Hoa (people)

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Chinese temple in Cholon, Ho Chi Minh City
Hoa merchant ( Hanoi , 1885)

The Hoa are a significant Chinese minority in Vietnam . The Hoa are ethnic Han Chinese who have lived in Vietnam for a long time without having assimilated to this day. Rather, they live in isolation and traditionally remain among themselves.

Since Vietnam became independent, Chinese traders and refugees had come to Vietnam again and again. With the fall of the Ming Dynasty in China, there was an increased influx to Vietnam. The Chinese founded Cholon (better known today as the Chinatown of the 5th district of Ho Chi Minh City ) and opened up the Mekong Delta. They lived isolated - as so-called bang . In the south, the Hoa ruled the country's rice trade. South Vietnamese trade and production were ruled by the Hokkien Chinese. At the same time, relations with China deteriorated.

In 1978 the Hoa 's lifeblood in southern Vietnam was badly hit. Many of them fled to China or as boat people across the sea. A particularly significant increase in the population of the Hoa in Vietnam is due to the armed conflict between the Chinese and Vietnamese in 1979, as this resulted in a not inconsiderable flow of Chinese refugees to Vietnam. The Chinese diaspora already living in Vietnam also caused the Hoa to rise in Vietnam. These were perceived and designated as the “ fifth column ”, that is, as clandestine, subversively active or suspicious of subversion groups whose goal is the overthrow of an existing order in the interests of an alien aggressive power. On the other hand, since there was an urgent need for Chinese workers (especially in Ho Chi Minh City ), the Hoa were allowed to do so. Since 1987 administrative liberalizations have simplified the living conditions of the Hoa. Chinese has been re-admitted to schools. The small-format textile, shoe craft and small electronics industries flourished, and with it the corresponding trade. In 1991 the Chinese minority had grown to up to 10% of the city's population, and the economic productivity of the Hoa even several times over.

See also

literature

  • Hella Kothmann, Wolf-Eckart Bühler : Vietnam. Manual for individual discovery. Discover and experience the pearl of Indochina individually, also off the tourist routes. 9th, revised, updated edition. Reise-Know-How-Verlag Rump, Bielefeld 2008, ISBN 978-3-8317-1720-0 .

Individual evidence

  1. ↑ Choi Byung Wook: Southern Vietnam under the reign of Minh Mạng (1820-1841). Central policies and local response (= Southeast Asia Program Series. Vol. 20). Southeast Asia Program Publishing, Cornell University, Ithaca NY 2004, ISBN 0-87727-138-0 , p. 145.
  2. ↑ Hans-Jörg Keller: Culture Key Vietnam. Hueber, Ismaning 2000, ISBN 3-19-005309-X , p. 33.
  3. ↑ James W. Morley, Masashi Nishihara (Ed.): Vietnam joins the world. ME Sharpe, Armonk NY et al. 1997, ISBN 1-563-24974-X , p. 86.