of Mustafa I in Hagia Sophia in Istanbul .

Halime Sultan (* 1572 in Abkhazia , Ottoman Empire , † 17th century in Istanbul ) was a wife of the Ottoman Sultan Mehmed III. and mother of Sultan Mustafa I. As Valide Sultan , she was regent of the Ottoman Empire from November 22, 1617 to February 26, 1618 and from May 19, 1622 to September 10, 1623 . Halime was one of the prominent rulers of the " women's rule ".

Life

Halime Sultan was born in Abkhazia in 1572. She married Mehmed when he was still a prince and officiated as Sandschakbey of Saruhan (now Manisa ). After Sultan Murad's death in 1595, she came to Istanbul with Mehmed. Their son Mahmud was very popular among the janissaries , but their mother-in-law Safiye , the Valide Sultan, didn't think much of Halime.

Halime turned to a religious seer with a message, asking if her son would be the next sultan and how long her husband would rule. The Sufi replied, but the message was intercepted by Abdürrezzak Agha, the chief black eunuch of the imperial harem, and passed on to Mehmed and Safiye. The message said that Mehmed would die within six months, regardless of whether by death or dethronement. Her son would be the next sultan. Mehmed had Mahmud brought before him and, after questioning, executed. Mahmud's followers, allegedly involved in the matter, were thrown into the sea. Halime was spared, but had to move into the Old Palace.

Sultan Mehmed died just six months after Mahmud's death on December 22nd, 1603. On Friday, January 9th, 1604, his mother Safiye Sultan along with Halimes and Mehmed's two year old son Mustafa were also sent to the Old Palace. Halime received 100 aspers a day as support. After Mehmed's death, his eldest son Ahmed I ascended the sultan's throne at the age of 13. It came from another relationship with the Sultan. His grandmother Safiye he was imprisoned, his brother Mustafa also in the "Prince cage" called Kafes lock.

In 1617, Ahmed I fell ill with typhus at the age of 27 and soon died. This cleared the way for 15-year-old Mustafa I. He ascended the throne in 1617, and Halime became the Valide Sultan and regent and de facto ruler. Unlike Handan Sultan , the Valide Sultan under Ahmed I, Halime was able to achieve great power. This was likely due to the fact that she wielded power more directly and acted as regent for her son, whose mental state had probably suffered due to imprisonment in the prince's cage. Nobody expected that Mustafa, who suffered from severe mental or mental problems, would become sultan, and so Halime had not enjoyed a high position in the imperial harem. She received 3,000 aspers a month. Kösem Sultan , the Haseki Sultan of Ahmed I, lost their position in the Topkapı Palace and moved to the Old Palace.

Halime had a potential ally in Kara Davud Pasha , her son-in-law, but failed to promote Davud Pasha during Mustafa's first reign, which lasted only three months. One of the few political alliances the Valide could form was with the Silâhdar of their son, Mustafa Agha. She promoted the high-ranking palace officer to governor of Egypt on the condition that he would marry the sultan's wet nurse. Within a few months the Pasha was brought back to Istanbul as Grand Vizier.

Mustafa's time as sultan was short-lived. Because of his mental and psychological condition he was deposed and his nephew Osman II enthroned. Mustafa was sent back to the Kafes, his mother Halime housed in the Old Palace. From here she was a key figure in the deposition and murder of Osman II. He had lacked a female power base in the harem. From 1620 until Osman's death, a “governess” ( daye hatun ) was appointed to replace the missing Valide Sultan in the harem, but she was unable to balance Halime's striving for power.

To counterbalance the influence of the Janissaries, Osman II closed their coffee shops and planned to create a new and loyal army of Anatolian secbans . The result was a palace riot of the Janissaries, supported by Halime Sultan, to free their son from his custody and make him Sultan again. Osman was dethroned on May 18, 1622, the rebels broke into the imperial palace, freed Mustafa from his custody and swore allegiance to him. Halime became the Valide Sultan again and returned to the Topkapı Palace. Some of the janissaries conferred with her on the appointments to be agreed upon, and in fact her son-in-law Kara Davud Pasha became Grand Vizier. The allies could not feel safe as long as Osman II was alive. Their discomfort was justified because some of the rebels wanted to spare Osman in the hope of using him for their own ends at a later date. Kara Davud Pasha therefore ordered the execution of Osman II in Yedikule on May 20, 1622 .

After Osman's death, the Governor General of Erzurum , Abaza Mehmed Pasha , called for resistance. Kara Davud Pasha was made a scapegoat and executed to end discontent and contain the uprisings in the empire, but to no avail: Abaza Mehmed Pasha continued his rebellion despite the offers of the emissaries from the capital. Faced with an ever worsening crisis, clergymen and the new Grand Vizier Kemankeş Kara Ali Pasha asked the Valide Sultan to agree to the removal of their son in favor of the eleven-year-old Prince Murad , the eldest surviving son of Ahmed I. She agreed, but asked for the insurance that one would spare her son's life. Accordingly, Mustafa was dethroned and imprisoned again.

Nothing is known about the circumstances of Halime Sultan's death. She was buried in her son's doorway in Hagia Sophia in Istanbul.

children

Halime had four children with Mehmed:

In popular culture

In the 2015 television series Muhteşem Yüzyıl: Kösem , Halime Sultan was played by the Turkish actress Aslıhan Gürbüz .

Individual evidence

  1. ↑ a b Günhan Börekçi Mustafa I. In: Gábor Ágoston, Bruce Alan Masters (Ed.): Encyclopedia of the Ottoman Empire Infobase Publishing, New York 2009, ISBN 978-1-438-11025-7 , p. 409
  2. ↑ M. Sadık Bilge: Osmanlı devleti ve Kafkasya: Osmanlı varlığı döneminde Kafkasya'nın siyasî-askerî tarihi ve idarî taksimâtı, 1454-1829 . Eren Yayıncılık, 2009
  3. ^ Leslie Peirce : The Imperial Harem: Women and Sovereignty in the Ottoman Empire . Oxford University Press , London 1993, ISBN 0-19-508677-5 , p. 231
  4. ↑ a b c Günhan Börekçi: Factions And Favorites At The Courts Of Sultan Ahmed I (r. 1603-17) And His Immediate Predecessors . Dissertation, Ohio State University 2010, pp. 65f.
  5. ↑ a b Günhan Börekçi: İnkırâzın Eşiğinde Bir Hanedan: III. Mehmed, I. Ahmed, I. Mustafa ve 17. Yüzyıl Osmanlı Siyasî Krizi - A Dynasty at the Threshold of Extinction: Mehmed III, Ahmed I, Mustafa I and the 17th-Century Ottoman Political Crisis . P. 78
  6. ↑ Leslie Peirce (1993), pp. 231f.
  7. ^ Stanford J. Shaw, Ezel Kural Shaw: History of the Ottoman Empire and Modern Turkey: Volume 1, Empire of the Gazis: The Rise and Decline of the Ottoman Empire 1280-1808 . Cambridge University Press, 1976, p. 186
  8. ↑ Peirce (1993). P. 129
  9. ↑ Peirce (1993), p. 127
  10. ↑ Peirce (1993), p. 145
  11. ^ Dorothy O. Helly, Susan Reverby: Gendered Domains: Rethinking Public and Private in Women's History: Essays from the Seventh Berkshire Conference on the History of Women . Cornell University Press, 1992, ISBN 978-0-801-49702-5 , p. 52
  12. ↑ Star: Scented Garden . Routledge, 2013, ISBN 978-1-136-20632-0 , p. 397
  13. ^ Anne Walthall: Servants of the Dynasty: Palace Women in World History . University of California Press, 2008, ISBN 978-0-520-25444-2 , p. 91
  14. ↑ Leslie P. Peirce (1993), p. 126f.
  15. ↑ Gabriel Piterberg: An Ottoman Tragedy: History and Historiography at Play . University of California Press, 2003, ISBN 978-0-520-93005-6 , p. 14
  16. ^ Elli Kohen: History of the Turkish Jews and Sephardim: Memories of a Past Golden Age . University Press of America, 2007, ISBN 978-0-761-83600-1 , p. 211
  17. ↑ Gabriel Piterberg: An Ottoman Tragedy: History and Historiography at Play . University of California Press, 2003, ISBN 978-0-520-93005-6 , p. 78
  18. ^ A History of the Ottoman Empire to 1730 . CUP Archive, Cambridge University Press, Cambridge / London / New York / Melbourne 1976, p. 137
  19. ↑ a b Baki Tezcan: The Debut Of Kösem Sultan's Political Career . In: Turcica . Volume 40 (2008), pp. 347–359, here p. 357 doi : 10.2143 / TURC.40.0.2037143
personal data
SURNAME Halime Sultan
BRIEF DESCRIPTION Wife of Sultan Mehmed III. and Valide Sultan under Mustafa I.
DATE OF BIRTH 1572
PLACE OF BIRTH Abkhazia
DATE OF DEATH 17th century
Place of death Istanbul