Hodschatoleslam

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Hodschatoleslam ( Arabic حجة الإسلام Huddschat al-Islām , DMG ḥuǧǧat al-islām  'Proof of Islam' Persian حجت‌الاسلام Hodschatoleslam ) is an Islamic scholarly title that is mainly used today in the area of ​​the Twelve Shia .

The title was first used in Sunni Islam, namely for the Ashʿarite scholar Ghazzali (1058–1111).

In the hierarchy of titles in the modern Twelve Shia, Hodschatoleslam is above the titles Fādil and ʿAllāma and below Ayatollah . The titles correspond to certain levels in the Hawza training system . The title of Hodschatoleslam is given to students who have already completed parts of the top level of education ( chāridsch ) and who teach students of the middle sutūh level. In the Chāridsch level, students work independently on religious topics and deal primarily with Islamic legal theory ( uṣūl al-fiqh ). As soon as they have completed the chāridj training level and are qualified toHaving received ijtihād , they are referred to as Hodschatoleslam wa-l-muslimīn .

Well-known holders of the title Hodschatoleslam wa-l-muslimīn are z. B. Mohammad Chātami , Mehdi Karroubi and Iranian President Hassan Rohani .

If a hodschatoleslam has distinguished itself through the writing of its own tracts and legal opinions as well as through teaching at the chāridj level and has also already gathered some followers ( muqallidūn ) around itself, then it can receive the ayatollah title. Ali Khāmene'i , who had held the rank of Hodschatoleslam before taking office as Iranian revolutionary leader , was theologically upgraded after the death of Ayatollah Khomeini by the government press and henceforth called Ayatollah. This upgrading is still not recognized by the majority of Orthodox clergy today.

See also

literature

  • Hamid Algar : ḤOJJAT-AL-ESLĀM . In: Ehsan Yarshater (Ed.): Encyclopædia Iranica (English, including references)
  • Roy P. Mottahedeh: The Prophet's Mantle or the Life of a Persian Mullah between Religion and Politics . 2nd Edition. Beck, Munich 1988, ISBN 3-406-32289-1 .
  • Patrick Franke: The Ḥawza of Najaf. An international Shiite educational institution and its political role in Iraq after the fall of the Baath regime ; in: St. Leder and H. Schönig (eds.): Forms of education and educational institutions between tradition and modernity . Orientwissenschaftliche Hefte 22 (2007), pp. 79–97.

Individual evidence

  1. ↑ Cf. Franke 2007, 83. The statement by Heinz Halm: Die Schia ; Darmstadt 1988. S. 159n, which Hujjat al-Islam the title for secondary Mujtahids is is to rectify, because the carrier of this title usually not be qualified to ijtihad , see. Algar.
  2. ↑ See Franke 2007, 84.
  3. ↑ See Franke 2007, 84.
  4. ↑ Wilfried Buchta: The Islamic Republic of Iran (accessed July 8, 2016)