Historical monuments and sites of Kaesŏng
| Historical monuments and sites of Kaesŏng | |
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UNESCO world heritage 
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| Statues at the tomb of Wang Geon |
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| National territory: |
 North Korea
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| Type: | Culture |
| Criteria : | (ii) (iii) |
| Surface: | 494.2 ha |
| Buffer zone: | 5222.1 ha |
| Reference No .: | 1278 |
| History of enrollment | |
| Enrollment: | 2013 (session 37) |
Historical Monuments and Sites of Kaesättenng is a UNESCO listed World Heritage Site in North Korea . The serial World Heritage Site includes historical monuments from the time of the Goryeo Kingdom in the city of Kaesŏng and its surroundings.
background
Goryeo was a medieval kingdom in Korea, from whose name the modern name "Korea" is derived. The empire was founded in 918 when the United Silla broke up by King Wang Geon (posthumously called Taejo) in the north of the Korean Peninsula from the later Goguryeo . It saw itself as the successor state to the northern kingdom of Goguryeo , conquered by Silla in 668 . In 936 Wang Geon conquered the southern parts of the country Later Baekje and the rest of the Silla, so that from then on, like the United Silla, his empire extended over the entire Korean Peninsula. The capital of the kingdom was Songak, later called Kaesŏng , in what is now North Korea .
After the death of Gongmin Wang , the 31st king of the Goryeo dynasty , shadow kings followed, while the real power lay with the generals. General Yi Seong-gye forced the last king to abdicate in 1392, made himself king and founded the Joseon dynasty . The kingdom was renamed Joseon and the capital was moved to Hanyang, founded in 1394, later Seoul in what is now South Korea .
There are several sites in Kaesŏng that date back to the Goryeo Kingdom. These include the former royal palace, city walls and a city gate, two schools, an observatory and royal tombs. These sites are also among the national treasures of North Korea . The urban planning and architecture of the individual sites show an integration of Buddhist , Confucian , Daoist and geomantic concepts.
enrollment
Kaesŏng Historic Monuments and Sites were added to the UNESCO World Heritage List in 2013 based on a decision of the 37th session of the World Heritage Committee. To justify the outstanding universal meaning, it says among other things:
“The ensemble embodies the political, cultural, philosophical and spiritual values of the capital of the united Goryeo state in the transition from Buddhist to Confucian philosophy through the geomantic arrangement of the city, palace and tomb complexes, the urban defense system of walls and gates and the Educational institutions. "
The entry was made on the basis of criteria (ii) and (iii).
"Criterion (ii): The historical monuments and sites in Kaesong show the assimilation of the cultural, spiritual and political values of the various states that existed on the peninsula before Goryeo and the exchange of these values with other neighboring kingdoms over five centuries."
"Criterion (iii): The historical monuments and sites in Kaesong are an exceptional testimony to the civilization of the united Goryeo at a time when Buddhism gave way to Neo-Confucianism in East Asia."
scope
The world heritage site comprises several individual sites that form twelve separate areas. Five of these areas are separate sections of the triple city walls of Kaesŏng. The royal palace and observatory form a coherent area. The individual areas have a total protection area of 494.2 hectares and are surrounded by a shared buffer zone that has an area of 5,222.1 hectares. Most of the areas are within the city of Kaesŏng, the tomb complexes outside the city in the neighboring district of Kaep'ung-gun to the west .
Single sites
| designation | construction time | Protection area | Remarks | image |
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Manwoldae ( location ) |
919 | 43.5 ha | Archaeological Site of the Main Palace of the Kingdom of Goryeo (National Treasure No. 122) |
 ( more pictures ) |
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Chomsongdae ( location ) |
10th century | Astronomical and meteorological observatory on the western edge of the Manwoldae area (National Treasure No. 131) | ||
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Kaesŏng Walls ( Location 1 , 2 , 3 , 4 , 5 ) |
9-14 Century | 175.8 ha | Five areas with sections of the palace wall from 896, the outer city wall from 1009-1029 and the inner city wall from 1391-1393 (National Treasures No. 129, 130) | |
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Namdaemun ( location ) |
1391-1393 | 0.5 ha | South city gate in the inner city wall (National Treasure No. 124) with the former bell of the Yonbok Temple (National Treasure No. 136) |
 ( more pictures ) |
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Koryo Songgyungwan ( location ) |
1367 | 3.5 ha | Former training center for national civil servants, predecessor of Koryo Songgyungwan University in Kaesŏng and Sungkyunkwan University in Seoul , seat of the Koryo Museum since 1987 (National Treasure No. 127) |
 ( more pictures ) |
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Sungyang Sowon ( location ) |
14th century | 2.9 ha | Confucian Private School (National Treasure No. 128) |
 ( more pictures ) |
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Sonjuk Bridge ( location ) |
10th century | 1.8 ha | Stone Bridge, site of the murder of Jeong Mong-ju in 1392 for allegiance to the ancient dynasty. The area also includes the Phyochung monuments, two memorial steles (from 1740 and 1872) to the politician in a pavilion west of the bridge. (National Treasure No. 159) |
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King Wang Geon's tomb ( location ) |
943 | 214.6 ha | Burial mound for Wang Geon (877–943), founder of the Goryeo dynasty and the kingdom of Goryeo (National Treasure No. 179). The area also includes other graves in the seven graves cluster (12th – 14th century, location ) and in the Myongrung cluster (middle of the 14th century, location ). |
 ( more pictures ) |
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King Gongmin's tomb ( location ) |
1365-1372 | 51.6 ha | Double burial mound for Gongmin Wang (1330–1374), 31st king of the Goryeo dynasty, and his wife (National Treasure No. 123) |
 ( more pictures ) |
literature
- Democratic People's Republic of Korea (Ed.): Nomination of the Historic Monuments and Sites in Kaesong for Inscription on the World Heritage List . 2013 (English, whc.unesco.org [PDF; 18.9 MB ] nomination letter).
- Historic Sites of Kaesong . In: The World Heritage . Frederking & Thaler, Munich 2015, ISBN 978-3-95416-181-2 , pp. 862 .
- Historic Sites of Kaesong . In: The UNESCO World Heritage . Kunth Verlag, Munich 2017, ISBN 978-3-95504-413-8 , pp. 444 .
Web links
- Kaesŏng Historical Monuments and Sites on the UNESCO World Heritage Center website ( English and French ).
- Hong Young-eui: Heritage in North Korea. Historic Monuments and Sites in Kaesong Bridge the Two Koreas. In: koreanheritage.kr. Cultural Heritage Administration (English, Korean).
Individual evidence
- ↑ Official names English Historic Monuments and Sites in Kaesong , French Monuments et sites historiques de Kaesong , German translation according to the World Heritage List. In: Unesco.de. Retrieved July 4, 2020 .
- ↑ a b c d Historic Monuments and Sites in Kaesong. In: whc.unesco.org. UNESCO World Heritage Center, accessed July 4, 2020 .
- ↑ Decision: 37 COM 8B.30. In: whc.unesco.org. UNESCO World Heritage Center, 2013, accessed July 4, 2020 .
- ^ Historic Monuments and Sites in Kaesong. Maps. In: whc.unesco.org. UNESCO World Heritage Center, accessed July 4, 2020 .
- ↑ a b nomination p. 17
- ↑ a b The breakdown follows the table on page 17 of the nomination. The table on the WHC website lists the palace and observatory as two separate areas, in contrast to the decision. As a result, the following sizes have slipped by one line each, and at the end the mausoleum of King Kongmin, which is explicitly mentioned in the decision, is missing.
- ↑ Nomination letter p. 13f
Heritage: Koguryo Tombs (2004) | Historic Monuments and Sites of Kaesŏng (2013)
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