High temperature heat storage

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High-temperature storage , more high temperature heat storage , are a subset of the heat storage and in the literature as HTS (High Temperature Storage / high-temperature storage) or HTES called (High Temperature Energy Storage / high-temperature heat storage).

Material classes

Phase change materials , also called latent storage materials , are used here as well as sensitive storage materials . Storage salts are traditionally used as PCMs and solids (concrete, storage granules, aluminum oxide , crushed stone , gravel , ...) as sensitive storage materials.

Phase Changing Materials (PCM)

The most important group of storage salts are salt hydrates. Only anhydrous salts or mixtures thereof are used for the high temperature range. Up to approx. 600 ° C (maximum operating temperature), a mixture of potassium nitrate and sodium nitrate is mainly used on an industrial scale. This mixture has a melting point of 290 ° C and can absorb 170MJ / t of thermal energy. Carbonate salts work between 450 ° C and 850 ° C and are therefore the group of salts with the highest operating temperatures.

Sensitive storage materials

Sensitive storage materials have a lower heat capacity, but are not subject to the limitations of salt storage. Sensitive storage materials can theoretically be used from room temperature. The maximum application temperature again depends on the material. Metals such as steel or cast iron can be used up to approx. 800 ° C, minerals such as magnesium rocks up to 1,200 ° C, and man-made materials even up to 1,300 ° C.

Due to the different characteristics of the PCM and sensitive storage materials, the applications are often limited accordingly.

Advantages and disadvantages of storage materials

parameter Salt storage sensitive storage
advantages Application temperature Wide temperature range in use (up to> 1,300 ° C)
Storage density High storage density in a defined temperature range
material costs low low
Availability high high
Heat transfer medium Storage material can also be used as a heat transfer medium Many heat carriers (salts, oil, steam, gases) possible
Design One or two tank systems compact and simple
specific invest 50-150 € / kWh € 20-30 / kWh
disadvantage Narrow temperature range, e.g. 270 ° C - 550 ° C for nitrate salts In the temperature range comparable to salts, approx. 30% lower storage capacity
Freezing the plant
The salts used can thermally decompose
Investment costs for the complete system
Many salts have a corrosive effect on container materials, which must be of high quality and are therefore expensive
Phönix-West steelworks, with 3 cowpers

application

Functional diagram "Andasol", integrated salt storage.
  • CSP , solar thermal power plants: Salt storage systems are usually used here. One of the first CSP power plants to operate such a storage facility is in operation in Spain: Andasol
  • Steel industry : furnace gases are burned in so-called “cowper towers” . In doing so, they heat the stones built into the tower. When the furnace is started up again, cold air is blown through the cowper and the entire firing system is preheated to 800–900 ° C.
  • Regenerators as high temperature storage
  • Mobile high temperature storage

literature

  • Fish and a .: heat storage , ed. from Fachinformationszentrum Karlsruhe, BINE Informationsdienst, 4th, revised edition 2005, DIN A5, paperback, 120 pages, TÜV Verlag 2005, ISBN 3-8249-0853-0 .
  • Andreas Hauer, Stefan Hiebler, Manfred Reuss: Heat storage. 5th completely revised edition, Fraunhofer IRB Verlag, Stuttgart 2013, ISBN 978-3-8167-8366-4 (Basics of various storage technologies, storage media, economic efficiency)
  • Michael Sterner , Ingo Stadler (ed.): Energy storage. Need, technologies, integration. 2nd edition, Berlin Heidelberg 2017, ISBN 978-3-662-48893-5 .

Individual evidence

  1. ↑ DLR, Füssigsalzsysteme. Retrieved April 20, 2018 .
  2. ↑ DLR, go-ahead for heat storage in liquid salts. Retrieved April 20, 2018 .
  3. ↑ Concrete heat storage capacity. Retrieved April 20, 2018.
  4. ↑ PROCESSs heat storage for waste heat recycling. Retrieved April 20, 2018 .
  5. ↑ Enargus thermal storage. (No longer available online.) Formerly in the original ; accessed on April 24, 2018 .  ( Page no longer available , search in web archives )  Info: The link was automatically marked as defective. Please check the link according to the instructions and then remove this notice.@1@ 2Template: Dead Link / www.enargus.de  
  6. ↑ Renewable energies - start of construction for Siemens heat storage. (No longer available online.) Archived from the original on April 22, 2018 ; accessed on April 24, 2018 . Info: The archive link was inserted automatically and has not yet been checked. Please check the original and archive link according to the instructions and then remove this notice. @1@ 2Template: Webachiv / IABot / www.erneuerbareenergien.de
  7. ↑ Düsseldorf University of Applied Sciences - Energy Storage. Retrieved April 20, 2018 .
  8. ↑ Formula collection. Retrieved April 20, 2018 .
  9. ↑ Prof. Dr. Alexander Braun Energiespeicher 2015. (PDF) Retrieved on April 20, 2018 .
  10. ↑ BINE - Solar thermal power plants. Retrieved April 20, 2018 .
  11. ↑ Arthur Binz - chemical technology .
  12. ↑ FVS workshop - regenerators as high-temperature storage. (PDF) Accessed April 24, 2018 (German).
  13. ↑ Wind power journal: NEBUMA brings high-temperature storage onto the market. Retrieved April 20, 2018 (German).